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Abstract : Shift-by-Wire is about replacing the mechanical means the magnetic field generated by the stator and
link between the automatic transmission and the shift lever the magnetic field generated by the rotor rotates at
with an electromechanical system. This will make new safety the same frequency. BLDC motors do not experience
functions possible and assist the driver in other
ways. To do this, an actuator with a brushless DC motor is the slip that is normally seen in induction motors.
built into the transmission. It controls the position of the shift BLDC motors come in single-phase, 2-phase and 3-
valve, which decides the driving position. This thesis concerns phase configurations. Corresponding to its type, the
the working of the Brushless DC motor. This is done by stator has the same number of windings. Out of these,
programming a shift control unit which generates PWM
signals along with an inverter 3-phase motors are the most popular and widely used.
And here in this thesis also we will discuss on 3-
phase motors. To rotate the BLDC motor, the stator
INTRODUCTION windings should be energized in a sequence. It is
important to know the rotor position in order to
Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors are one of understand which winding will be energized
the motor types rapidly gaining popularity. BLDC following the energizing sequence. The rotor is made
motors are used in industries such as appliances, up of permanent magnet and can vary from two poles
automotive, aerospace, consumer, medical etc. As the to eight poles with alternate North (N) and South (S)
name implies, BLDC motors do not use brushes for poles. Based on the required magnetic field density in
commutation; instead, they are electronically the rotor, proper magnetic materials are chosen to
commutated. BLDC motors have many advantages make the rotor. Rotor position is sensed using the
over brushed DC motors and induction motors. A few Hall sensors which are embedded into the stator on
of these are:1. Better speed versus torque the non driving end of the motor. Whenever the rotor
characteristics 2.High dynamic response 3.High magnetic poles pass near the Hall sensors, they give a
efficiency 4.Long operating life 5.Noiseless operation high or low signal, indicating the N or S pole is
6.Higher speed ranges. passing near the sensors. Based on the combination
In addition, the ratio of torque delivered to the size of of these three hall sensor signals, the exact sequence
the motor is higher, making it useful in applications of commutation can be determined.
where space and weight are critical factors. In this
application note, we will discuss in the construction,
working principle, characteristics typical applications Back EMF
and advantages of BLDC motors. There are two types of stator windings variants:
trapezoidal and sinusoidal motors
The main reason behind developing these types of
motor is to avoid the friction losses which originate
due to the commutation process. The friction losses
which lead to heating of the motor for which a
cooling system is always needed, these extra cooling
systems add to the system maintenance. But with the
help of technique called PWM we can control the
motors which can be done using hall sensors and
inverter setup. That means there is no physical
contact between the stator and the rotor. The different
microcontroller used in the circuit help in controlling
the speed and the direction of the motor which in
brushed motor was controlled using drives.
Operating Principle Fig1.Back EMF for trapezoidal motor
Commutation Sequence
Conclusion
References
Author: Padmaraja Yedamale, Microchip Technology
Inc.
Master's thesis performed in Vehicular Systems by
Johan Wiberg Reg nr: LiTH-ISY-EX-3517-2003