EAT 359 : WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING
MAHYUN AB WAHAB
 CO AND PO MAPPING

PROGRAM
COURSE OUTCOME
OUTCOME
(CO)
(PO)
PO 1 : Ability to acquire and apply
knowledge of mathematics, science,
CO 1: Able to demonstrate the scenario
engineering and an in-depth technical
of hydrology and water resources
competence to the solution of
engineering.
complex engineering problems in an
environmental/civil engineering
discipline.

CO 2: Able to solve the calculation of PO 2 : Ability to identify, formulate

hydrology and water resources and solve complex engineering
engineering problems. problems.
 SYLLABUS

Flood Routing

EXPLAIN the flow routing, flood routing;

CALCULATE the flood routing;
ANALYSE hydrologic river and reservoir
routing.
 ROUTING

Procedure to estimate downstream

hydrograph from upstream
hydrograph.
Used widely in flood estimations
Flow routing a.k.a flood routing
Routed hydrograph is delayed by a time
lag (translation) and is attenuated
 Definitions

Flood RoutingThe procedure that

determines the timing and
magnitude of a flood wave at a
point on a stream from the known or
assumed data at one or more points
upstream (Chow 1964).
 Flow RoutingA mathematical
procedure that predicts the
changing magnitude, speed, and
shape of a flood wave as a
function of time at one or more
points along a watercourse
(Maidment 1993).
Flood routing - is the technique of
determining the flood
hydrograph at a section of a
river by utilizing the data of
flood flow at one or more
upstream sections
upstream

downstream
 Why route flows?

Account for changes in flow

hydrograph as a flood wave passes
downstream
This helps in
1. Calculate for storages
2. Studying the attenuation of flood peaks
Qt
 Use of flow routing

1. Floods
predict flood propagation
protection
warning
2. Design
water conveyance systems
protective measures
hydro system operation
3. Water dynamics
ungauged rivers
peak flow estimation
river -aquifer interaction
 Routing Methods / Techniques

Hydrologic Hydraulic
Flow is calculated Flow is calculated
as a function of as a function of
time alone at a space and time
particular throughout the
location system

Governed by Governed by
continuity equation continuity and
and flow/storage momentum
relationship equations
 Flood
routing

HYDROLOGIC HYDRAULIC
routing routing

combine the continuity equation

combine the continuity equation
with some relationship
between storage, outflow,
and possibly inflow. These
relationships are usually
assumed, empirical, or
analytical in nature.
with some more physical
relationship describing the
actual physics of the
movement of the water. The
momentum equation is the
common relationship employed.
In hydraulic routing analysis, it is
intended that the dynamics of
the water or flood wave
movement be more accurately
described
The movement of a flood Flood
wave down a channel or
routing
through a reservoir

River / Storage / Reservoir

Applications Channel routing
Routing

Routing Models Hydrologic Hydraulic Hydrologic

Modified
Muskingum St Venant Goodrich
Methods Method Equations
Puls
Method
Method
STORAGE / RESERVOIR
ROUTING
 In reservoir routing, which is also
occasionally referred to as lumped
routing, the effect of a flood wave
entering a reservoir is studied
This form of reservoir routing is essential
in:
the design of the capacity of spillways and
other reservoir outlet structures and
the location and sizing of the capacity of
reservoirs to meet specific requirements.
 (a) Reservoir storage.

A = the volume of water that

fills available storage up to
t1
time t1
C = volume of water that flows
out of the reservoir and MUST
EQUAL area A if the reservoir
begin and ends at the same
(b) Inflow to and outflow from the reservoir. level

(c) Storage in the reservoir.

