WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

SJIF Impact Factor 5.210

Volume 4, Issue 08, 881-892. Research Article ISSN 2278 4357

DIABETES MELLITUS (MADHUMEHA) AND AYURVEDIC

MANAGEMENT: AN EVIDENCE BASED APPROACH

N.Srikanth1 N. Haripriya2, Renu Singh1, Manjula1, *Devesh Tewari1

1
Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of
India, New Delhi, 110058, India.
2
Former Lecturer in Botany, Krishnaveni Junior College, Narasaraopet, Guntur District,
Andhra Pradesh-522601, India.

ABSTRACT
Article Received on
17 May 2015, Diabetes mellitus (madhumeha) is one amongst the refractory disease

Revised on 10 June 2015, conditions recognized by medical scholars of ancient India. Ayurvedic
Accepted on 02 July 2015 literatures vividly describe about the etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis,
complications, its management and scientifically attributed the causal

*Correspondence for relationship of dietary, lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors.

Author The treatment modalities are designed and recommended based on
Devesh Tewari type and stage of disease. Furthermore many classical references to use
Central Council for
dosage forms of single plant drugs and compound formulations, which
Research in Ayurvedic
are vogue in clinical practice call for further scientific validation for
Sciences, Ministry of
AYUSH, Government of their attributes, principles and extent of use. Despite of recent
India, New Delhi, 110058, progression in medical science, several challenges still exist in the
India.. management of diabetes that requires special attention to develop un-
explored fields of medical knowledge. Ayurveda offers comprehensive
safe and effective approaches to manage such conditions. Designing pertinent research
model is a key challenge behind the examination of Safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic
interventions satisfying its fundamental principles and systems approach. Despite of
challenges and constrains, some experimental and clinical studies on Ayurvedic approaches
and therapies provide scientific evidence on efficacy and safety.

KEYWORD: Madumeha, Diabetes, lifestyle, Nutrition.

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 881

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus (madhumeha) is a group of metabolic diseases marked by high level of
blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action or both. Diabetes
may lead to serious complications in multiple organ systems. Diabetes is of two types- type I
or Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) and type II or Non Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM). Complete or near total insulin deficiency is found in type I
while type II diabetes mellitus is characterized by variable degree of insulin resistance,
impaired insulin secretion and increased glucose production. The classical symptoms of
diabetes mellitus are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and
polyphagia (increased hunger). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing globally
with a rise from about 30 million cases in 1985 to 177 million cases in 2000 and worldwide
estimates project that more than 360 million individuals will have diabetes by the year
2030.[1] The prevalence of the disease increases with the age. Type II diabetes mellitus is
increasing more rapidly due to obesity caused by sedentary life habits and changed life style.
Insulin is the only treatment for type I diabetes and conventional modern medicine provides a
number of drugs for controlling the blood sugar level in the patients of diabetes mellitus type
II. However, with the prolonged treatment doses of the drugs often need to be increased to
control the blood sugar level and a time comes when patient has to be switched over to
insulin. Such patients become cases of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ayurveda
emphasizes on the riddance of the etiological factors as the main principle therapeutic
opinion. Two major components of Ayurvedic management comprise; sanshodhan (bio-
censing) and sanshamana (palliation). Accordingly regulation of diet and exercise has been
laid special emphasis along with use of herbal and herbo-mineral preparations.

HISTORICAL ACCOUNT AND AYURVEDIC APPROACH

The history of diabetes (madhumeha) can be traced back in 1000 BC (Caraka Samhita).
Descriptions concerning the disease and its management are available in Ayurvedic literature.
Caraka Samhita (1000 BC) and Susruta Samhita (1000-600 BC) defined madhumeha as the
disease in which the patient passes frequent urine characterized as astringent, sweet.
Ayurveda attributes multi-factorial etiology to the causation of diabetes and described as one
among the eight major diseases (asthamahagada), which are difficult to cure and refractory
in nature. Dietary, lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors are ascribed to the causation of
this condition. The core contributory dietary, life style and environmental factors comprise;
excessive eating, sedimentary life, intake of certain foods from geographical areas enriched

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 882

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

with water resources (anupa desha), freshly harvested foods and grains (navannapana),
consumption of sweet food articles (gudavikrita) and all the factors (food/lifestyle) that
aggravate kapha dosha etc (Table 1 and 2). Hereditary factors (jatah-pramehi) and genetic
association (beeja dosha) have also been attributed as important factors of etiology.

