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CAD/CAM
1960s
mainframe computers
automated cartography beginning; remote
sensing & GIS are mostly just concepts
CGIS - Roger Tomlinson
Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics And
Spatial Analysis
1970s
from Piwowar, 1999. "A Brief History of Time", Cartouche, No. 34:
Where has GIS come from?
1980s
from Piwowar, 1999. "A Brief History of Time", Cartouche, No. 34:
Where has GIS come from?
1990s
GIS--what's in the S?
Systems : teknologinya
Science : konsep dan teori
Studies : aplikasi (untuk membantu kehidupan manusia)
(Briggs, 1999)
System:
Technology for the acquisition and management of spatial
information
Science:
Comprehending the under-laying conceptual issues of
representing data and process in space-time.
The science (or theory and concepts) behind the technology
Studies:
Understanding the social, legal and ethical issues associated with
the application of GISy and GISc.
(Briggs, 1999)
GIS is an acronym for:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_inform
asi_geografis
Today, biologists use
collar transmitters and
satellite receivers to
track the migration
routes of caribou and
polar bears to help
design programs to
protect the animals. In a
GIS, the migration routes
were indicated by
different colors for each
month for 21 months (fig.
2). Researchers then
used the GIS to
superimpose the
migration routes on maps
of oil development plans
to determine the potential
for interference with the
animals.
adalah suatu data yang memiliki referensi spasial atau
posisi geografis (georeferenced)
Data Geospasial adalah data tentang lokasi geografis, dimensi atau ukuran,
dan/atau karakteristik objek alam dan/atau buatan manusia yang berada
di bawah, pada, atau di atas permukaan bumi.
Informasi Geospasial adalah Data Geospasial yang sudah diolah sehingga dapat
digunakan sebagai alat bantu dalam perumusan kebijakan, pengambilan
keputusan, dan/atau pelaksanaan kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan
ruang kebumian
Information System
+ =
to produce accurate
new information decision
making
Geographic referencing
explicit geographic reference, is absolutely tied to the earth
such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate.
Data from GPS units.
implicit geographic reference such as an address, postal
code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, road name
or county, can be included by joining tables or using an
automated process called "geocoding."
Contoh
3426'41.00"N
11948'26"W
629'30.00"S
10650'58.00E Contoh
80% of all information held in databases anywhere
in the world contains some kind of geographic
element, Ron Brigs, 1997.
REAL WORLD
DATA SIG
(Geographical
data)
Raster Qualitative
Data
Link Data Attribut
Grafis (Attribute Data)
(Geometric Data)
Vektor
Titik (Point) mis.: *.dbf
Garis (Arc/Line) Quantitative
Poligon (region/Polygon) Data
Permukaan (Surface) Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Smart Map
(linking a database to the map)
- Siapa/Apa .. ?
(What is at . ?)
- Dimana . ?
(Where is it ?)
Components of geographic data
Streets
area:
- unbounded: penggunaan lahan, area pasar, jenis tanah, jenis batuan
- bounded: batas kota/negara, persil
- moving: massa udara, kumpulan binatang, kumpulan ikan
points:
- fixed: sumur, lampu jalan, alamat
- moving: mobil, ikan, rusa
DATA ATTRIBUT (ATRIBUTE DATA)
* Categorical (name):
- nominal
classified, no order
0...255, whole values
contoh : tipe penggunaan lahan, kelas tanah, nama kota, daerah
administrasi
- ordinal
classified, no order
0...255, whole values
contoh : succession stages, income groups
* Numerical :
- interval
tidak mempunyai nilai nol mutlak
tidak dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x
contoh : temperatur (Celsius atau Fahrenheit)
- ratio
mempunyai nilai nol mutlak
dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x
disajikan dalam tipe integer atau floating point [decimal fraction] sehingga
dapat dipergunakan untuk perhitungan aritmatika
contoh : pendapatan, umur, curah hujan
description
data type domain example
attributes
suitable/unsuitable
boolean boolean 0 (false), 1 (true)
, visible/non visible
soil classes,
0...255, whole
nominal classified, no order administrative
values
regions
0...255, whole succession stages,
ordinal classified, order
values income groups
-
elevation,
scalar continuous, lineair 10exp(37)...10exp(
temperature
37), real values
0 to 2 pi (radians),
or to 360 (degrees),
continuous,
directional and -1 (no aspect
directional
direction), real
values
local drain direction 1...9 (codes of drainage networks,
ldd
to neighbour cell drain directions) wind directions
Vector points, lines and
polygons
Raster gridded, classified
space
Representations of Geographic Data
Conceptual and logical abstraction levels
STRUKTUR DATA VEKTOR
STRUKTUR DATA VEKTOR
Complex structure
Large datasets
Overlay operations difficult
Disadvantages Topology hard to represent
Might imply false sense of
Maps less "realistic"
accuracy
KONSEP LAYER PADA DATA SIG
Source: GAO (2004), p. 5.
7 (tujuh) fenomena geografis
1. Perangkat keras (hardware)
Komputer (komputer tunggal, komputer sistem jaringan dengan server,
komputer dengan jaringan global internet) dan periperalnya. Perangkaat keras
untuk SIG mepliputi perangkat keras : pemasukan data, pemrosesan data,
dan penyajian hasil, serta peyimpanan (storage).
3. Data (Data)
Data merupakan komponen yang penting dalam SIG. Keakurasian data
dituntut dalam SIG. Dikenal konsep GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)
sebaliknya Gold In Gold Out.
Model dan teknik pemrosesan perlu dibuat untuk berbagai aplikasi SIG.
6. Network
With rapid development of IT, today the most fundamental of these is probably
the network, without which no rapid communication or sharing of digital
information could occur. GIS today relies heavily on the Internet, acquiring and
sharing large geographic data sets.
EVOLUSI PEMANFAATAN DATA SPASIAL
Era
Sistem Komputer/ Internet Information
menggunakan GIS
Management
Peta Cetak
Pemetaan Digital
Seamless/Scalable/
Multi-dimensional
"The Model-driven Approach to Geographic Information System Standardisation- Lessons Learned - "
Dr. Arne J. Berre SINTEF, Oslo, Norway, SINTEF
Scientific visualization and computer
graphics will be increasingly integrated with
GIS capabilities
Animated maps
Interactive maps
Augmented reality
MANAJEMEN INFORMASI (GEO)SPASIAL
Aplication
Real world Simulation world
computing
In order to bring the real world into GIS, one has to make
use of simplified models of the real world (Bernhardsen)
DATA MODEL
DATA BASE
Evaluasi Prediksi
Perubahan
Peng. Lahan
Kemampuan Kebakaran
Lahan hutan