 Reservoir Routing

The system with

Storage, S

From the conversation of mass, water

balance in Figure 2 for a system can be
expressed as

= Eq. 1

Where;
I = upstream inflow
Q = downstream outflow
S = change in storage
t = change in time
 Mathematically, S can be computed
using continuity equation

=

=
2
= 1

= ( ) = average of
each day
Question : Storage Computations

Inflow and outflow hydrograph for a

reservoir are depicted in next Figure
a) Determine the average storage for each
one-day period per 1 acre (t = 1 day).
b) Plot the graph storage vs time for the
reservoir for the event. Assume that S0 = 0
(the reservoir is initially empty)
c) What is the (approximate) maximum
storage reached during this storm event?
 I (inflow) cfs Q (outflow) cfs

0.5 500 250

1.5 3500 1000
2.5 9000 3000
3.5 9750 4500
4.5 8000 5750
5.5 4500 6000
6.5 2250 5250
7.5 1250 4250
8.5 250 3250
9.5 0 2500
10.5 0 1500
11.5 0 1000
12.5 0 750
13.5 0 0
 Solution
Qa - Determine the average storage for each one-day period (t
= 1 day).

Related equation?

= ( )
Using t=1 day, storage at the end of the
first day, Si, is
Si = Si-1 + (i-i) t
Time (days) (inflow) cfs (outflow) cfs cfs
Given Calculate
0.5 500 250 250

1.5 3500 1000 2500

2.5 9000 3000 6000

3.5 9750 4500 5250

4.5 8000 5750 2250

5.5 4500 6000 -1500

6.5 2250 5250 -3000

7.5 1250 4250 -3000

8.5 250 3250 -3000

9.5 0 2500 -2500

10.5 0 1500 -1500

11.5 0 1000 -1000

12.5 0 750 -750

13.5 0 0 0
 Using t= 1 day. Storage at the end of
first day S1 is
Si = Si-1 + (i-i) t
S1 = S0 + (1-1) t
S1 = 0+ (500cfs-250cfs)(1 day)
S1 = .. ac-ft?
For day-2? - try to calculate

1 acre = 43560 ft
Ans : 496 acre foot = 611 806m3
Volume of storage for 1 acre - foot
Qb - Plot the graph storage vs time for the reservoir for the
event. Assume that S0 = 0 (the reservoir is initially empty)

Table the value for each of day to draw

the graph storage vs time
Time (days) Storage (ac-ft)
1 496
Storage 'vs' time
2 5455
35000
3 17356
4 27769 30000
5 32232
25000
6 29256
Storage (ac-ft)

7 23306 20000
8 17356
15000
9 11405
10 6446 10000
11 3471
5000
12 1488
13 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
14 0
Time (day)
Qc - What is the (approximate) maximum
storage reached during this storm event?

32,232 ac-ft at day-5

 In reservoir routing, storage was a
unique function of the outflow
discharge, Sreservoir = f(Q)
Importance to know the volume of
storage in the reservoir or detention
storage.
Reservoir Routing - Hydrologic Routing
- Modified Puls Method
A flood wave I(t) enters a reservoir provided
with an outlet such as a spillway.
The outflow, Q is function to the reservoir
elevation (h) only Q=f(h)
The storage in the reservoir is a function of
the reservoir elevation S = f(h)
The water level in the reservoir changes with
time h =f(t), Storage and discharge also
change with time.
 35000
30000
25000
S

Storage (ac-ft)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)

35000
30000
25000
Storage 'vs' time Q

Storage (ac-ft)
35000 20000
30000 15000
25000 10000
I
Storage (ac-ft)

20000 5000
15000
10000
5000
Q = f(h) 0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)

0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)
reservoir Output
S = f(h) 35000 Storage 'vs' time
Inflow
30000
25000
h

Storage (ac-ft)
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
Time (day)
 For reservoir routing, the following data
have to be KNOWN. Graphs or tables
showing
Storage volume vs elevation for the
reservoir
Storage vs outflow discharge
Inflow hydrograph, I = f(t); and
Initial values of S, I and Q at time=0
Reservoir Routing - Hydrologic Routing
- Modified Puls Method
Modified Puls Method Equation
1 + 2 1 2
+ = +
2 2 2

