ADVANCED DRILLING

ENGINEERING
SKPP 4413 / SKM 4413

FISHING OPERATION
PROF. DR. ARIFFIN SAMSURI
 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

Topic Outcomes

Students should be able to:

Explain the causes of fishing jobs &
taking steps to prevent it
Analyze various kinds of fishing tools &
the techniques used to retrieved the fish
Calculate fishing costing & the do
economic analysis.

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 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

FISHING
Fish:
Any objects not suppose to be in hole
Fishing:
Operations concerned with retrieving of fish or equipments from
hole.
Most common fishing job:
To recover a portion of ds left in hole due to its failing or stuck
Disadvantages of fishing:
Extremely costly
Time consuming
Lost rig time
Lost hole

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 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

FISHING Cause & Prevention

1. Problem related to drilling fluid
1. Stuck pipe
2. Differential pressure sticking
3. Inadequate hole cleaning
4. Lost returns
5. Hole sloughing
Prevention: drilling fluid properties monitoring & controlling to minimizing
hole problems
2. Mechanical failure
Bit or some other ds component fails due to:
Bad manufacturing
Too long running a tool w/o changing them
Drilling with old dp
Ex: - Twisting off dp
- Running cones off bit
- Fatigue failure in crossover
Prevention: properly maintain bit or ds components
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FISHING Cause & Prevention

3. Drill string failure & hole problem
1. Improper care & maintenance of drilling assembly
2. Crooked hole problems
3. Poor drilling practices
4. Inadequate drill string design
5. Weight indicator or torque gauge not calibrated
Prevention: immediately analyzed & practices changed to avoid re-occurrence
1. Twist-off & washout
2. Key seat
3. Undergage hole
4. Junk in hole
4. Drill crew negligence
Example: dropping hand tools down hole when ds on surface
Prevention: Always have hole cover on when not running ds

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FISHING TECHNIQUE
Best fishing technique:
Elimination of cause & problems through:
Periodic equipment inspection
Internal
corrosion survey
Magnetic flux testing

Drilling crews alertness

Crooked joints detection

Tool joint threads cleaning & lubricating

Good housekeeping

Safety precautions

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 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

FISHING TOOLS
Selection based on:
Fish size

Fish shape

Problems severity

Experience

Tools:
1. Overshot
Cylindrical bowl shaped tools which telescope over fish
Internal slip arrangement grasps outside of fish
grip tightening as pull increased
2. Spears
Device pass inside fish
Expanding slip grasps fish inner wall
Slips can be set or released by rotating ds
Used when hole clearance will not tolerate overshot
Better than tapered tap, i.e releasing mechanism

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 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

FISHING TOOLS
3. Tapered taps
Oldest fishing tool
Run into fish & rotated until sufficient threads are cut for firm hold
4. Washover pipe
Pipe section with sufficient inside diameter to telescope outside fish
Used when annular cleaning around fish required
5. Inside & outside cutters
Pipe cutter
Can be actuated by surface manipulation of dp
Inside cutter : cut fish from inside
Outside cutter : cut fish from outside
Used when considerable length ds must be retrieved in sections
Common sequence: washing over cutting retrieving
Cutting by set of knives rotated by ds
6. Junk basket
Used for small fish (bit teeth, bit cones, etc)
Permanent magnet runs on ds

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FISHING TOOLS accessory equipment

Jarring device
Provide hammer type impact
Commonly run in conjunction with overshot,
spear, etc.
Utilize compressed fluid energy which drive free
moving piston or hammer against top of jar
Compression by proper dp surface movement
Type: nitrogen, mechanical & torque
Safety joint

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Guide to tool selection

Objective/target Tools
To recover small junk Junk basket
Fishing magnet
Reverse circulation junk basket
To recover wireline Wireline spear
To catch fish externally Overshot
Short catch overshot
Washpipe
To catch fish internally Taper tap
Pin tap
Spear
Packet-picker
Other components/tools used in fishing Bumper jar
strings Fishing jar
Accelerator
Surface bumper jar
Knuckle joint
Safety joint

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Junk Basket Dressed with Mill Shoe

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Hydraulic Actuated Internal Cutter

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Outside Cutting Tool

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Electric Line Pipe Cutting Tools

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 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

FISHING JOB ANALYSIS

Complete & accurate information is critical to minimizing fishing operation cost
Some questions need to address:

1. What circumstance led to fishing job?

a) What was going on when this occurrence happened?
b) Is the pipe differentially stuck?
i. Stuck with hole cuttings
ii. Stuck from cave in
iii. Stuck with object jammed against ds
iv. Stuck in tapered hole, etc.
c) What was the driller, wireline operator doing when the failure occurred?
i. Rotating
ii. Coming out the hole
d) What do the drilling charts show?
e) Was the mud weight being increased or decreased?
f) Were the mud properties being changed?

