Botswana International University of Science and Technology

College of Engineering and Technology

Test 1
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Module code: MECE312 Module Title: Thermodynamics I

Date: 31st January 2017 Time: 1800-2100hrs

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Time allowed: 3hrs

Candidates must answer ALL questions

The relevant Tables, Constants and Equations are included in the Appendix Section.
Steam Tables are also attached.
TOTAL MARK 100

Question 1
Page 1 of 16
Indicate whether the statement is true or false

i) The conservation of energy principle is an expression of the first law of

thermodynamics T
ii) The specific heat of an incompressible substance depends only on
temperature. T
iii) A two phase liquid-vapor mixture with equal volumes of saturated
liquid and saturated vapor has a quality of 50%. F
iv) Heat and work for a thermodynamic process are path functions and
have inexact differentials, whereas P, V and T are point functions and
have exact differentials. T
v) For an ideal gas undergoing a constant pressure (isobaric) process in a
closed system, the heat transfer and work (per kg of gas) are,
respectively cpT, RT. T
vi) The gas constant R is equal to the ratio of two specific heats. F
vii) Consider a single component simple compressible substance at its
triple point. The number of independent intensive properties (other
than the relative amount of each phase) required to fix the state of the
system is ZERO. T
viii) At very low pressures (relative to the reduced pressure) gases behave
as an ideal gas regardless of temperature T
ix) The following assumptions apply for a liquid modeled as
incompressible: the specific volume is constant and the specific
internal energy is a function only of temperature. T
x) When an ideal gas undergoes a polytropic process with the exponent
n=1, the gas temperature remains constant. T
xi) Absolute pressure is the difference between gauge pressure and
atmospheric pressure F
xii) Absolute zero temperature is taken as 273 K F
xiii) The deviation of ideal gas behavior is lowest in the vicinity of the
critical point F
xiv) Work is done by a system on its surroundings if the sole effect on
everything external to the system could have been the raising of a
weight. T
xv) During a quasi-equilibrium process, the state of a system does not
change. F
xvi) The boiling point (saturation) temperature of water increases with
pressure but the enthalpy of evaporation (latent heat of boiling)
decreases with pressure and becomes zero at the critical point. T
xvii) If a system undergoes a process involving heat transfer with its
surroundings but no work, that process is said to be adiabatic. F
xviii) The change in internal energy of any system undergoing an
isothermal process is 0 kJ/kg F
xix) In thermodynamics, a fixed quantity of mass selected for the purpose
of study is called a control volume. F
xx) For every thermodynamic cycle, the net amounts of energy transfer by
heat and work per cycle are equal. T
[20 marks]
Page 2 of 16
Question 2

a) Describe the following thermodynamics terminology

i) a property (1
mark)
A macroscopic characteristic of a system
ii) an intensive property. (1 mark)
Those that dont scale up with mass

iii) a simple compressible system (2

marks)
Simple system where the energy change by work is

associated with volume change by pdV (absence of

electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion, surface tension

effects)
For a simple compressible system, specifying any ___2_____
independent intensive thermodynamic properties will fix the
other intensive thermodynamics properties of the system.

b) State whether each of the following properties is

an intensive property or an extensive property.

kinetic energy (extensive), specific volume (intensive), average

molecular weight (intensive), pressure (intensive), number of moles
(extensive)
(5 marks)

c) List and describe the three types of thermodynamic systems.

(3 marks)
Isolated Systems matter and energy may not cross the
boundary.
(Relevance? A combination of systems interacting with each
other can be surrounded by another boundary to define an isolated
system).
Closed Systems matter may not cross the boundary.
Open Systems heat, work, and matter may cross the boundary
(more often called a Control Volume (CV)).

d) What is quality of a vapor liquid mixture? Does it have any meaning

in the superheated vapor region?
Quality is the fraction of vapor in a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. It has
no meaning in the superheated vapor region.
(2 marks)

Page 3 of 16
 e) Explain why liquid states are sometimes referred to as:
i) sub-cooled liquid
ii) compressed liquid (4
marks)

Sub-cooled because in the liquid states, the temperature at each state

is lower than the saturation temperature at the given pressure.

