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LATERAL LOAD EFFECT O N STEEL

A R C H BRIDGE D E S I G N
By Shigera K u r a n i s h i , 1 M . ASCE and Tetsuya Yabuki, 2 A. M . ASCE

ABSTRACT: Design criteria for lateral load effect of two-hinged, parabolic, steel
arch bridge structures are presented on the basis of the ultimate limit state
design concept. The arch structures are composed of two main ribs connected
by a lateral bracing system. The load combination that is considered consists
of vertical loading and practical lateral loading to which bridge structures are
actually subjected. Based on results of their load carrying capacity analyzed by
three-dimensional finite element method, ways of incorporating practical lateral
loading effects in the ultimate strength designing of steel arch bridge structures
are presented. The required out-of-plane rigidities of steel arch bridge struc-
tures are also proposed.

INTRODUCTION

Generally speaking, although an arch is rather a stable structure for


loads in the vertical plane, it is not so stiff for lateral loading in the out-
of-plane because of the spatial properties. Therefore, in some cases, it
may be necessary in designing arch bridge structures to consider their
behavior as spatially slender members subjected to high compressive
thrust, bi-axial bending moments and torque. In such a case, as insuf-
ficient out-of-plane strength or rigidity or both of the structures is pro-
vided, the load carrying capacity for the principal loads will be signifi-
cantly affected by the subsidiary loads such as wind loadhereafter these
are expressed as "practical lateral load." Consequently designers might
be forced to proportion them by complex design rules in which the in-
tricate effects of the interaction of the in-plane and out-of-plane behav-
iors of the arch structures are taken into account. Several studies (3,10,11)
on design concepts reported that it may be reasonable to design the arch
ribs and the lateral bracing members under consideration of the spatial
elasto-plastic large deflection behavior and the interaction between them.
Conventional design method for bridge structures is based on the con-
cept that the proportioning of the structures should fundamentally be
determined by the principal loads and then modified by the subsidiary
loads and it should be as simplified as possible. Following such a design
philosophy, the authors (4,6,7,13,15) have studied the ultimate strength
characteristics of steel arch bridge structures. They have two-hinged par-
allel twin ribs braced with lateral members and are subjected to uni-
formly distributed practical lateral load kept at a certain value and ver-
tical loads increased up to the ultimate state. In these studies, it is pointed
out that if an arch bridge structure has sufficient out-of-plane rigidities,
the ultimate strength of the arch structures can be evaluated as that of
a planar structure instead of that of the spatial one.
Trof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Tohoku Univ., Sendai, Japan.
2
Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
Note.Discussion open until February 1, 1985. To extend the closing date one
month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Technical and
Professional Publications. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for re-
view and possible publication on March 10, 1983. This paper is part of the Journal
of Structural Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 9, September, 1984. ASCE, ISSN 0733-
9445/84/0009-2263/$01.00. Paper No. 19158.
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In this paper, the ultimate strength design method of steel arch bridge
structures, which follows the aforementioned conventional design con-
cept, is presented. The design formulas proposed in the paper for or-
dinary two-hinged steel arch ribs comprise the required rigidities for steel
arch bridge structures in order to ensure their out-of-plane structural
functions until to the ultimate state and the practical formula which eval-
uates the effect of the lateral loading on the ultimate strength.

SCOPE OF APPLICATION

Based on the results analyzed by the writers so far (4,6,7,13,15) ways


of incorporating practical lateral loading effects in the ultimate strength
designing of steel arch bridge structures are considered. The spatial ul-
timate strength analysis has been performed within the range of struc-
tural dimensions selected by considering those of actually constructed
steel arch bridges. Consequently, the proposed formulas herein may be
considered to be valid within the following dimensions.
The intensity and distribution of residual stresses of the arch rib cross
sections assumed here are similar to those of the thin-walled reference
box section discussed in the previous studies (5,13). The arch bridge
structures adopted herein are composed of two main ribs connected by
a lateral bracing system. The out-of-plane slenderness ratio X0UT of the
arch structure as a whole is taken into account within the range from
10-40 and expressed mathematically as