Table 1. Therapeutic Modalities and Advocacy for Diabetes

Principles Advocacy
Nidana parivarjana- Avoidance of
Faulty lifestyle, faulty dietary habit, mental stress, day
etiological factors sleep and awakening in night.
Aahara - Diet Katu (spicy), Tikta(bitter), Kashaya Rasa(astringent),
Ushna(hot), Laghu(light), Ruksha(dry)
Vihara- lifestyle modification Aasanas , exercise
Aushadha - Medical Management Katu(spicy) Tikta(bitter), Kasya Rasa(astringent)

Table :2 Diet recommended in diabetes according to Ayurveda

Type of Diet Name
Cereals Old rice (Oriza Sativa)
Rice which crops within 60 days
Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Godhuma (wheat)
Kodrava (grain varietyPaspolum scrobiculatum)
Pulses Adhaki (red gram-Cajamus cajan)
Kulattha (horse gram)
Mudga (green gram)
should be taken with bitter and astringent leafy vegetables.
Vegetables Green Banana
Tanduleyaka (Amaranthus spinosus)
Matsyakhshi (Alternanthera sessilis)
Bitter vegetables (Tiktasakam) like
-Methica (Methi- Fenugreek leaves)
-Karavellaka (Bitter gourd)
Fruits Orange
Watermelon
Apple, Jambu (Syzigium cumini)
Kapitha (Feronia limonia)
Amlaki (Emblica officinalis )
Oils Nikumbha (Danti- Baliospernum montanum), Ingudi (Balanitis aegyptiaca),
Atasi (Linum usitatisimum), Sarsapa (Mustard).

Two varieties of diabetics (pramehi) as classified in Ayurveda comprise, obese - strong

(sthula and balavan) and thin-weak (krisha). Treatment for obese and strong diabetics begins
with bio-cleansing procedures (panchakarma) which is aimed at reducing the obesity of the
patient (apatarpana chikitsa). Lean and weak diabetics can undergo milder cleansing
procedures followed by the treatment to nourish the body with specific management

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 883

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

(santarpana chikitsa). Both types of diabetics successively treated with distinct therapy and
diet regimen.[2]

Exercise and diet are important adjuncts to the primary treatment of diabetes. Diet is
prescribed according to age, body constitution of the patient, season and environmental
conditions. Dietary articles prepared with yava (barley), mudga (green gram), purana sali
(old rice) are beneficial for diabetics. Some single drugs and compound formulations used in
the treatment of diabetes mellitus are presented at Table 3.

Table 3. Some single plant drugs and compound formulations used in Diabetes mellitus
Single Plant drugs Compound formulations
Amalaki (Emblica officinalis ) Chandraprabha Vati
Meshasringi (Gymnema sylvestre) Silajitwadi Vati
Karavellaka (Momordica charantia) Vasanta Kusumakara Rasa
Methika (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Trivanga Bhasma
Shilajit (Black bitumen) Phalatrikadi Kwatha
Vijaysar (Pterocarpus marsupium) Vangabhasma
Jambu (Syzygium cumini) Nisamalaki Curna
Tejpatta (Cinnamomum tamala) Kathakakhadiradi Kwatha
Tvak (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Mehari Vati
Guduci (Tinospora cordifolia) Saptacakra Ghana Vati
Bimbi (Coccinia indica)
Khadirasara (Acacia catechu)
Katphala (Myrica esculenta)
Kakamaci (Solanum nigrum)
Devadaru (Cedrus deodara)

SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE BASED HYPOGYCEMIC POTENTIAL OF AYURVEDIC

PRINCIPLES
The safety and efficacy of Ayurvedic interventions have been demonstrated through several
experimental and clinical studies and few illustrations are as follows:

Experimental Pharmacology
Biochemical studies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats confirmed the potent
hypoglycaemic activity of an aqueous extract Aegle marmelos (Bilva) leaves and suggested it
to be an oral substitute for insulin[3] Albino rats were treated with ethanol extract of two
varieties (sweet and bitter) of Aegle marmelos (Bilva) leaves and their blood glucose
lowering effect was studied using glucose oxidase assay method, both the varieties exhibited
hypoglycemic activity in a dose dependent manner. Sweet variety (250 and 500 mg/kg)
produced maximum blood glucose reduction at 6 hour, while the bitter variety at the same