Compressed liquid because the pressure at each state is higher than

the saturated pressure at the given temperature.

f) In the absence of compressed liquid tables, how is the specific

volume of a compressed liquid at a given P and T determined?
The compressed liquid can be approximated as a saturated liquid at
the given temperature.
(2 marks)
[20 marks]

Question 3

a) Water flows through a Venturi meter, as shown in Fig Q3a) below. The
pressure of the water in the pipe supports columns of water that differ
in height by 200 mm.
i) Determine the difference in pressure between points a and b, in
kPa.
Pa Patm gl
Pb Patm g (l L)
Pb Pa gL
1
9.81m / s 2 200m
0.001m3 / kg
1.962 kPa
(4 marks)

ii) Does the pressure increase or decrease in the direction of flow?

(1 mark)
Pb-Pa is +ve so it increases

Page 4 of 16
 The atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa, the specific volume of water is
0.001 m3 /kg, and the acceleration of gravity is g= 9.81m/s2.

L=200mm

a b

Fig Q3a)

b) A cylinder-piston assembly initially contains water at 3 MPa and 300 oC.

The water is cooled at constant volume to 200 oC, then compressed
isothermally to a final pressure of 2.5 MPa.
i) Sketch the process on a Pv diagram
(3 marks)
ii) Find the enthalpy at each of these three states.
(5 marks)

(3043.4 2941.3)
h1 2941.3 (300 280) 2
(320 280)
2992.35kJ / kg
State 1:

(0.0850 0.0771)
v1 0.0771 (300 280)
(320 280)

v1 0.0811 m3 / kg

State 2:
v2 = v1 = 0.0811 m3/kg and T2 = 200 deg C.

Page 5 of 16
 Recognize that this is in the liquid-vapor mixture range.
Refer to Table A-2
Locate vg and vf at T = 200 deg C.
vg 0.1274 v f 1.1565 103

v2 0.0811

Determine quality, x2

v v f x ( vg v f )

0.0811 0.0011565 v vf
0.633 63.3% x v v
0.1274 0.0011565 g f

h2 h f x(hg h f )
852.45 0.633(2793.2 852.45)
2080.9kJ / kg

State 3.
Recognize that this is in the compressed liquid.
We use saturated liquid data at T3=200 C
h3=852.45kJ/kg

c) Two kilograms of Refrigerant 22 undergo a process for which the

pressure-volume relation is pv1.05 = constant. The initial state of
the refrigerant is fixed by p1 = 2 bar, T1 = -20 C, and the final
pressure is p2 = 10 bar.
i) Sketch the process on a Pv diagram
(2 marks)
ii) Calculate the work for the process, in kJ. (5
marks)

Page 6 of 16
Question 4

a) Water vapour initially at 10 bar and 400 C is contained within a

piston- cylinder assembly. The water is cooled at constant
volume until its temperature is 150 C. The water is then
condensed isothermally to saturated liquid. For the water as the
system,
i) plot the process on a T-v diagram and (2
marks)
ii) evaluate the work in kJ/kg. (5
marks)

Page 7 of 16
b) A rigid, insulated tank fitted with a paddle wheel is filled with water,
initially a two phase liquid-vapor mixture at 200 kPa, consisting of 0.04
kg of saturated liquid and 0.04 kg of saturated vapor. The tank
contents are stirred by the paddle wheel until all of the water is
saturated vapor at a pressure greater than 138 kPa. Kinetic and
potential energy effects are negligible. For the water, determine

i) Volume occupied, in m3, (2

marks)
Page 8 of 16
 ii) Initial temperature, in C, (2
marks)
iii) Final pressure, in kPa, (5 marks)

iv) Work, in kJ (4 marks)

i)

V m f v f mg v g
0.04kg1.0605 10 3 m3 / kg 0.04kg 0.8857 m3 / kg
0.035m3

ii)

T=Tsat=120.2 C

V
v
m
0.035m3

0.08kg
0.4375m3 / kg

v v1 v2
iii)

Since the tank is rigid ie. No change in volume

State 2 is a saturated vapor state

Interpolating between values of 0.5089m3/kg(3.612bar) and

3
0.3928m /kg (4.758bar)

