Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
inthePescaderoButano Watershed
SanFranciscoBayWaterBoard
Setenay Bozkurt Frucht
February12,2015
Acknowledgements
MartinTrso forhisworkastheleadinvestigatorforthe
studieswearepresentingtonight
ProfessorBillDietrich,UCBerkeley,foractingasatechnical
advisorforthestudies
2
How Do We Track Sediment?
Analysis and Methods
Channelchanges
Extensivechannelsurveys
Interviewoflongtimeresidents
Interpretationofhistoricalphotographs,maps,paintings,anddocuments
Sedimentbudget
Extensivefieldworkinthewatershedandinthechannels
Interpretationoftimesequentialaerialphotographs
Fieldsurveys
Analysisofhighresolutiontopography(2005LiDAR)
Reviewofexistingstudies
3
Fishery
8
Pescadero Early1900s
1915
ca 1915
Early1900s
PhotoCredit:AlSollars
1915 10
PreEuropean
LagoonandMarsh
Extensivewetlandswith
welldevelopeddrainage
channels
Largermarsh
Deepand100ft wide
channels
1854Tsheet
W.M.Johnson
U.S.CoastSurveyPuntaDelBolsa NorthwardtoTunitas Creek,CA
11
1:10,000
MarshandLagoon
Sedimentation
50%reductioninopen
waterareabetween
1900and1960
1915
Volumeofwater
cominginandoutof
theestuaryisreduced
by75%
12 2002
LandUseChanges
Date Event
Pre1820 Natural conditions
October1769 PortolaExpedition firstSpanishcontact
1770 1820 Spanishperiod
Grazing,introductionofnonnativeplants
1820 1850 Mexicanperiod
Landgrants,livestockimportation
1850 1920 EarlyAmericanperiod
Earlylogging,startofranchinganddairyfarming
1856 Pescaderoestablished
1860s1890s FirstwaveofheavyloggingofredwoodsinPescaderoandlowerButano
Agricultureincludingwheat,oat,barley,andflaxfarming
1920 1970 PostWWIIindustrialboom
1920s1930s Constructionoflevees,channelizationofButanoandPescaderochannelsinmarsh
Farminginfloodplains
1930s1960s Highestratesofmarshreclamationandagriculturalexpansion
1940 ConstructionofHighway1Bridge
Temporaryhaulroadbuiltdownstreamofbridge
1950s1970s PostWWIIloggingboom:roadbuildingandextensivebulldozerlogginginoldgrowthof
NorthandSouthForksButano Creek
StateofCaliforniabeginstoacquirepropertyinPescaderoMarsh
1960s Pescadero RoadBridgeconstructedin1961
SecondwaveoflogginginupperPescadero (e.g.Slate,OilCreeks)
1970 2010 SecondwaveoflogginginNorthandSouthButano Creeks
Pescadero Marshrestorationprojects 13
WatershedChanges AgricultureandRanching
1820 1920 1920
2,800ac
7,300ac
1,160ac
14
1890
1884
15
WatershedChanges TimberHarvesting
1850 2010
3,640ac
(15km2)
22,020ac
(89km2)
660ac
(~3km2)
16
17
18
HopkinsMill
Thedaysoftheredwoodtreeswhichhavemade
famousthevalleythroughwhichPescadero Creek
runsarenumbered[]Itisevidentthatwithina
fewyearstheredwoodsinthissectionwillbe
nearlyalldestroyed.
ExcerptfromSanFranciscoCall
ofSeptember19,1903 19
20
300MilesofRoads
1,380roadwatercoursecrossings
Morethan80%inPescadero watershed
21
ProfoundGeomorphicTransformation
ForestedUplands
GrasslandsandFloodplains Increasedlandslidesanddebrisflow
Gullyerosion Increasedroadrelatederosion
Surfaceerosion
Channelerosion
Lossofsedimentstorage
Lossofchannelfloodplain
connectivity
LagoonandMarsh
Drainedandchannelized
Increasedsedimentinput
Increaseddeposition
Reducedtidalprismand
flushing
22
Reducedsummerflows
Sediment Impacts for Fish
Degradedfishhabitatconditionsdueto:
1. Channelincisionandsimplification
Noconnectiontofloodplains
Deep,straight,cleanchannelslikecanals
Nowoodinthechannels
2. Increaseinsedimentsupply
Toomucherosiononthehillslopes
Toomuchfinesedimentinpoolsandriffles
3. ShrinkingLagoon
Lagoonhabitat,whichiscritical,isgettingsmaller
Lagoonmouthclosingforlongerdurationsandopeninglater
4. Barrierstoupstreamhabitat
23
Sedimentdepositionshifteddownstream
1820
Lossofswampy 2010
meadows
Incisedand
wideningchannels
Increasedsediment
delivery
Shrinkinglagoon
24
Natural
Background
Erosion
Rates
Cosmogenic
radionuclidesin
thearea
San Gregorio
0.25mm/yr Pomponio 0.36 mm/yr
0.15mm/yr
Peters