=
^OUT , U)

/ 4,(~j +Iay

in which b = the distance between the arch ribs; and Iay = the out-of-
plane moment of inertia of an arch rib. Generally, practical lateral loads
such as wind loads (1) applied on steel arch bridge structures are not so
intensive and may be less than 0.1 pp for an arch rib (15) in which pp is
a critical load intensity which gives the squash axial force at the spring-
ing of the arch ribs calculated by the first order elastic analysis for the
arches flattened out into the horizontal plane through their supports and
is given by (15):

P r ^ (2)

Therefore, the intensity of the practical lateral load is also taken as 0.1 pp
in this paper. Shear modulus G is 81 kN/mm 2 .
Generally speaking, the major structural properties of an arch rib that
affect the ultimate strength are its rise/span ratio, slenderness ratio, yield
stress level, cross-sectional properties, and distribution pattern and in-
tensity of residual stresses. Among them, the cross-sectional properties
are standardized here because of the smaller influence on the ultimate
strength as determined by the preceding investigations (5,13). The dis-
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<K
*3
Zl
-B 1
lb)

FIG. 1.-Arch Geometry, Loading and Reference Cross Section: (a) Configuration
of an Arch Rib and Loading; (h) Profiles of Cross Section and Assumed Distri-
bution Pattern of Residual Stress

tribution and intensity of residual stresses are also fixed as shown in


Fig. 1 based on the results of Ref. 5. The dimensions of a thin-walled
box cross-section adopted as reference are as follows: H/tm = 190; B/H
= 0.6; Af/Aw = 0.9; rx/H = 0.4; and k/H = 0.32 in which H, B = depth
and width of the reference cross section; tw = thickness of a web plate;
Af, Aw = cross-sectional area of a flange plate and a web plate respec-
tively; rx = radius of gyration; and k = core radius. For the range of the
structural parameters adopted in the analysis, the proposed formulas are
valid in the following range: \1N = 100 ~ 300; h/L = 0.1 ~ 0.3; ay = 240
~ 480 N/mm 2 ; and E = 210 kN/mm 2 in which \ I N = in-plane slenderness
ratio of an arch rib which is given by the ratio of the curvilinear length
of arch axis to the radius of gyration of the cross section; h/L = rise/
span ratio; <r = yield stress level; and E = Young's modulus. The dis-
tribution pattern of vertical load q is given by the vertical loading
parameter r which is considered to vary from 0-1 herein as shown in
Fig. 1.
The out-of-plane shear rigidity of the arch structure as a whole due
to the diagonal lateral bracing members are expressed by the nondi-
mensional parameter (JLS (15) as follows:
GA b,eq
Vs (3)
24EA,
in which Ai/eci is the cross-sectional area of an equivalent shear plate to
the out-of-plane shear rigidity of the arch due to the diagonal lateral
bracing members (15). In order to evaluate the rigidity furnished by the
cross beams in the lateral bracing system to resist the sway or distorsion
of the transverse cross-sectional form of the arch structure as a whole,
a parameter (JLT (15) is introduced as follows:

[iT- (4)
GIT be

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in which EIb = flexural rigidity of a cross beam about its axis parallel to
the longitudinal direction of an arch rib; GIT = torsional rigidity of an
arch rib; and c = a panel length of the lateral bracing system. The rigidity
parameter |xs and \iT is considered in this paper from 1/1.5-1/150 and
from 0-50, respectively, to check their effects on the spatial ultimate
strength behaviors of the arch structures.
A loading path in which the lateral load is applied first and then the
vertical load is increased to the collapse load is used for all parametric
studies herein, based on the investigated results (15) on the effects of
different loading paths for the arch structures under combined vertical
and lateral loads.