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 FISHING JOB ANALYSIS cont.
g. What are the hole characteristics?
i. Sands
ii. Washouts
iii. Doglegs, etc
h. Have similar failures occurred or almost
happened prior to this failure?
i. Has pipe been trying to stick?
2. Do you really have a fishing job?
a. If an object is reported to have fallen in the hole
Make sure it is not in the cellar lodged in the BOPs
b. If the object is small (bit cone, hammer, etc.)
An it be pushed in the side of the hole with a bit? Ariffin,UTM
 FISHING JOB ANALYSIS cont.
3. What does the fish look like and where is it?
a. Write a description of the fish
b. Record length, ID, OD, and all pertinent data for ordering
fishing tools
4. Where is the stuck point?
5. Is there a potential well control problem?
6. What materials are on location that will help in freeing stuck
pipe or initiating fishing operation?
7. Are there obligatory reasons for fishing?
a. The need to recover a radioactive tool
b. Isolation of productive formation or zone
8. Are there any other special reasons for not fishing other than
fishing economics?
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 STUCK PIPE

Most common cause of fishing job

Causes:
1. Foreign objects or junk in hole
2. Key seating
3. Sloughing formation (shale, etc.)
4. Bit balling
5. Drill collar balling
6. Pressure differential sticking
7. Cutting settling above bit or dc
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 FREE POINT DETERMINATION PROCEDURE
Canbe determine by using electromagnetic
device
Two electromagnet connected with telescope joint
Run into hole on electric cable

Turned on electric current magnets attach to

inside pipe wall
Exert pull @ surface pipe above stuck point
stretch
Distance between two magnet = elongation

Elongation measured by sensitive electronic strain

gauge & transmitted to surface
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Free Point Indicators & String Shot

DP Recovery Log Ariffin,UTM

 Free Point Calculation Procedure
1. Applied upward force (F1) to ds
F1 > total ds weight to ensure entire string in tension
2. Marked reference point on pipe at surface (rotary table top)
3. Applied larger upward force (F2)
F2 < pipe yield strength (elastic limit)
Ds free portion stretched by amount of reference point movement (e)

IF L = stuck ds depth = free point depth, ft

P = F2 F1, lb
e = marked or reference point movement, inch
w = pipe nominal weight, lb/ft
0.283 = steel density, lb/cu. in.

And, if neglecting hole-pipe friction, therefore;

L = (735,000)(e)(w)/P
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 STUCK PIPE - example

Given data:
Drill string size = 3 in., 13.3 lb/ft, grade E
Hole depth @ stuck= 10,000 ft
F1 = 140,000 lb
F2 = 200,000 lb
Elongation = 4 ft

Where the pipe stuck ?

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 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE STICKING
Due to:
Ds imbedding into filter cake
Hydrostatic mud column pressure > formation pressure
Required force to full depends on:
1. Contact area between pipe & filter cake
Contact length
Filter cake thickness
Filter cake toughness (sticking coefficient stickometer)
Sticking coefficient = coefficient of friction between pipe-mud cake
Additive used to produce thin, tough filter cake: bentonite
Additive used to reduce friction: graphite, asphalt
2. Contact time between pipe & hole wall
3. Differential pressure magnitude

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 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE STICKING cont.
3. Differential pressure magnitude
Depend on:
Mud density
Formation pressure
Can be minimized by:
Minimum mud weight
Pipe movement
Stabilizer
Providing thin, tough filter cake
Mud additives to reduce sticking coefficient
Recognizing sticking conditions by measuring torque, drag & sticking
coefficient
Time is critical immediate action must be taken:
Oil spotting
DST tool to reduce hydrostatic pressure

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 Pipe Contact with Mud Cake

Normal Force Differential Stuck Pipe

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S

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 INADEQUATE HOLE CLEANING
Indicator
1. Excessive fill on trips
2. High torque & variation in RPM
3. Tight hole on connections @ trips
4. Pipe pulling loads decrease when pump placed on hole
5. High pump pressure required to break circulation
6. Small amount of cutting over shaker
Important factors:
1. Annular velocity
2. Mud density
3. Mud viscosity
Hole cleaning problems can be reduced by:
1. Increased yield point & mud viscosity
2. Increased circulation rate to provide higher annular velocity
3. Increased mud weight
4. Decreased ROP
If pipe stuck @ inadequate hole cleaning:
1. Try to rotate & circulate
2. If can viscous slugs (80-100 YP) may be provide necessary lifting capacity Ariffin,UTM
Inadequate Hole Cleaning