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 884

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

dose levels showed maximum reduction at 8 hour and this continued upto 24 hour.[4] Oral
administration of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos (Bilva) seeds (250 mg/kg) was found to
decrease blood glucose level by 35.1% in normal healthy rats 6h after administration, by
41.2% in subnormal and by 33.2% in mild diabetic rats in glucose tolerance test after 2h.
Treatment of severely diabetic rats for 14 days with a dose of 250 mg/kg reduced the fasting
blood glucose level by 60.84%. It also brought about a fall in the level of total cholesterol
with an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL and triglycerides. Aqueous extract of Aegle
marmelos seeds was thus proved to possess anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic effects in
diabetic rats.[5] Ethanolic (50%) extract of Cinnamomum tamala (Tejapata) leaves
significantly lowered the plasma glucose levels in normoglycaemic and streptozotocin-
induced hyperglycaemic rats while given orally. The extract also showed anti-
hypercholesterolaemic and anti-hypertriglyceridaemic activity in streptozotocin-induced
diabetic rats.[6] Aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Tvak) bark significantly
reduced blood glucose value at 1h during glucose tolerance test. When diabetic animals with
fasting blood glucose were treated with cinnamon extract (200mg/kg, b.w.) once daily for 2
weeks, the fasting blood glucose level came down[7] The juice and decoction of leaves and
stems of Coccinia indica (Bimba) (20ml/kg) showed significant hypoglycemic response in
fasting rabbits. The decoction of the fruits of the plant also showed similar activity.[8] The
blood sugar lowering effects of ethanolic extracts of whole plant and root of Coccinia indica
(Bimba) were tested in different experimental models. While the plant-extract reduced the
blood sugar levels of fasted, glucose-loaded and streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino mice
to different degrees, root extract reduced the blood sugar only of glucose-loaded animals.[9]
Administration of Gymnema sylvestre (Meshasringi) extract decreased serum glucose
concentration in dexamethasone induced hyperglycaemic animals. The effects were
comparable to the standard corticosteroid-inhibiting drug, ketoconazole.[10] Experimental and
clinical studies revealed anti-diabetic and adaptogenic properties of the aqueous extract of
Momordica charantia (Karavellaka). The aqueous extract of the fruit was more effective in
diabetes than the powder of the dried fruit.[11] The effect of varying doses of alcoholic and
aqueous extracts of Momordica charantia (Karavellaka) on body weight, serum glucose,
insulin and triglyceride was investigated in fructose fed rats. Serum glucose and insulin levels
were significantly increased following feeding of fructose for 15 days. Administration of an
aqueous extract of Momordica charantia markedly prevented high fructose diet-induced
hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia.[12] Administration of ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of
ethanol extract of P. marsupium wood to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 5 days

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 885

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

significantly reduced the blood sugar levels along with an increase in insulin levels.[13] The
effect of the anti-diabetic plant, Pterocarpus marsupium (Vijayasar), on the development of
cataract was assessed in rats. An aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium (1g/kg/day) was
given to alloxan (120 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats until the development of cataract.
Administration of the plant extract exerted a favorable effect on body weight, blood glucose
and anti-cataract effect as evident from decreased opacity index.[14] Oral administration of the
root extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) for 6 weeks resulted in significant reduction of
blood and urine glucose and of lipids in serum and tissues in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.[15]
Of the different extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Methi), tested for their
hypoglycaemic effect in rabbits, the alkaloid-rich fraction showed maximum effect within
two hours of its administration.[16] Supplementation of the diet with Trigonella foenum
graecum (Methi) leaves showed a significant effect on hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia
and glycosylated haemoglobin in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Methi leaves
improved the body weight and liver glycogen and also showed a significant effect on key
carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic rats. The effect of fenugreek leaves was found to
be similar to that of glibenclamide.[17] Oral administration of an alcoholic extract of
Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds significantly reduced the blood sugar levels of normal as
well as of alloxan-induced diabetic rats.[18]

