wit nati wea bai po iy the| at ex pre co wi ab| 10) To WapsHWiL. BARK Ee - SA FROM! DiC AUDERIEH, ANSUIBEE Sana sss Aitic Yfpleaindads fe oiftree osereny oo SHORT-CIRCUT Make Uakleas- COMPONENT a CURRENT b-22-99 DEGREES 360 ° % 4 # 1 ™% 1 ™ ac cyCLES. ‘COMPONENT b (SYMMETRICAL) Fig 4 Analysis of Asymmetrical Current Waveform ‘The direct-current component decreases eventually to zero as the stored energy it represents is expended in the form of FR losses in the resistance of the system. ‘The initial rate of decay of the direct-current component is inversely proportional to the XIR ratio of the system from the source to the fault. The lower the X/R ratio, the more rapid is the decay. This decay is called the “direct-current decrement.” The total short-circuit current is thus affected by both an alternating-current decrement and a direct-current decrement before reaching its steady-state value. 214 Short-Circuit Ratings of Equipment. From the foregoing it can be seen that short-circuit currents may act differently in the first few cycles than later, if allowed to persist. Former practice was to establish rms asymmetrical short-circuit ratings of equipment. Calculations for symmetrical ‘values of short-circuit currents were made, and asymmetrical values were then deter- mined by applying simple multipliers to the symmetrical values. The trend in recent years to rate protective equipment on an rms symmetrical basis is now nearly complete. Under the new rating basis, asymmetry is accounted for by various application formulas depending on the class of equipment, Some of these application formulas, embodied in national standards, are quite involved (6). Short-circuit current calculation concepts are also examined from another point of view. While the symmetrical equipment rating concept was gaining 50‘the most important ware form in the-sthdy of short-cirenit erent, © The cireuit which would produce this wave form ig one containing both Fesistance and feactance, with a ower factor gréiter than zero. The short cireuit occurs at the point where the voltage passes through the zero a positive direction. The wave form; is asymmetrical with’ respeet to the zero axis. The Peaks of the first ive positive loops are higher above the zero axis than the tops of the positive loops of the symmetrical current. Note also that the lowest point of each of the first five negative loops below the zero axis is less than the symmetrical negative peak current. The frst negative loop distance “a” below the zero axis is the smallest; but as, time progresses, these values increase iintil they equal the symmetrical negative loop values. In Fig. 33, thé current wave is symmetrical about the zero axis, starting with the first 4 cycle. In Fig. Fig. 3-5. Asymmeirical fault current (circuit with resi ‘$4, the current wave is asymmetrical, but it becomes symmetrical after five cycles. Why? * Evidently something has been added in the circuit not previously apparent in the wave forms of Figs. 3, 32 and 33. Quite true. That is called the de component. ‘The sudden application of a short cir cuit on an ac system results in a de component in addition to the ac com ponent. When the de snd ac compo nents are added together, the result- ing current wave is asymmetrical about the zero axis as illustrated in Fig. 3-4. For the time being, accept the pre- ceding statement. We'll explain what the de and ae components are and how they add together when we analyze Fig. 36. Look at Fig. 84 again, Two addi- tional currents, besides symmetrical rms current and asymmetrical and symmetrical peak currents, are shown, These are mazimum single- phase ‘iis current and average & phasermgcurrent. ‘This circulthae a lower X/R ratio than the clrcult in Fig. 4. (Note now much lower on the scal ©” 2.8284- Asynmetcicat current Zejees fas example ccurent at 2 cycle point of wove Maximum ‘phase RUS current at U2 cycle poiat of wave erage 3~phose RUS current at ‘7a cycle point of wave ‘Symmetrical eureent The. -masimum -single-phase rme current isthe rns yalus of the asym. metrical current, tcluding “the de- component, after the short circuit oc. ‘curs ina single-phase circuit. The average 3-phase rma current is the average'rms value of the three Phases of the total current, including the de component. after the shirt cir- cuit occurs in a Sphase circuit. In 3 phase circuits, three currents exist simultaneously, one in each phase. When one phase is in maximum asymmetry, the other two phases are 0.207 times the maximum Value at the same instant. The interrupting. ratings of fuses and cireuit breakers are usually ex. pressed in rms symmetrical amperes, However, the testing procedures used to establish the symmetrical inter- rupting rating’set the following max- imum withstand ratings for the frst ‘& cycle associated ‘with each protex tive device: (1) maximum, instan- taneous peak let-through current, (2 maximum single-phase rms ssym- metrical current at % eycle, and (3) istance and reactance) {three currents are at the Hi-cycle point compared with Fig. 4.) Moximum instantaneous asymmetrical short-circuit peok Symmetrical peak cyrrent Symmevizg ss caren if ‘Zeroonisaverage S-phase rms asymmetrical current at % cycle. The maximum Value of these three withstand rat- ings depends on the test X/R ratio, which are, prescribed: in UL stan- dards, It is important tovealize that test X/R ratios ‘vary for ‘different sizes and types of protective'devices, Always determine ‘the correct test X/R ratio for the device in question before calculating the maximum stand ratings. Table 3-1 Table 3-1 provided the multiplying factors needed to convert sym: métiical ainperes to the associated withstand ratings. All we need to {know is how to use the’ values given in this table to intelligently apply cir cuit protective devices. The informa: tion given should be interpreted as follows. Ao Me power tcror is 88, the 17 fois ‘across, the jum single-phase instantangous amps = 2520 times the sym= metrical rms amps; the maximum single-phase rms amps at ‘ eyele = 1.485 times the symmetrical rma amps; dnd the average 3-phase tms amps at ‘% cycle = 1.256 times the symmetrical rms amps. For any other value of X/R, locate {he raloe in column 3 and read across to find the appropriate factor by which the symmetrical rms short cuit current would be muitiplied to obtain the current that a fuse or breaker must interrupt. Switehgear and busway must be braced for the ‘same current to withstand damaging magnetic forces. - When we cover the character of fuses, we'll’learn just which cur- rents to consider for interrupting duty. ; At this time it is important to un- derstand that, power factoriand X/R. ratio refer to. the power fietor and XUR ratio of the circuitry inrolved in the short circuit. This is the total resistance and reactance of gener- ating equipment or utility company lines plus transformer. cable, and equipment resistance and reactance up to the point of fault. They do not Fefer to the power factor or X/R ratio of the normal load cireuit prior to the short circuit. For a review of what cos # and X/R ratio represent, see Chapter 1. ‘The X/R ratio at the point of short cireuit in a power system must be de- withstand ratings Short circutt UR ratio o 100.00, 49.993 33.322 24379 19374 16.623 14.251 12460 11966 ‘9 Symmetrical amperes to letrcal Manufacturers Association Batic to symmetrical rms ampe “7-1 (Courtesy of Nationa! spon Average pete Tmo peakampe my” Gociemg” ELATPS i i ! ass 3 BP ES 2 bee § 88 88 B88 x Mu Fs L 06 3 EBS 3 BEE a8 BE BER Se a BE e PHI R ijFig. 2-6. Asyrimetrieal tault current (circult with resistance and reactance) ‘Shawlnig how! ae'and de componenta add to produce aaymmelrical peak current "Scovel in” 28 symmetric ghia” peak current ‘ Note: asa 45+ DC component B= AC symmetrical component Maximum instaniarieods asymmett AC symmetrical cr Seem ea ae eal sert.crcutt peak current: Exact valve at 4 cycle depends oh X/A ratio of circuts1See Table 3-1; columns 2 and 3.) ‘Wave is the same as that shown in Fig. 3-4. 31 component is the same as the symmetrical wave shown in Fig. 3-4. ‘DC component isthe same as that shown ia Fig. 3-4. Rate of docay isa function of the X/A ratio of the system to the point of fault, The smaller the X/R ratio, the faster the rata of decay. hoe termined by short-cireuit calculation procedures. It is not within the scope of this book to show how to make short-circuit calculations. The X/R ratios at which fuses are tested for interrupting rating will be covered. succeeding chapters. Figure 3-5 This diagram is similar to Fig. 3-4. Note, however, that the de component decays within two eyeles, and that the short-circuit current is symmetrical from that point on. ‘The maximum instantaneous peak current 's cycle after short circuit oc curs is also considerably less in value than the peak current at the same in- stant depicted in Fig. 4. ‘The maximum single-phase and av- erage S-phase rms currents '% cycle after initiation of the short circuit are also smaller in value than those in Fig. 3-4 ar the same instant. ‘The question naturally arises— how come?. The explanation is quite simple. The rate of decay of the cde component depends upon the X/R 16 ratio. The greater the ratio (the larger the number), the longer the time before the de’ component de- cays to zero, The smaller the ratio (the smaller the number), the sooner the de component decays to zero. ‘The X/R ratio for Fig. 34 is ap- proximately 14; that for Fig. 35 is in the vicinity of 2 Columns 3, 4 and 5 of Table 3-1 ver- ity how the values of the three cur- rents vary with the X/R ratio, Figure 3-6 This diagram illustrates how the de and ac components add to produce an ‘asymmetrical wave. ‘The two instantaneous currents can be added arithmetically to deter- mine the maximum instantaneous asymmetrical peak current as shown. Asymmetry due to the de component Up to this point we have talked about the de component and said that it decays after sume period of Zero axis time and causes asymmetry. Just what ‘An asymmetrical current behaves just like two currents flowing simul- taneously in the same circuit. One current is the symmetrical compo- nent shown as the dotted sine wave, and the other is a de current. The sum of both produces the asymmet- rical current wave. ‘The de component is assumed to be generated within the ac system. The magnitude or value of this eom- ponent depends on the instant that the short circuit starts. At the instant that the short occurs (T = 0), the value can be zero (see Fig. 3-3) or a maximum (see Fig. 3-4) In the latter, the maximum value is equal to L4l¢ times the symmetrical current. The de component flows to satisfy the inductance effect; that is, the current can not change instanta- neously. Any sudden change in an electrical circuit is initially opp by the inductance of the cir ‘This de component is initially eq. in magnitude and of opposite in-