At the end of the

At the starting of
time step is
flood routing, initial
CALCULATED by
storage and outflow
Equation
discharges are
KNOWN!
 Step by step
Step 1 - From the known storage elevation and discharge -

elevation, prepare a curve of + vs elevation. At any time

interval
Step 2 - On the same plot, prepare a curve of outflow discharge
vs elevation
Q t
Step 3 - Determine the ( + 2 ) using the Modified Puls
2
Method Equation
Q t
Step 4 The water-surface elevation corresponding to ( + 2 )
2
is found by using the plot of Step 1. The outflow discharge Q2 at
the end of the time step t is found from plot of Step 2.
Q t Qt
Step 5 Deducting Q2t from ( + 2 ) gives ( ) for the
2 2 1
beginning of the next time step
Step 6 the procedure is repeated till the entire inflow hydrograph
is routed
 Example

A reservoir has the following elevation, discharge and

storage relationships
Elevation (m) Storage (106 m3) Outflow discharge (m3/s)
100.00 3.35 0
100.50 2.472 10
101.00 3.38 26
101.50 4.383 46
102.00 4.882 72
102.50 5.37 100
102.75 5.527 116
103.00 5.856 130
When the reservoir level was at 100.50 m, the following
flood hydrograph entered the reservoir
Time (h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
Discharge (m3/s) 10 20 55 80 73 58 46 36 55 20 15 13 11
 Question Route the flood and obtain
i. The outflow hydrograph
ii. The reservoir elevation vs time curve
during the passage of the flood wave
 Solution
Step 1 - From the known storage elevation and discharge -

elevation, prepare a curve of + vs elevation. At any time

interval

From the table = take time interval = 6hr

Elevation (m) 100.00 100.50 101.00 101.50 102.00 102.50 102.75 103.00
Outflow
0 10 26 46 72 100 116 130
discharge (m3/s)

+ (Mm3) 3.35 3.58 4.16 4.88 5.66 6.45 6.78 7.26

Unit for + = Mm3 = 106m3

SO, time interval has to be in second, s
Step 2 - On the same plot, prepare a curve of
outflow discharge vs elevation
Routing started at,
elevation = 100.50m,
Q = 10.0m3/s and
1
1 = 3.364Mm3
2
 + (/ ) (Mm3)
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
103.5 103.5

103 103

102.5 Q vs elevation 102.5

Elevation (m)

102 102

101.5 101.5

+ (/ ) vs
101
elevation 101

100.5 100.5

100 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Outflow, Q (m3/s)
 Q1t
Starting from the value of ( )
2
Q2t
Step 3 - Determine the ( + ) using
2
the Modified Puls Method Equation
+
+ = +

+
. + . = m3

 Step 4 The water-surface elevation corresponding
Q t
to( + 2 ) is found by using the plot of Step 1.
2
The outflow discharge Q2 at the end of the time step
t is found from plot of Step 2.
 3.684 Mm3 +()/ (Mm3)
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
103.5 103.5

103 103

102.5 Q vs elevation 102.5

Elevation (m)

102 102

101.5 101.5

+ (/ ) vs
101
elevation 101

100.62 m
100.5 100.5

100 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

13 m3/s Outflow, Q (m3/s)

