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v Ring mains
Directional relays are more commonly applied to ring mains. In the case of
a ring main fed at one point only, the relays at the supply end and at the
mid-point substation, where the setting of both relays are identical, can be
made non-directional, provided that in the latter case the relays are
located on the same feeder, that is, one at each end of the feeder.
It is interesting to note that when the number of feeders round the ring is
an even number, the two relays with the same operating time are at the
same substation and will have to be directional, whereas when the number
of feeders is an odd number, the two relays with the same operating time
are at different substations and therefore do not need to be directional.
The arrows associated with the relaying points indicate the direction of
current flow that will cause the relays to operate.
Thus, at each substation in the ring, one set of relays will be made
inoperative because of the direction of current flow, and the other set
operative. It will also be found that the operating times of the relays that
are inoperative are faster than those of the operative relays, with the
exception of the mid-point substation, where the operating times of relays
3 and 3' happen to be the same.
The relays which are operative are graded downwards towards the fault
and the last to be affected by the fault operates first. This applies to both
paths to the fault. Consequently, the faulty line is the only one to be
disconnected from the ring and the power supply is maintained to all the
substations.
When two or more power sources feed into a ring main, time graded over
current protection is difficult to apply and full discrimination may not be
possible. With two sources of supply, two solutions are possible. The
first is to open the ring at one of the supply points, whichever is more
convenient, by means of a suitable high set instantaneous over-current
relay and then to proceed to grade the ring as in the case of a single
infeed, the second to treat the section of the ring between the two supply
points as a continuous bus separate from the ring and to protect it with a
unit system of protection, such as pilot wire relays, and then proceed to
grade the ring as in the case of a single infeed.
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