REQUIRED RIGIDITIES OF OUT-OF-PLANE SHEAR AND SWAY

The functions of the diagonal members in the lateral bracing system


of the arch structures are to resist the out-of-plane shearing deformation
and to afford the arch ribs sufficient strength for the lateral load, prin-
cipally. Those of the cross beams are to resist the sway or distorsion or
both of the transverse sectional form of the structures as a whole and
to develop the inherent torsional rigidity of the arch ribs.
The out-of-plane rigidities should be provided so as to keep the afore-
mentioned functions up to the ultimate state and should contribute to
the spatial ultimate strength. From this point of view, their required rig-
idities were discussed in Refs. 6, 7, and 13. Some selected results of the
parametric survey performed in these studies are shown in Figs. 2 and
3, which show the sensitivity of the parameters (fxs, \LT) to the ultimate
load capacity. From the numerically calculated results within the range
of the parameters adopted the following behaviors with respect to the
bracing effects of the lateral bracing members of the arch bridges could
be revealed as main tendency:

1. In case of the arch bridge structure having conventional propor-


tions except diagonal members of lateral bracings, the deformations of

p
A f po = 'V r '* 0 ' 5 ' V ' 0 , Aw=20

>
/- )- IE

1W 20 r^
1 - in : 03

I
'-15
./ h/ L= 0-3

W 40
1 ^r ^
^
"I u-

1 10 100

FIG. 2.Effect of Lateral Bracing Rigidity and Rlse-to-Span Ratio on Maximum


Load Intensity

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Imax'Sp
A 1IJ = O.lp,P r = 0 5 , A =200, X
IN OUT
=20

i_5J;

i \
"[_h/L = 0-1S J ti
1 (T 0
V

\ 1
1

[_]_[ Ml
y
i a 0
TT"
1 1
=
\\v
l
I h/L= 0-3 J

i.o ~fi
hi "s

FIG. 3.Effect of Lateral Bracing Rigidity and Cross Beam Rigidity on Maximum
Load Intensity

the arch increase spatially as the applied vertical load increases, when
the stiffness parameter \is is smaller than 1/15. On the other hand, when
Us is larger than 1/15, the effect of the lateral loading on the ultimate
strength is not significant.
2. When the stiffness parameter (xs is larger than 1/15, the out-of-plane
bending moment and torsional moment which are produced in the arch
ribs at the ultimate state are approximately equivalent to the moments
given by the first order elastic analysis.
3. In the arch having the lateral bracings whose the stiffness param-
eter |xs is smaller than 1/15 the arch is advisable to ensure the cross-
sectional stiffness as a whole for the lateral load, using the cross beams
with the rigidity specified by (JLT S 10.

On the basis of results obtained by these studies, the practical design


formulas of these required rigidities have been able to be specified as
follows: for the out-of-plane shear rigidity
GAj,,eq / L 1_
(5)
24E Aa \ b, 15
for the sway or distorsional rigidity or both
EIt L2,
- 1 0 (6)
GIT be
The out-of-plane shear and sway rigidities specified by Eqs. 5 and 6 are
provided for all of the arch structures examined hereafter.