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 TWIST OFF & WASHOUT

As results of:
Prolonged cyclic bending of ds
Fatigue crack occurs

Continue to propagate pipe fails

Washout due to:

Cracks fluid leakage washout
Prevention & minimized by:
1. Scheduled inspection
2. Thread dopes
3. Dogleg severity check
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4. Frequently changing dp joint above dc
 KEY SEAT
Time dependent
Due to:
DS or wireline wear slot in hole wall (hard soft)

Bottom hole assembly (directional drilling) not provide adequate wiping during trips
to wear away key seat
Indicators:
1. Pipe load abrupt increase on trip out hole & no indication of tight hole on trip in
2. Hook load increase
3. Increasing drag on trip out
4. Hole will circulate freely when stuck in key seat
Prevention:
1. Use string reamer placed above dc
2. Use key set wiper
Pipe stuck in key seat may be freed by:
1. Move string down
2. Slowly rotate collar & stabilizer @ key seat with minimum tension
3. Back off & jarring down
4. Using string reamer or key seat wiper Ariffin,UTM
Key Seat
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 UNDERGAGE HOLE
Due to:
1. Bit or near bit stabilizer wears excessively
Depend on:
Material
Formation abrasiveness
Time
Indicator:
Torque increase
Accurate OD gauging after each trip
2. Bottom hole assembly lacks stabilization
3. Clay swelling cause of undergage hole
4. Filter cake thick
Indicators:
1. Erratic torque increases while drilling
2. During inspection bit & stabilizer wear
3. Stiffer BHA is used
4. Excessive filter cake in return over shaker
5. Weight indicator changes in shale & sand intervals during trip Ariffin,UTM

6. Pump pressure increase after trip

 UNDERGAGE HOLE cont.
Can be minimized by:
1. Several reaming trip
2. Mud monitoring & controlling treatment ?
Precaution if clay swelling & thick filter cake:
1. Pull or lower string slowly through suspected section during trip
2. Pull or lower string slowly through long permeable section
3. Make wiper trip as required
4. Ream through section frequently
5. Measure & plot torque & drag monitored
Pipe stuck in undergage hole can be freed by:
1. Working pipe in opposite direction of travel when it stuck
2. Using jar
3. Spotting oil
4. Backing off, re-engaging with jar & jarring
5. Washing over

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 JUNK IN HOLE & FISHING OPERATION CONSIDERATION
Prevention of junk in hole:
1. Continually analyze pump pressure, torque, hook load & ROP
2. Keep hole covered:
1. During trip : use pipe wiper
2. During out of hole: use rotary cover plate or blin dram
Fishing Operation Consideration:
After analysis tool & technique ?

1. Spotting oil fluid

2. Accurate free point determination
3. Backing off
4. Cutting or perforating
5. Re-latching into parted fish
6. Milling or washing over

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 FISHING operational example
Drillers twist-off 5 dp while drilling ahead. So
what?
1. POH
2. Make up overshot on dp
3. RIH
4. Get fish first time
5. Pull free
6. POH
7. Make up drilling BHA
8. RIH to condition hole/resume drilling Ariffin,UTM
 FISHING or SIDE TRACK ?
Factors should be considered:
1. Economic
2. Policy
3. Regulation: safety & environmental issues
4. Drilling program objectives reserve?
Economic analysis required to justify:
1. Is fishing necessary ?
2. Is fishing practical ?

3. Should fishing be attempted or hole sidetracked

immediately ?
4. Is continued fishing economical ?
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Decision: minimum cost