570tons/km2yr 0.33 mm/yr
110,000tons/yr Butano
deliveredto 0.24 mm/yr
channels
25 Gudmundsdottir etal.(2013)
NaturalSedimentStorageRates
175milliontons
accumulated
duringlast6,000
years
30,000tons/yr
storedinthe
valleysand
swampymeadows
~30%oftotal
deposited
26
MarshandLagoonDepositionRates
Berlogar (1988)&Clarkeetal(2014
0.6mm/yr &0.51mm/yr
2,000tons/yr
<2%oftotalsedimentdelivered
27
MainSedimentSources
SedimentSource Management Association
Landslides
natural
landuserelated roadsandlogging
Gullies
roads,grazing,agriculture
landuserelated
Chanelincision
channelization,floodmanagement,logging,agriculture,
landuserelated
Surfaceerosion
roads,grazing,agriculture
landuserelated
Roadsurfaceerosion
roads
landuserelated
Soilcreep
natural
roads
landuserelated 28
Channelincision
since1860sonPescadero and
1920sonButano
Pescadero incised5to15ft
along11mi
Butano incised15to25ft
along6mi
3.5milliontonsor30,000tons/yr
ofsedimentgeneratedsince
20,000tons/yr alongButano
10,000tons/yr alongPescadero
29
SurfaceErosion
17.5mi2 ofrangelandsandagriculturalareas
36,000tons/yr
Closeproximitytothelagoonandmarsh>significantfine
sedimentdelivereddirectlytothelagoon
30
GullyErosion
Triggeredin1860
Activeon11mi2 in
rangelandsand
agriculturalareas
~23miofgullychannels
2.3milliontonsof
sedimentdeliveredto
channels
31
1,000 ft
32
GullyErosion
26,000tons/yr delivered
8,000tons/yr isdepositedongullyfans
33
Landslides&DebrisFlows
PWA2004study
Legacysedimentsourcesprimarilyduetotimberharvestactivities
For19201970period,intenseclearcuttingoveranareaofapproximately
34mi2;legacyimpactscontinuing
For19702010period,over350acclearcutinButano subwatershed
~8,500acselectivelycuttoday
26,000tons/yr ofsedimentdeliveredtochannels
34
Pescadero CreekatCountyParkin1953
35
Pescadero CreekatCountyParkin2012
36
Butano Creekin1960
37
RoadRelatedErosion
2typesofdelivery:
Surfaceerosionontheroadandroadcrossingfailures
1.9milliontonsdeliveredsince1920
19,000tons/yr for19702010duetoroadcrossingfailures
5,000tons/yr duetoroadsurfaceerosion
38
MarshandLagoonSedimentation
13,000tons/yr ofdepositionbasedoncrosssection
comparisonsofESAPWA(2011)
Lagoondepositionbetween0.2to1m(0.5to3.5ft)in24yrs or2,000
tons/yr
Marshdepositionupto0.4m(1.3ft)or11,000tons/yr
Between1.3to2.1milliontonsbetween1955and1985or
~55,000tons/yr (Curry,1985)
39
Butano CreekatPRB
40
Pre1820 19702010
(tons/yr) (tons/yr)
NaturalSedimentSources 110,000 110,000
AnthropogenicSedimentSources
a.Surfaceerosion 36,000
b.Channelincision 30,000
c.Roadinducedgullying/landslides 29,000
d.Landslidesanddebrisflowsintimberlands 26,000
e.Gullyingonrangelands 24,000
f.Roadsurfaceerosion 5,000
TotalAnthropogenicErosion 150,000
TotalErosion 110,000 260,000
SedimentStorage
i.Landslide/debrisflowdeposits 56,000
ii.Gullyfans 8,000
iii.Wetmeadowstorage 25,000
iv.Marsh/Lagoonsedimentation 2,000 30,000
TotalStorage 27,000 94,000
41
Conclusions
Sedimentdeliverytochannelshasmorethandoubled inthelast200
years
Surfaceerosionandgulliesontherangelandcontributethelargest
amountofsediment:60,000tons/yr
60%ofhumancausedsedimentisgeneratedwithinthewestern25%of
thewatershed
Channelincisionisalarge
sourceofsedimentandis
mostsignificantduetodirect
inputandlossofstorage
42
Conclusions
Lowlandcontributionsignificantduetocloseproximity
30,000tonsthatusedtodepositonfloodplainsisnow
transporteddownstreamtothemarsh
~15timesasmuchsedimentdepositsinthemarshandthe
lagoon
Elevatedsedimentloads
areexpectedtocontinue
43
NextSteps
Salmonandsteelheadpopulationmodelpresentation
April2015
Presentationofinitialconceptsforsedimentmanagementand
channelrestoration
Fall2015
Publicreviewdraftofthewaterqualityrestorationplanand
WaterBoardadoptionoftheplan
Formalopportunityforreviewandcomment
2016
44
ThankYou!
Setenay
sfrucht@waterboards.ca.gov Photocredit:Pescadero HistoricalSociety
circa1927
5106222388