Page 9 of 16
 p2 3.613 4.758 3.613

0.4375 0.5089 0.3928 0.5089
4.758 3.613
p2 3.613 (0.4375 0.5089)
0.3928 0.5089
4.32bar
Then

iv)

u1 u f x u g u f

u1 u f x(ug u f )
504.49 0.5(2529.5 504.49
1517.0kJ / kg

u2 2559.5 2550.0 25

0.4375 0.3928 0.5089 0.
u2 2559.5 (0.4375 0.3928

2555.84kJ / kg

U KE PE Q W
W 0.08(255.84 1517.0) kJ
100.89kJ

Page 10 of 16
 [20 marks]

Question 5

a) What is the significance of the compressibility factor?

(2 marks)
Reveals the extent of deviation from the ideal gas behaviour

b) A closed, rigid tank is filled with a gas modeled as an ideal gas, initially at
27 C and a gage pressure of 300 kPa. If the gas is heated to 77 C,
determine the final pressure, expressed as a gage pressure, in kPa. The
local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. (3 marks)

c) Air undergoes a constant pressure cooling process in which the

temperature decreases by 100C. Determine the work done during this
process in kJ/kg? (Assume the air to be an ideal gas)
(4 marks)

2
W PdV P(V
1
2 V1 )

Page 11 of 16
 PV1=mRT1 and PV2=mRT1

W 8.314kJ / kmol.K
R (T2 T1 ) ( 100 K ) 28.7kJ / kg
m 28.97kg / kmol
So P(V2-V1)=mR(T2-T1)

d) A piston cylinder assembly contains air at 2 bar, 300 K, and a volume of 2

m3. The air undergoes a process to a state where the pressure is 1 bar,
during which the pressure-volume relationship is pV = constant.
Assuming ideal gas behavior,

i) Sketch the process PV diagram (2

marks)
Determine
ii) the mass of the air, (3
marks)
iii) the work, and (5 marks)
iv) the heat transfer (1
mark)
[20 marks]

State 1: p1 = 2 bar State 1: p2 = 1 bar

T1 = 300 K T2 = ?

pV mRT
V 1 = 2 m3 V1 = ?

For an ideal gas

p1V1 (2bar )(2 m3 ) 105 N / m2 1kJ J

m 4.65kg
RT1 (0.2870kJ / kg K )(300 K ) 1bar 1000 J N m

v) the work, and

Page 12 of 16
 p1V1 p2V2

p1 2bar
V2 V1 2m 4m
3 3

p2 1bar

For constant pV:

p2V2 1bar 4m3

T2 T1 (300 K
p1V1 2bar 2m 2

p2V2 pV
R 1 1
T2 T1

To find T2:

U cv (T2 T 1 ) 0 U Q W

1st Law of Thermodynamics

V2 V2
W C ln p1V1 ln
V1 V1

C
W pdV dV
V

4m3 105 N
(2bar )(2m3 ) ln 3
2m 1ba

vi) the heat transfer.

Q U W 0 277.3 kJ

Page 13 of 16
 Appendix
Constants
R 8.314 kJ/kmol K
1.986 Btu/lbmol R
1545 ft lbf/lbmol R

M air =28.97 g/mol

Equations Equations

U =QW out

v v f x vg v f

dmCV
m i m e
dt

dECV V2 V2
QCV W CV m i hi i gzi me he e gze
dt 2 2

pv RT

dScv Q&
m&i si m&e se &gen
dt T

du Tds pdv

Page 14 of 16
 dh Tds vdp

QC TC
max 1 1
QH TH

cV T dT v
s R ln 2
T v1

QC Q W
, = H ,
Wcycle Wcycle QH

Q

cycle
T b

Q
S


T b

cP T dT p
s R ln 2
T p1

dT T
s 2s1=c =cln 2
T T1

Page 15 of 16
 W&CV 2 p (W&cv / m&) s h2 s h1
vdp s s T2 s T1 R ln 2 pump
m& int.rev. 1
p1 W&cv / m& h2 h1

W&cv m& h h
turbine 1 2
W&cv m& h1 h2 s
s

Page 16 of 16