LATERAL LOAD EFFECT UNDER UNSYMMETRICAL VERTICAL LOADS

In a general way, even for arch bridge structures under combined ver-
tical and practical lateral loads, the critical vertical loading pattern that
results in collapse is unsymmetrical. The lateral loading effect on the
ultimate load carrying capacity under the unsymmetrical vertical loading
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is estimated herein by using a strength reduction factor $ to show the
degree of reduction of the ultimate strength induced by the practical
lateral load. It is expressed as follows:
spatial ultimate strength under vertical and lateral loads
* = (7)
planar ultimate strength for same arch under vertical load
Here, the ultimate strength under the combined loads is evaluated by
keeping constant the lateral loads at pv = 0.1pp, while increasing the
vertical loads to collapse.
From a viewpoint of conventional designing, it is desirable that the
structure designed behaves as a planar structure until collapse. Conse-
quently, from the results analyzed as the spatial structures, the cases of
in-plane collapse are selected out and their behaviors are investigated.
Here, "in-plane collapse" means those collapse configurations where in
the out-of-plane deformations and stresses of the arch ribs remain below
certain values, in a practical sense, from the initial lateral loading state
to the ultimate state, while the in-plane displacements and stresses be-
come large showing nonlinear behaviors as the principal vertical loads
increase. On the other hand, "out-of-plane collapse" means such col-
lapse configurations where in the out-of-plane deformations and stresses
also become large showing nonlinear behavior. The results are sum-
marized as shown in Fig. 4. In this figure the ratio of the initial lateral
deflection W0 at the crown of the arch under the practical lateral load to
the span length L is plotted on the abscissa and is considered as an index
factor to evaluate the out-of-plane stiffness of the arch structure as a
whole. W0 is the lateral displacement calculated by the 1st order spatial
structural analysis and the typical results are listed in Table 1. By ap-
plying the regression analysis to the results in Table 1, the relationship
between the nondimensional, initial, lateral displacement W0/L and the
lateral load intensity p0/pp could be expressed as a functional formula
W,0
- v-i (8a)
P?

& : in-plane collapse


0-85 0 : out-of-plane collapse

080
A-1"5 \L, - 10

= 20 r = 0 - 099 , h/L = 01-0-3


= 30
0-75 = 40
AIN = 100-300 W~">
_i I i L
u 0-1 0-2 04

FIG. 4.Influence of Collapse Configurations and Out-of-Plane Stiffness on Strength


Reduction Factor

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TABLE 1.-Nondlmensional, Initial, Lateral Deflection (W/L) Calculated by First

Rise to in-plane slen- Out-of-Plane Slenderness Ratio


span ratio derness ratio 10 20 30 40
(D (2) 0) (4) (5) (6)
0.1 100 0.092 x 10~2 0.183 x 10~2 0.270 X 10"2 0.360 x 10"2
200 0.101 0.206 0.314 0.424
300 0.115 0.234 0.370 0.490
0.15 100 0.092 0.186 0.275 0.360
200 0.109 0.226 0.350 0.467
300 0.138 0.284 0.434 0.570
0.2 100 0.092 0.190 0.283 0.358
200 0.119 0.249 0.380 0.512
300 0.165 0.339 0.514 0.699
0.3 100 0.091 0.195 0.339 0.371
200 0.137 0.288 0.430 0.580
300 0.214 0.435 0.649 0.844

in which K 0 UT is the nondimensional out-of-plane stiffness of the arch


structure as a whole and can be approximated by
1 1 x 106
KOUT - ; (8b)
XoUT . I . . . It
(hi 100) ( 4 4 . 2 - + 7.84 9.05(300 - \ I N )

The cases characterized as in-plane collapse are scattered mostly within


the shaded area in Fig. 4. From these results, it can be observed that
the out-of-plane stiffness should be such that the relation of W0/L S
0.0035 should be satisfied for the collapse to be regarded as in-plane
collapse. Therefore by considering this relation, Eq. 1, and Eq. 8 the
required out-of-plane stiffness in order to provide the basis for the con-
ventional design method, which checks the strength of arch bridge
structures by analyzing it as planar structures, is recommended in the
form of a single formula:
3.5 x 104
(9)
(XIN - 100M44.2- + 7.84 j + 9.05(300 - \ IN )

Here, it is considered that XOUT may be taken to be 2Ls/b since lay is


generally negligible in Eq. 1. As seen from the strength reduction factors
shown in Fig. 4, for the aforementioned cases, it is advisable to assume
that the practical lateral load reduces the planar ultimate strength by
10% even in fairly severe cases (15).
The arch bridge structures having sufficient out-of-plane shear and sway
or distorsional rigidities or bothrecommended by Eqs. 5 and 6and
having structural dimensions within the examined range in this study
may not fail locally in the out-of-planes up to the overall collapse
(6,7,13,15). Provided that a check on buckling should be initially per-
formed for the lateral bracing members under the practical lateral load.
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^s
' 'ssa^^ A|N = 100