 Step 5 Deducting Q2t from
Q2t Q1t
(S+ ) will gives (S- ) for the
2 2
beginning of the next time step
Step 6 the procedure is repeated till
the entire inflow hydrograph is routed
 Inflow, I S - Q/2 t) + (Q/2 t)
Time (hr) (m3/s) t (Mm3) Elevation (m) Q (m3/s)
(m3/s) (Mm3) (Mm3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 10 100.5 10
15 0.324 3.364 3.688
6 20 Col 6 previous Col 8 * t Col 3*t + Col 5 100.62 13
37.5 0.810 3.407 4.2172
12 55 101.04 27
67.5 1.458 3.634 5.092
18 80 101.64 53
76.5 1.652 3.9472 5.5996
24 73 101.96 69
65.5 1.415 4.1092 5.524
30 58 101.91 66
52 1.123 4.0984 5.2216
36 46 101.72 57
41 0.886 3.9904 4.876
42 36 101.48 48
31.75 0.686 3.8392 4.525
48 27.5 101.3 37
23.75 0.513 3.7258 4.2388
54 20 101.1 25
17.5 0.378 3.6988 4.0768
60 15 100.93 23
14 0.302 3.58 3.8824
66 13 100.77 18
12 0.259 3.4936 3.7528
72 11 100.65 14
3.4504 3.5692
 i. The outflow hydrograph
Variation of Inflow and Outflow Discharges
Outflow Inflow

90 Peak lag = 7.2hr

80
Peak attenuation = 10 m3/s
70

60
Discharge (m3/s)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (hr)
 ii. The reservoir elevation vs time curve
during the passage of the flood wave
Variation of reservoir elevation with Time
102.2

102

101.8

101.6
Elevation (m)

101.4

101.2

101

100.8

100.6

100.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (hr)
Reservoir Routing - Hydrologic Routing
Goodrich Method
Another popular method of hydrologic
reservoir routing.

21 22
(1 + 2 )+ 1 = + 2

Known Calculate!
Function of elevation
 For the next time step,

[ + -2 ] of the previous time


step = for use as the initial

values
 Example

Route the following flood hydrograph through the

reservoir by Goodrich Method
Elevation (m) Storage (106 m3) Outflow discharge (m3/s)
100.00 3.35 0
100.50 3.472 10
101.00 3.88 26
101.50 4.383 46
102.00 4.882 72
102.50 5.37 100
102.75 5.527 116
103.00 5.856 130

Time (h) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
Inflow (m3/s) 10 30 85 140 125 96 75 60 46 35 25 20

Initial conditions : when t= 0; reservoir elevation =

100.60m
 Select the time interval = 6hr = 0.0216 Ms

Calculate + for each time interval

Elevation Storage (106 Outflow discharge
(2S/t + Q)
(m) m3) (m3/s)
100.00 3.35 0 310.2
100.50 3.472 10 331.5
101.00 3.88 26 385.3
101.50 4.383 46 451.8
102.00 4.882 72 524.0
102.50 5.37 100 597.2
102.75 5.527 116 627.8
103.00 5.856 130 672.2

Plot Q vs elevation and + vs elevation in

the same graph
 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 500.0 550.0 600.0 650.0 700.0
103.5 103.5

340.00

103 103

102.5 102.5

Q vs elevation

102 102

101.5 101.5
vs
+/

elevation
101 101

100.60

100.5 100.5

100 100
0 12 m3/s 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
 At t=0, Elevation = 100.60m, Find Q from
the graph
From graph, Q = 12m3/s, and

From graph, + = 340 m3/s

So, to start next time step, calculate

From + = 340 m3/s, get S = ?


From S = ?, calculate + = ..m3/s

 For the first time interval of 6hr,
I1 = 10, I2 = 30, Q1 = 12, and
21
+ = (1 + 2 )+ 1


+ = (10 + 30)+ 316 = 356 m3/s

Refer back to the figure, find the

elevation and Q when + = ? ,

For the next time increment, calculate

[ + -2 = 356 2*17 = 322m3/s

 The procedure is repeated in a tabular form till the
entire flood is routed
 Discharge
Time (hr) I (m3/s) (I1 + I2) +Q (m3/s) + (m3/s) Elevation (m)
(m3/s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 10 340 100.6 12
40 316 356
6 30 Col 5 2* (Col 7) Col 3 + Col 4 100.74 17
115 322 437
12 85 101.38 40
225 357 582
18 140 102.5 95
265 392 657
24 125 102.92 127
221 403 624
30 96 102.7 112
171 400 571
36 75 102.32 90
135 391 526
42 60 102 73
106 380 486 0.02
48 46 57
81 372 453 101.74
54 35 46
60 361 421 101.51
60 25 37
45 347 392 101.28
66 20 27
335 101.02
RIVER / CHANNEL
ROUTING
 RIVER / CHANNEL ROUTING

