Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
By
Abstract
This research study is an exploratory study on political entrepreneurship. The researcher has used
grounded theory and used participant observation and in-depth interviews as a part of qualitatitve study.
The researcher identified a political party, which is emerging and growing. This party has emerged
recently and therefore it is spreading its organization. The researcher studied the work culture and tried
to identify key elements based on grounded theory methodology. The researcher has presented
propositions based on the study for further studies. The main propositions are that the members of the
political organization try to spread ideology among people, openly welcome new members, show
optimism and aggression in their approach to spread the organization and use innovative media to
spread their thoughts and connect with each other. They have frequent meetings to give shape to the
organization.
Entrepreneurship refers to creation of a new organization, which is self-sustaining and is able to deliver
some benefits to the society for its sustainance. There are many aspects in entrepreneurship which include
with society and development of a team, which is committed to the goals of the organization.
Entrepreneurship has very wide scope as it covers setting up of every type of organization. Therefore
Political entrepreneurship is a recent subject of s. There are many entrepreneurs, who create political
parties and raise public opinions and acquire power through the process. They set up institutions /
political parties and create an organization which works to promote some ideology. These individuals
create new organizations in the form of political parties, which have to be self-sustaining. These
individuals also display characteristics of business entrepreneurship in the form of detailed financial
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 1
planning, careful use of resources, innovations, being accountable and responsible for some group of
clients etc. But there is a need of detailed study about characteristics of political entrepreneurs and their
behavior pattern. There is also a need of detailed and comprehensive study on process of political
entrepreneurship. There is also a need to study the factors that cause political entrepreneurship.
Literature Review
We find mention of various types of entrepreneurs in literature. Schumpeterian entrepreneurs are driven
by desire to earn money. They introduce disruptive technologies. They create markets for new products
and ideas and destroy old markets thereby creating opportunities. Intrapraneurs are those who are working
with companies and they work as paid employees, but they work similar to entrepreneurs in creating new
markets and destroying old markets. Necessity entrepreneurship is usually driven by displeasure with low
salary, a fear of unemployment, or pure unemployment, while innovation, new technologies and
opporutnies create opportunity entrepreneurship. Greener (2001, 134) argues exogenous shocks result in
new policy paradigms and thus create scope for new organizations. Collier and Collier (1991) and
Mahoney (2001) have looked at crisis and other such factors as responsible for new political organsations.
Dahl (1961, 6) concludes that the political entrepreneur is agent of change and change maker. Pemberton
(2000, 777) identifies change agents as belonging to a policy network schema. In this case the policy
entrepreneurs are essential for advocating new policy ideas to replace failing arrangements at times of
crisis. Hwang & Powell (2005, p. 212) mention that successful political entrepreneurs create new political
programmes and organizations by using innovations and change management. Mintrom and Norman
(2009) argues that political entrepreneurship takes three stages. The first stage is that of a cricis, then
policy entrepreneurs emerge and advocate new policies and then come the political entrepreneurs, who
introduce new political organizations to fill the vacuum. Blyth (2002) introduces the concept of Knightian
uncertainty which enables political entrepreneurs to take advantage of crisis to create new political
organization.
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 2
Schein (1996) asserts that organizations develop a dominant work culture and values over time as they
adapt and develop. Sathe (1985) mentions that when organizations face new opportunities, threat,
uncertainty, and ambiguity, they reassert their own habituated behavior . Staw, Sandelands, & Dutton
(1981) and Weick (1993) assert similar observations. Cameron (2003) states that institutions also tend to
respond to challenges by amplifying their core cultural values and with the passage of time the culture is
intensified. There was no study exclusively on Work Culture in Political Entrepreneurship but these
Research Methodology
The purpose of this study is to focus on political entrepreneurship, therefore the study must focus on new
organizations / institutions. The researcher therefore studied only those organizations, which have come
to existence in last 10 years. These organizations are new and are relatively growing organsiations. They
are experiencing the process of entrepreneurship. The founder is still present and is actively promoting
development of organization. Therefore this study is confined to only new political organizations.
Jain (1999) has used participant observation and indepth interviews for exploratory study on social
entrepreneurship. Clarke (2005) has given insights on use of grounded theory, which the researcher has
used in the research. Curry (2004) has carried out researches using grounded theory as qualitative
research tools and has advocated these tools for knowledge generation and development. Piantanida,
Tananis and Grubs (2004) have suggested that grounded theory may be used for dissertational research.