*IN s Tdo"~

^^^N. Ayj^ = 3 ^ ^ ^ ^

0 9
""=5^^^.
r = 0 5 , o^=320N/mm J

\XJT= 20

i
08 UUI
/h/l
1tf 1 1 1 L-O
/oT /olT /oT /oT
FIG. 5.Relationship Between Strength Reduction Factor and Rise/Span Ratio

Consequently, the lateral loading effects on the ultimate strength of such


arch bridge structures may be evaluated by reducing their planar ulti-
mate strengths by using the strength reduction factor even if the overall
collapses occure spatially. Fig. 5 shows a typical relationship between
the strength reduction factor (for r = 0.5) and the rise/span ratio varying
the in-plane and out-of-plane slenderness ratios. The strength reduction
factor <& has the tendency to decrease as the in-plane slenderness ratio
becoming higher and is hardly affected by the out-of-plane slenderness
ratio. Further, the numerical results show that 4> is almost independent
of the yield stress level of the material. Then, it can be said that, in the
practical range, <I> has a linear functional relationship with the square
root of the rise/span ratio and with the in-plane slenderness ratio. Ex-
pressed mathematically, it is:

4> = A - B (Ida)

Based on the linear regression analysis for the calculated values of $,

TABLE 2.Comparison of Analytical Results of * for r = 0.75 with Predicted $


Using Eq. 16
$ (4)/(5),
h/L W Imax/lp Computed Predicted as a percentage
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
0.1 100 0.700 0.942 0.959 + 1.8
200 0.370 0.994 0.965 -3.0
300 0.196 1.000 0.972 -2.9
0.2 100 0.668 0.936 0.951 + 1.6
200 0.321 0,944 0.925 -2.1
300 0.169 0.928 0.900 -3.1
0.3 100 0.676 0.940 0.944 +0.4
200 0.312 0.929 0.894 -3.9
300 0.162 0.891 0.844 -5.6
Note: r = 0.75; \ 0 UT = 40; <jr = 320 N/mm 2 ; cjmax = ultimate load carrying ca-
pacity; qv = Eq. 17.

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the coefficients A and B are determined as follows:
A = 0.837 X 10"3 x \ I N + 0.895; B = 0.244 X 10~2 X \ I N - 0.181 (10b)
Table 2 shows comparison of some analytical results of the reduction
factor $ for r = 0.75 with the predicted values using Eq. 10. The two
show fairly good agreement from a practical viewpoint. Therefore, Eq.
10 is valid at least within the range of r S 0.75 and this range may be
applicable to usual, practical, steel arch bridges.

LATERAL LOAD EFFECT UNDER SYMMETRICAL LOADS

The spatial ultimate strengths of the arch structures subjected to uni-


formly distributed vertical loads over the full span and the practical lat-
eral loads may be regarded as their lateral-torsional buckling strengths,
practically. Fig. 6 shows the relationship between the vertical loads which
give the aforementioned ultimate strength and the in-plane slenderness
ratio for different out-of-plane slenderness ratios and rise/span ratios,
for oy = 320 N/mm 2 . In this figure the ultimate vertical loads qCI of the
ordinate are expressed nondimensionally using the full plastic loads qv
(15) which produce the squash axial forces at the springing evaluated by
the first order elastic analysis and given by

2A,q y

1P = (11)
1
1+ , ,
16 U

4 q la
10
1 1 1
h(L=0 1,0-2.0-3

^ h/L = 0.1, 02, 0-3

'
h/L = 0-1, 0-2. 03
'
7 %^

h
06

\ .

under Symmetrical Load in

02 \)UT = 10 & 2
: >, = 30

. 1 1 1 1 1r>
100 150 200 250 300

FIG. 6.Relationship Between Ultimate Vertical Loads (Uniformly Distributed over


Full Span) and In-Plane Slenderness Ratio
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100-