 SIDETRACK
Involve bypassing fish to drill deeper.
Sidetrack sequence for open hole:
1. RIH with open-ended dp
2. Set sidetrack cement plug above/across fish
3. POH
4. RIH with drill bit, tag plug and dress off to desired depth
5. POH
6. RIH with turbine/bent sub/etc using directional drilling techniques,
kick well off above fish
7. POH
8. RIH straight drilling assembly & drill past fish
Sidetrack sequence for cased hole:
1. Same as open hole
2. Run section mill
3. Mill window in casing open hole in casing from which to sidetrack
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Ariffin,UTM
 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - SIDETRACK
Should consider:
1. Cement plug cost (Cc)
2. Kick off cost (Ck)
3. Re-drill cost @ from original cost for interval (Dr)
Kick off cost:
Ck = Tk (Cr + Cd)
Ck = kick off cost, $
Cr = rig operating cost, $/day
Tk = kick off time, day
Cd = drilling equipment cost, $/day
Re-drill cost:
Dr = H*Cr / DR
Dr = re-drilling cost, $
H = interval = total depth top fish depth + safety factor, ft
DR = drilling rate, ft/day
Sidetrack re-drill cost = Ck + Dr + Cc
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 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - FISHING
Fishing cost estimation include:
1. Fishing time cost
2. Material/fish recovered value
3. Fishing tool cost
4. Operator cost
5. Rig operating cost
Fishing time (t) determination:
t = h / (Fr*Ff), day
h = fish interval = total depth top @ fish depth, ft
Fr = fishing rate, ft/day
Ff = fishing success factor, %
Fishing cost (Cf) calculation:
Cf = t(Cr + Fe), $
Fe = fishing equipment cost, $/day
Recovered fish value (Fc) determination:
Fc = h*M, $
M = fish value, $/ft
Fishing estimated cost : F = Cf Fc, $ Ariffin,UTM
 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS - example
Given well data:
Total depth = 15,000 ft
Top of fish = 14,000 ft
Drilling rate = 150 ft/day
Rig operating cost = $ 12,000/day
Estimate fishing rate = 200 ft/day
Estimate kick-off time = 5 days
Fishing success factor = 25%
Fishing equipment cost = $ 3,000/day
Directional drilling equipment cost = $ 1000/day
Fish value = $ 60.00/ft
Safety distance = 50 ft
Determine either to fishing or sidetrack ?
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 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Given data:
Total hole depth = 12,000 ft
Bit OD = 4 inch
Drill string = 3 , 13.3 lb/ft, grade E
F1 = 170,000 lb
F2 = 210,000 lb
Elongation = 3 ft
Drilling rate = 200 ft/day
Rig operating cost = $20,000/day
Kick-off time = 6 days
Fishing success factor = 50%
Fishing rate = 400 ft/day
Fishing equipment cost = $5,000/day
Drilling equipment cost = $2,000/day
Fish recovered value = $70/ft
Cement plug cost = $250/cuft
Safety distance = 100 ft
To fishing or sidetrack ?
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 FISHING - example

While drilling 26 hole from semisubmersible,

we leave 26 bit and two 9 dc in the hole
because of a broken dc pin. 30 casing has
previously been set. Days on location is 3 days.
Fishing, sidetrack or continue drilling?

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 FISHING - example

Whilst drilling 8 hole at 11,000 ft, on a

onshore rig, we lose the cones off bit. Days on
location is 62 days. Previous casings set
30/20/13 3/8 and 9 . Next plan is to set 7
liner. What we should do?

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 MILLING
Milling operation involve:
Grinding-away or obliteration or junk/fish in bore
hole
Low weight (on mill) & high rotary (RPM)

Casing repair

Some useful tools:

Casing scraper
Casing roller

Pipe cutter

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MILLS

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Ariffin,UTM
 REPAIRING TOOLS CASING SCRAPER
Application:
Used for cleaning casing before setting packers

Used to remove undesirable irregularities (paraffin, hardened mud,

cement or burrs) from :
tool runs or perforations, etc
inner surface of pipe

Consists of:
Body with blade slot
Blade thick wall cylinder
Rubber blade lateral spring support for blade
Washpipe
Top sub & bottom sub one with pin connection & other with box connection
Operation
Assembled in running string (bit, bull nose or extension below it)
While circulating & running down hole, tool can be rotated & spudded
Encounter abrupt changes: shearing or yielding
Direct or reverse circulation
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 TUBING & CASING ROLLER
Application:
Used to restore dented, buckled or collapsed tubing or casing

Consists of:
Mandrel

Rollers

Nose cone

Ball bearing

Operational
Made up to ds end

Slowly lowered through casing until reached damaged portion

Raise ds a few feet, start circulating & rotate up to 200 RPM

Let down very slowly until passed damaged area

Maintained circulation for cooling & lubricating

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 INTERNAL PIPE CUTTING TOOLS
Application:
Hydraulically actuated tool used to mill section or window in casing or tubing

As pipe cutter

Consists of:
Top sub

Body

Piston with cam

Piston spring

Flow indicating device

Cutter knives

Arm stop stabilizer

Operational:
Made up dc string

RIH to depth & start rotation at 60-80 RPM & kick in pump

Build pressure slowly flow rate 80 125 gpm & maintain

Rotating & clean the cut for 5-10 minutes

Applying weight & increase RPM to 100-125

ROH Ariffin,UTM
Thank You

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