Piantanida, et al. (2004) observe that the grounded theory is the most useful method of research in the
present day context for issues relating to social science. For the present study, the researcher used
grounded theory using participant observation method and in-depth interviews of thirty office bearers of a
political party. These office bearers belong to an emerging and growing political party (Aam Aadmi
Party) and the researcher confined the study to only two states in India (Punjab and Rajasthan states) in
spreading the party. These office bearers have started working during last two years only. These office
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 3
bearers are trying to spread the ideology and philosophy of their political party. These office bearers are
involed in setting up of their political party for the first time. They have created the office and they have
started the membership campaign in their areas. They are trying to create the organizational framework of
their organization. The researcher also used participant observation method of study for this purpose. The
The study focused on work culture during the process of entrepreneurship. The culture and value systems
are in the process of development. The organization is in the stage of formation. The organization is
trying to create its systems and processes. There were many aspects of behavior that the researcher was
able to observe and document during the research. The researcher documented all the observations during
the study and based on the study, the main issues relating to entrepreneurship were noted down. The main
The party spread its offices all over Rajasthan and Punjab and created Zonal Incharge, City Incharge,
Sector Incharge, Circle Incharge and Booth Incharge. All these persons have the responsibility of
spreading the ideology and philosophy of the party. The party is constantly giving information, media
coverage and social media campaigns to raise morale and motivation among workers. The party is
working constantly to take up energetic youth, who can actively campaign. The city coordinators organize
regular campaigns and meetings. New members are enrolled and given responsibilities to spread the ideas
of the party. The party regularly organizes meetings where these members are able to get oriented about
The researcher observed many aspects of this organization with regard to work culture. Some of the
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 4
Tolerance for Diversity:
The organization gives membership to new members, who bring with them new ideas. The party is
focused on the fundamental ideas of removing corruption. The party openly welcomes suggestions and
ideas of new members. The new members are welcome in the party. They can give their ideas and
opinions and raise their views. They are given freedom to express and show divergence
able to bring new members are encouraged. The members are encouraged to use social media in
spreading the party. Every member is encouraged to show the logo of the party on whatsapp page and
facebook page.
Freequent Meetings:
Since the party is in its infancy, there are frequent meetings to create procedures, establish hierarchies,
creation new positions, add new office bearers etc. The frequency of meetings enable the office bearers to
advantage of the growing numbers of the party members and expect to get good results. There is hope and
aspirations among members. Whenever new members join, there is a type of celebration because
members take it as a victory for their efforts and this optimism further enables them to add new members.
campaigns and good initiatives of the party so that more and more people follow the ideology. They
believe that if people can follow their ideas, they will support the party.
Indepth interviews were analysed using qualitative analysis to identify the key ideas and main issues in
culture and work practices and the findings are presented below:
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 5
Table : identification of key issues from indepth interviews of the office bearers of the political
party.
and words
state.
Interviews bearers
The recordings, the narrations and the detailed documents of observations and the findings of this study
was then shown to two experts (Social Scientists) to know about their critical observations and opinions.
They were consulted before finalizing this paper. Their observations were similar to the researcher. Thus
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 6
Propositions and Observations for Further Study : -
Based on the study, the researcher has identified following propositions for further study and exploration:
a. The overall work culture is full of optimism and aggression in the beginning of the political
organization.
b. Members of new political organizations show willingness to accept new members to spread their
organization
c. Members of new political organization are open to suggestions and criticism and are willing to
d. The members of new political organizations meet frequently to set up the overall systems of work
e. New political organization is innovative in its approach to reach out to people and uses latest
f. The members of the political organization are clear about ideology and want to spread the
ideology among masses to bring about desired change in the society and they believe that if
This study is limited to a single political party. This study has focused only on work culture and related
aspects. However, entrepreneurship has many aspects like resource mobilization, resource utilization,
ideation, team development etc. This study is very limited in its nature and scopy and its findings may not
be applicable to other organizations. The researcher has conclused with some observations and
propositions which would be helpful to the researchers in the future in the field of political
entrepreneurship. This study should encourage other researchers to take up detailed studies in the field of
political entrepreneurship.
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 7
References:
Cameron, K.S. (2003) Ethics, virtuousness, and constant change. In Tichy, N. and McGill, M. (Eds.)
Clarke, A. E. (2005). Situational analysis: Grounded theory after the postmodern turn.
Collier, Ruth. B., and David Collier. (1991). Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labour
Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Dahl, Robert. (1961). Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press.
Hwang, Hokyu, and Walter Powell. (2005). Institutions and Entrepreneurship. In Handbook of
Entrepreneurship Research: Disciplinary Perspectives, eds. Sharon A. Alvarez, Rajshree R. Agarwal, and
Jain, Trilok Kumar (1999). Entrepreneurship for Social Cause : A Study of Western India. Bhavnagar
University Bhavnagar.
Mintrom, Michael, and Phillipa Norman. (2009). Policy Entrepreneurship and Policy Change. Policy
Pemberton, Hugh. (2000). "Policy Networks and Policy Learning: UK Economic Policy in the 1960s and
Piantanida, M., Tananis, C. A., & Grubs, R. E. (2004). Generating grounded theory of/for
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 8
Sheingate, Adam. D. (2003) "Political Entrepreneurship, Institutional Change, and American Political
Schein, E. (1996) Culture: The missing concept in organizational studies. Administrative Science
Schneider, B. (1990) Organizational Climate and Culture. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Staw, B.M., Sandelands, L., and Dutton, J.E. (1981) Threat-rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A
Trice, H. and Beyer, J.(1993) The Cultures of Work Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Weber, M. (1947) The Theory of Social and Economic Reform. (Henderson and Parsons, translators). New
Weick, K.E. (1993) The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster.
Professor Trilok Kumar Jain is Dean of Faculty of Management in Suresh Gyan Vihar University
Jaipur and is also Director of Distance Education. He can be contacted at jain.tk@gmail.com Page 9