0-75 -

050-

025-
^7E
0 - - I -
003 0035 004 0045 005

FIG. 7.Relationship Between Strength Reduction Factor and Yield Stress Level
(Under Uniformly Distributed Vertical Loading over Full Span)

From the figure it can be seen that the ultimate vertical loads have a
fairly good linear relationship with the in-plane slenderness ratio and
are less influenced by the rise/span ratios within the range examined
herein. Fig. 7 shows typical relationship between the strength reduction
factor and the yield stress level of the material. As is obvious from the
figure, 4> has a linear functional relationship with the square root of the
yield stress level. Consequently, qa may be expressed in the form of a
single formula as follows:

q
- = (A - B\m)(a - b J^j (12s)
Based on the regression analysis for the values qct calculated by the spa-
tial ultimate strength analysis, the coefficients A, B, a, and 6 are deter-
mined as follows:
A = 1.08 - 2.65 X 10-4XOUT(XOUT - 25); B = 2.9 X 1CT3
- 8 x l(T7\ouT(kouT - 25); a = 2.43; b = 36.6 (12b)
The difference between the spatial ultimate strength predicted by Eq. 12
and the results calculated by the ultimate strength analysis is less than
3% even in the extreme case (X0UT = 40, X]N = 300, and h/L = 0.3) ex-
amined herein.
Generally, lateral-torsional buckling strength should be examined only
for arch bridges having extremely narrow spacing between the ribs com-
pared with the spans and having high rises. Then, if more comprehen-
sive application is desired for the design criteria on the lateral-torsional
buckling strength, it will be necessary that the coefficients A and B in
Eq. 12 should be determined after carrying out parametric analyses in
higher range of the out-of-plane slenderness ratio and the rise/span ra-
tio. The effects of the variation of the principal loading systemhanger
loading or column loadingand of the lateral restraint available at the
supports and elsewhere should be examined also.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Practical design formulas based on the ultimate strength were pre-


sented for steel arch bridge structures subjected to principal vertical loads
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and practical lateral loads. These design formulas were derived within
the range of conventional structural dimensions of steel arch bridges.
The arch structure systems adopted have parallel twin ribs braced lat-
erally by diagonal members and cross beams. For the design recom-
mendations in this paper to be valid, it is required that the out-of-plane
shear and sway rigidities p r o p o s e d by Eqs. 5 a n d 6 should be provided
for the arch structures.
The major findings of the paper can be summarized as follows:

1. It may be permitted to design a steel arch bridge structure using


the conventional design m e t h o d in which the proportioning of bridge
structure is fundamentally determined by the principal loads a n d then
modified by the subsidiary loads such as w i n d load, if the out-of-plane
stiffness recommended by Eq. 9 is provided for the arch.
2. Based o n the ultimate strength design p r o p o s e d in this paper, for
steel arch bridge structures u n d e r the unsymmetrical vertical loads a n d
the practical lateral loads, the effect of the practical lateral loads can b e
approximately taken into account by using the strength reduction factor
defined by Eq. 10 a n d b y reducing their in-plane ultimate strengths. If
the out-of-plane stiffness specified by Eq. 9 is provided for the arch, it
is advisable to estimate the effect of the practical lateral load b y reducing
the in-plane ultimate strength by 10% off.
3. The spatial ultimate strengths of arch structures subjected to uni-
formly distributed vertical loads over the full s p a n a n d practical lateral
loads may be regarded as their lateral-torsional buckling strengths, prac-
tically. The design criterion for the spatial ultimate strength of these cases
can be formulated by the in-plane a n d out-of-plane slenderness ratios
and the yield stress level of the material as s h o w n in Eq. 12.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Part of this research w a s supported b y the Grant in Aid for Scientific


Researches from the Ministry of Education in Japan.

APPENDIX.REFERENCES

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