In channel routing, which is also referred to as

distributed routing, the change in the shape of a
hydrograph as it travels down a channel is studied
By considering a channel reach and an input
hydrograph at the upstream end, this form of routing
aims to predict the flood hydrograph at various
sections of the reach.
Information on the flood peak attenuation and the
duration of high water levels obtained by channel
routing is of utmost importance in flood forecasting
operations and flood protection works.
 RIVER / CHANNEL ROUTING

River routing is differs from reservoir

routing.
In river routing, the storage is a
function of both inflow and outflow
discharges, Sriver = f(I, Q) hence a
different routing method is needed
Importance to know the peak of
flood for flood control design and
flood forecasting
 When flood wave passes through river
reach, peak outflow hydrograph
usually attenuated and delayed
because of channel resistance and
storage capacity
The difference between ordinates of
outflow and inflow hydrograph = rate
of change of storage
RIVER ROUTING Hydrologic Routing
Muskingum Equation
Developed by McCarthy (1938)
Muskingum method assume flow and
storage related to depth, resulting
linear relationship :
= [ + ]
I = inflow
Q = outflow
K = travel time constant
x = weighting factor (varies from 0-0.5)
 RIVER ROUTING Hydrologic Routing
Muskingum Equation Estimation of K and x
Outflow peak does not occur at the point of
intersection of the inflow and outflow
hydrograph.

( + ) + =

The increment in storage at any time, t and

time element t can be calculated
Summation of the various incremental
storage values enable one to find the
channel storage vs time, t relationship
 If an inflow and outflow is available, values
of S at various time intervals can be
determined.
By choosing the trial value of x, values of S
at any time, t are plotted against the
corresponding [ + ] values
If the value of x is chosen correctly, a
straight line relationship will result
If an incorrect value of x is used, the
plotted points will trace a looping curve.
 By trial and error, a value of x is so
chosen that the data very nearly describe
a straight line
The inverse slope of the straight line
will give the value of K
Normally, for natural channels, the
value of x lies between 0 0.3
 Example

The following inflow and outflow

hydrographs were observed in a river
reach. Estimate the values of K and x
applicable to this reach for use in the
Muskingum Equation
Time
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
(hr)
Inflow
5 20 50 50 32 22 15 10 7 5 5 5
(m3/s)
Outflow
5 6 12 29 38 35 29 23 17 13 9 7
(m3/s)
Time (hr) I (m3/s) Q (m3/s) (I-Q) Average (I-Q) S = Column S = S [ + ]
5 * t (m3/s.h)
(m3/s.h) X = 0.35 X = 0.30 X = 0.25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 5 5 0 0 5 5 5

7 42

6 20 6 14 42 10.9 10.2 9.5

26 156

12 50 12 38 198 25.3 23.4 21.5

29.5 177

18 50 29 21 375 36.35 35.3 34.25

7.5 45

24 32 38 -6 420 35.9 36.2 36.5

-9.5 -57

30 22 35 -13 363 30.45 31.1 31.75

-13.5 -81

36 15 29 -14 282 24.1 24.8 25.5

-13.5 -81

42 10 23 -13 201 18.45 19.1 19.75

-11.5 -69

48 7 17 -10 132 13.5 14 14.5

-9.0 --54

54 5 13 -8 78 10.2 10.6 11

-6.0 -36

60 5 9 -4 42 7.6 7.8 8

-3.0 -18
 Determination of K and x for a channel reach
Plot the graph
x = 0.35 x = 0.3 x = 0.25