Clinical Studies
Vijayasara (Pterocarpus marsupium) in NIDDM
A flexible dose open trial was conducted in four centers in India to evaluate the efficacy of
Vijayasara in the treatment of newly diagnosed or untreated NIDDM. By the 12 weeks,
control of blood glucose had been attained in 69% patients studied. The mean HbA1c was
decreased significantly (P<0.001) to 9.4% at 12 week from the initial mean of 9.8%. Other
laboratory parameters remained stable and no side effects were reported.[19]

Ayush-82 and Shuddha Shilajit

In a clinical trial (n=80) of NIDDM, an Ayurvedic formulation named Ayush-82, 5gm thrice
daily and Shuddha Shilajit, 500mg twice daily was given for 24 weeks. Fasting and
postprandial blood sugar levels were estimated at 6 week intervals. There was statistically
significant reduction in both fasting and postprandial blood sugar.[20]

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 886

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Coccinia indica
In a controlled clinical trial (n=30) of NIDDM, tablets made from aqueous extract of
Coccinia indica twice daily were given before meal for 3 months. The drug was found to be
significantly attenuated the lipid fraction almost to normal range with the control of
hyperglycemia.[21]

Ayurvedic Therapy in Diabetes Retinopathy

A communication therapy of tarpana with Patoladi ghrita and internal administration of
Dhanvantara Kwatha 20ml, Punarnavasava 25ml, Candraprabhavati 250mg and Nisamalaki
5 gm twice a day in the subjects of Diabetes retinopathy showed remarkable improvement in
visual acuity. There was no further visual loss, no further focal hemorrhages and no
neovascularisation was observed.[22]

Ayush-82 An Ayurvedic Hypoglycemic formulation consisting of Amra beeja (seeds of

Mangifera indica), Karavellaka beeja (seeds of Momordica charantia), Jambu beeja (seeds
of Syzygium cumini), Gudmara (leaves of Gymnema sylvestre) was tried on a fairly large
sample size (n=350) in a control clinical study revealed statistically significant reduction in
fasting and postprandial blood sugar in Non insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.[23]

Efficacy of certain Ayurvedic Plant drugs

A total number of 862 cases of Madhumeha were studied to evaluate the efficacy of four
different Ayurvedic formulations during 1998-2007 at various CCRAS Institutes. In the
group with interventions of Karela (Momordica charantia), Jamun (Syzygium cumini) seed
extract ( n=247) the therapeutic response was 67.61%; in Bilva (Aegle marmelos), Neem
(Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), Kalimarich (Piper nigrum Linn) group
(n=89) 64.05%; in Nisha Amalaki Churna and Meditation & Yoga group ( n=109) 53.21%
and 61.73% response was observed in the group with the intervention of Ayush -82 (n=81) a
compound formulation developed by the Council.[24]

Nishamalaki
In a open clinical trial 100 patients of NIDDM (n=100) in the age range of 31-70 years with
normally blood sugar elevated cases i.e. 100mg or more in FBS were put on the drug
Nishamalaki 1 gm twice daily with water for 6 weeks between. The results showed that the
drug has got moderately good hypoglycemic effect.[25]

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 887

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Amrita-Pippali-Nimba Yoga
A series of 50 patients of diabetes mellitus divided into three groups Group A (n=15):
Amrita-Pippali-Nimba Yoga; Group B (n=14): Add on treatment with Amrita Pippali, Nimba
Yoga and Group C (n=8): Placebo were studied. The Amrta-Pippali-Nimba Yoga has showed
significant improvement in both fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels in group A and B
when compared to placebo.[26]

Coccinia cordifolia extract on Newly Detected Diabetic Patients

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial Sixty newly detected type 2 diabetic
patients (n=60) were randomly assigned into the placebo and experimental group, 1 g
alcoholic extract of Coccinia cordifolia administered for 90 days. The significant decrease (at
day 90) in fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose was observed with a mean
change of 15.6% and18.5% respectively in the experimental group.[27]

TRANSLATIONAL APPROACH AND WAY FORWARD

To assess the ground situation, a thorough appraisal followed by meta-analysis of research
outcome is essential. Studies to examine the extent of use of standalone Ayurveda
approaches, utility of these approaches as add-on /adjunct to conventional therapies and drug
interactions are pivotal to translate the knowledge into practice. A systems approach may be
adopted to validate the Ayurvedic therapies and approaches with integration of principles of
Ayurveda and bio-medicine without losing the vital fundamentals of these systems. Such an
approach with well designed research plans could possibly facilitate to generate tangible
evidence with greater translational potential.

CHALLENGES AND SCOPE

The holistic approach is the strength of Ayurveda. This approach poses considerable
difficulty owing to diverse concepts and complex approaches in clinical trial design,
diagnosis & therapy, assessment of outcomes of clinical efficacy and drug interactions pose
certain limitations in research such as.[28]
1. Standardization and Quality Control
2. Complexity of dosage forms/delivery System
3. Diverse concepts
4. Complex approaches in
a. Clinical Trial Design
b. Diagnosis & Therapy

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 888

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

c. Clinical Efficacy /Outcome measures

5. Drug Interactions / interventions of different systems
6. Mechanism of action (MoA) studies
7. Synchronization of Ayurveda and bio-medicine approaches

An appropriate model addressing the above issues would certainly facilitate in designing
research plans satisfying fundamental principles of Ayurveda. Well designed experimental
studies to validate the safety, biological activity, drug interactions, possible mechanism of
action possibly will provide tangible scientific evidence leading to clinical research.
Following this, clinical studies adopting suitable models, research plans and scientific
parameters may possibly provide a clear insight with a good translational value.

CONCLUSION
Diabetes Mellitus has been recognized as one among the refractory life style related condition
since ages. Several theories have been put forth to understand the concept and its
management. The contemporary bio-medical principles with advancements of modern
scientific tools tried to identify various factors contributing to the pathogenesis and
management and in this direction certain genetic attributes have been identified and novel
therapies are being introduced to manage the disease and to reduce and prevent
complications. Ayurveda portray distinct concepts and principles of management of diabetes
and efforts being made to generate evidence on extent of use and efficacy of its approaches.
Certain experimental studies conducted have merely confined to screening of the
hypoglycemic activity of medicinal plants and dosage forms and only some of them have led
to clinical research. Similarly, the clinical studies with broad objectives and diverse
assessment criteria could able to generate just some level of evidence on extent of use,
efficacy and effectiveness of drugs and therapies. Adding to this several challenges in
designing appropriate research plans and developing suitable models for clinical trial become
bottlenecks in this pathway.

REFERENCES
1. Harrisons principle of Internal medicine, Volume II. 19th International edition; 2002.
2. Susruta , Susruta Samhita (Hindi translation with Ayurveda Tattva Sandipika
th
Purvardha-Sutra Sthana, Chapter-33, Sloka-4 Kaviraja Dr.Ambikadatta Shastri Edited).
Reprint Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2008.

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 889

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

3. Bhavapriya V, S Govindasamy; Biochemical studies on the hypoglycaemic effect of

Aegle marmelos (Linn) Correa ex Roxb in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats, Indian
Drugs 2000; 37(10): 474-477.
4. Rao PR, MD Babu, RVK Rao, S Nimmi; Comparative study of sweet and bitter varieties
of Aegle marmelos (L) Correa in hypoglycaemic activity in rabbits, J Nat Remedies,
2002; 2(1): 88-91.
5. Kesari AN, RK Gupta, SK Singh, S Diwakar, G Watal; Hypoglycaemic and anti-
hyperglycaemic activity of Aegle marmelos seed extract in normal and diabetic rats, J
Ethnopharmacol 2006; 107(3): 374-79.
6. Sharma SR, SK Dwivedi, D Swarup; Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of
Cinnamomum tamala Nees leaves, Indian J Exp Biol, 1996; 34(4): 372-74.
7. Prachi A, KY Murali, PS Murthy, V Tandon, Ramesh Chandra; Preliminary studies on
the anti-diabetic effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Chemistry Biology Interface;
Synergistic New Frontiers, 2004; 25-27,Nov.21-26, , New Delhi, India.
8. Pillai NR , D Ghosh, R Uma, A Ananda kumar; Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia
indica, W.&A., Bull Med Ethnobot Res 1980; 1(2): 234-42.
9. Mukherjee B, B Chandrasekar, SK Mukherjee; Blood sugar lowering effect of Coccinia
indica root and whole plant in different experimental models, Fitoterapia 1988; 59(3):
207-210.
10. Gholap S, A Kar; Efficacy of some plant extracts in regulating corticosteroid-induced
hyperglycaemia in mice, Pharmaceut Biol, 2003; 41(5): 315-18.
11. Srivastava Y, H Venkatakrishna-Bhatt, Y Verma, K Venkaiah, BH Raval; Anti-diabetic
and adaptogenic properties of Momordica charantia extract: An experimental and clinical
evaluation, Phytother Res, 1993; 7(4): 285-89.
12. Vikrant V , JK Grover, N Tandon , SS Rathi, N Gupta; Treatment with extracts of
Momordica charantia and Eugenia jambolana prevents hyperglycaemia and
hyperinsulinaemia in fructose fed rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 2001; 76(2): 139-43.
13. Ahmad F, P Khalid, MM Khan , M Chaubey, AK Rastogi, JR Kidwai; Hypoglycaemic
activity of Pterocarpus marsupium wood, J Ethnopharmacol, 1991; 35(1): 71-75.
14. Vats V, SP Yadav, NR Biswas, JK Grover; Anti-cataract activity of Pterocarpus
marsupium bark and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds extract in alloxan diabetic rats, J
Ethnopharmacol, 2004; 93(2-3): 289-94.