40
[ + ] vs Storage
35

30

25
[+()]
m3/s

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Storage, S (m3/s.h)
 x = 0.35
x = 0.35 Linear (x = 0.35)
40

y = 0.0747x + 5.2451

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
 x = 0.30
x = 0.30 Linear (x = 0.30)
40

y = 0.0748x + 5.2141

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
 x = 0.25
x = 0.25 Linear (x = 0.25)
40

y = 0.0749x + 5.183
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
 Value of K

= ; K=
[+ ]

X y Calculate from
linear equation
Point 1 400 35.143

Point 2 200 20.163

K = 13.3
 Muskingum Method of Routing

Change in storage
= [ + ( )( )
Continuity equation for the river reach
+ +
=

From both equation, Q2 is evaluated as
= + +

Muskingum Routing Equation

 Where,
+ .
=
+ .

+ .
=
+ .

.
=
+ .

+ + = .
 Muskingum Routing Equation provides a
simple linear equation for channel
routing.
For best result, the routing interval, t
should be so chosen that K>t>2Kx
If t < 2Kx, the coefficient C0 will be
negative
 To use the Muskingum equation to route
a given inflow hydrograph through a
reach,
the values of K and x for the reach, and
the value of outflow, Q1 from the reach at
the start are needed
 Muskingum Routing Procedure

Step 1 Knowing K and x, select an

appropriate value of t
Step 2 - Calculate C0, C1 and C2
Step 3 - Starting from the initial conditions I1,
Q1 and known I2 at the end of the first time
step t, calculate Q2 by Muskingum Routing
Equation
Step 4 the outflow calculated in step 3
become the known initial outflow for the next
time step
Step 5 Repeat the calculation for entire
inflow hydrograph
 Example

Route the following flood hydrograph

through a river reach for which K=12.0h
and x=0.20. At the start of the inflow
flood, the outflow discharge is 10 m3/s

Time (hr) 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54

Inflow
10 20 50 60 55 45 35 27 20 15
(m3/s)
 Step 1 Knowing K and x, select
an appropriate value of t
K = 12 h ; 2Kx = . H
t should be K>t>2Kx
t = ..
Select t = . h
 Step 2 - Calculate C0, C1 and C2
C0 =..
C1 =..
C2 =..
C0 = 0.048
C1 = 0.429
C2 = 0.523
 Step 3 - Starting from the initial
conditions I1, Q1 and known I2 at the
end of the first time step t, calculate
Q2 by Muskingum Routing Equation
For the first time interval, 0-6 hr
I1 = 10.00 C1I1 = .
I2 = 20.00 C0I2 = .
Q = 10.00 C2I1 = .
= + + = m3/s
Time (hr) I (m3/s) C0 I2 C1 I1 C2 Q1 Q (m3/s)
0 10 10.00

6 20 = + +

12 50

18 60

24 55

30 45

36 35

42 27

48 20

54 15
HYDRAULIC METHOD OF
FLOOD ROUTING
 St. Venant equations.

The hydraulic method of flood routing is

essentially a solution of the basis St. Venant
equations.

+T =0

1
+ + = 0 1

These equations a simultaneous, quasi-linear,
first order, partial differential equations of the
hyperbolic type and are not amenable to
general analytical solutions
 The development of modern, high speed
digital computers has given rise to the
evolution of many sophisticated
numerical techniques
The various numerical methods for
solving St. Venant equations can be
broadly classified into two categories
Approximate methods
Complete numerical methods
 A large number of software, both in commercial
and in common domain are available for flood-
flow analysis in natural channels.
HEC-RAS Us Army Corps of Engineers
FLDWAV US National Weather Service
MIKE-11 DHI, Denmark
FLO-2D of USA
HEC-RAS is available with user manual for
download by individuals FOC
THANK YOU AND SEE YOU
IN WEEK 13 & 14 AND 15