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 890

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

15. Prince PSM,, VP Menon; Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic action of alcohol extract of
Tinospora cordifolia roots in chemical induced diabetes in rats, Phytother Res, 2003;
17(4): 410-13.
16. Jain SC, NK Lohiya, A Kapoor; Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.: a hypoglycaemic
agent, Indian J Pharm Sci, 1987; 49(3): 113-14.
17. Devi BA, N Kamalakkannan, PS Prince; Supplementation of fenugreek leaves to diabetic
rats. Effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic liver and kidney, Phytother
Res, 2003; 17(10): 1231-33.
18. Vats V, JK Grover, SS Rathi; Evaluation of Anti-hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic
effect of Trigonella foenum graecum Linn., Ocimum sanctum Linn., and Pterocarpus
marsupium Linn. And alloxanized diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol, 2002; 79(1): 95-100
and Grover JK, Vats V, Yadav SP, Anti-hyperglycaemic and hypoglycaemic effect of
Trigonella foenum graecum (FG) and Ocimum sanctum (OS) in normal and diabetic rats,
National Convention on current Trends in Herbal Drugs and Annual conference of Indian
Society of Pharmacognosy: Herbs: The Natural Alternative, Gandhi Nagar, Gujrat, India
p. A-03, January, 2003: 17-18.
19. Flexible dose open trial of Vijayasara in cases of newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent
Diabetes mellitus ICMR collaborating centers, Central Biostatistical Monitoring Unit,
Chennai and Central technical Coordinating unit, ICMR, New Delhi.
20. Pandey V N et.al. An effective Ayurvedic Hypoglycaemic formulation. Journal of
Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1995; 16(1-2): 1-14.
21. Kamble S M et al. Efficacy of Coccinia indica W & A in Diabetes mellitus. Journal of
Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1996; 17(1-2): 77-84.
22. Srikanth N. An appraisal of clinical trials in Diabetes Retinopathy, Ayurvedic
Management of Diabetes Mellitus. New Delhi: Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth; 2005.
23. CCRAS Research An Overview. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda
and Siddha, Janakpuri; 2002.
24. Annual Reports (1998-99 to 2007-08), Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and
Siddha, Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India.
25. Nanda G C, Chopra K K, Sahu D P and Padhi M M. Nishamalaki in Madhumeha
(NIDDM): A Clinical Study. Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 1998; 19(1-2
): 34-40.

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 891

Tewari et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

26. Mehra P S , Singh R H. Clinical Evaluation of the effect of Amrita-Pippali-Nimba Yoga

in Diabetes Mellitus with special reference to the Role of Agni and Ojas. Journal of
Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. 2001; 22(3-4): 183-197.
27. Rebecca Kuriyan, Ramaswamy Rajendran, Ganapathi Bantwal, Anura V Kurpad . Effect
of Supplementation of Coccinia Cordifolia extract on Newly Detected Diabetic Patients.
Diabetes Care. February 2008 ; 31(2): 216-220
28. N.Srikanth et.al., Research and Development in Ayurveda -An Overview, Proceedings of
International Conference on Global Scenario of Traditional System of Medicine,
Ayurveda, Agriculture and Education (ICGSTSMAAE-2013), Department of Rasa
Sastra, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus (RGSC), Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha,
Mirzapur, U.P held on 21st -22nd January 2013: 47.

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 08, 2015. 892