Emergent Gravity

from Discrete Geometry

[ EG from DG ]

Author K.M.L.L.Van Spaendonck 2017

Publication date 2017 [Submitted January 16th]
ISBN 9789402158601
# text pages / # graphs 27 / 22

Emergent Gravity from Discrete Geometry [ EG from DG ]

is the intellectual property of Koenraad M.L.L.Van Spaendonck.

Referencing this work in publications or on media is authorized :

Van Spaendonck, K.M.L.L. (2017), Emergent Gravity from Discrete Geometry [ EG from DG ], Mol:
K.M.L.L. Van Spaendonck, ISBN 9789402158601

This work is published by K.M.L.L. Van Spaendonck

Website : www.vanspaendonck.info Email : koenraadmllvanspaendonck@gmail.com
www.generalquantumgravity.com

The problem seems to me how one can formulate statements

about a discontinuum without calling upon a continuum
...but we still lack the mathematical structure unfortunately.
How much have I already plagued myself in this way !

Albert Einstein [6]

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MOTIVATION On the physics On the mathematics

HYPOTHESIS Geometrical visual of transition ADOPTED SYMBOLS IN DCC

PART A MATHEMATICAL ELABORATION

CHAPTER A.I. - DCC : 2D features of the Discrete Contracting Coordinate system

P.1 A.I.1. Geometrical origin of DCC (Discrete contracting coordinates)

First key ingredint : isotropic nature of the distance units.

Second key ingredint : the origin of the system is not a point but a circle of quanta
Third key ingredint : the quanta (distance units) feature accelerating expansion in size

P.2 A.I.2. Mathematical derivation to formalize DCC (Discrete Contracting Coordinates)

Whats the size of quantum 2, given the size of quantum 1 ?

Whats the expansion rate X in in RQ = Rq (1 + X )^n ?

P.5 A.I.3. Discrete count of number, and size of circles (quanta) in DCC
Procedure to count the units in DCC
Software program to count the number and size of the quanta in DCC

P.8 A.I.4. Transition from DCC to a non-Euclidean mathematical object with curved
surfaces featuring the increase of the increase radially and tangentially outward

Deriving the values for the exponential curve at each point by comparing to RQ11
Non-Euclidean geometry of a curved surface derived from a Euclidean coord. system : DCC

CHAPTER A. II. DCC : 3D features of the Discrete Contracting Coordinate system

P.14 A.II.1. Extending the mathematical 2D XY-plane to a 3D XYZ-space

P.15 A.II.2. Non-static solutions of DCC : the impact of changing the radius of Q1

Changing quantum size at the origin-surface, changes the density per fixed volume
Doubling # quanta on circumference, doubles # quanta of Euclidean radius-section

PART B INTERPRETATION FOR PHYSICS

CHAPTER B.I. - Unified Field : space & time, energy & gravity, light & matter

P.20 B.I.1. Quanta as Discrete Contracting Coordinates are universal building block

DCC - Discrete Contracting Coordinates drive energy density and gravity

P.23 B.I.2. Quanta as Discrete Contracting Coordinates curve spacetime

Interpretation towards generalized equivalent of GRs gravitational time dilatation

Interpretation towards generalized equivalent of GRs wavelength and redshift.
Interpretation towards generalized equivalent of SRs kinetic time dilatation
Conclusions from the equivalence principle

P.29 B.I.3. Experiment : Proving anisotropy of space and predicting generalized redshift

CHAPTER B.II. Decisive factors to turn SR and GR inside out for a generalization
(Recommend reading motivation on physics first)

P.35 B.II.1. Diagram of decisive factors for the proposed approach to DCC

NOTES p.37

APPENDICES App.1 p.39 / App 2 p.41 / App 3 p.43 / App. 4 p.45

REFERENCES p.47-50
 MOTIVATION
On the physics
An elaborate motivation for the Emergent Gravity Paradigm can be found in reference (1). Here we
focus on the mathematical organization of processes which are proposed to exist at the origin of the
negative curvature of spacetime in General Relativity. And we focus on the generalisation of General
Relativity, arising from new insights found in that underlying organisation. Generalisation here means
that the long-term goal is a theory with more explaining power (or alternatives) concerning concepts
like dark matter, dark energy, inflation, a unifying building block for space and matter hypothesized
necessity of a discreteness of space, for such a unification.
On the road to General Relativity, Einstein contemplated on several concepts towards his final version
in 1915. An important decision concerned the Ehrenfest Paradox (2). Paul Ehrenfest proposed a
problem with a rotating disk (3). Ehrenfest had pointed out that a uniformly rotating rigid disk would
be a paradoxical object in special relativity, since on setting it into motion its circumference would
undergo a contraction whereas its radius would remain uncontracted (As prescribed by Special
Relativity: contraction in the direction of motion only.) Einstein concluded that the possibility for a
Euclidean geometry on a uniformly rotating disk was unacceptable, and that a system in a gravitational
field had to have non-Euclidean geometry (4 page 3). Further taking the form of a mathematical
object spacetime, consisting of a continuous curved surface with negative curvature.
But in reality the apple does not fall to the earth along a curved line consisting of (x,y,z,t)-coordinates.
The hyperbolic nature of spacetime arises from an exponential relationship between cause and effect.
We argue that Einsteins decision lead to emergent gravity [EG] right here at this cross-roads. And
that assigning time to the Newtonian radii, prevented an intrinsic expansion of the geometry in GR.
Consequently we argue for a new option which will avoid resorting to non-Euclidean geometry,
by solving the issue of the rotating disk differently than Einstein did, with a discrete geometry
which will maintain proportionality of radius and circumference under any change in the field.
(Page 19 slides 11,12 : Doubling # quanta on circumference, doubles # quanta on the radius section).
We explain the intensity of the gravitational field along the straight path of the apple instead of the
emergent curved path : the option of a discrete geometry [DG] resembling a special kind of polar or
spherical coordinate system, arising from a Carthesian background : Discrete Contracted Coordinates
[DCC]. Elaborated in the Preface On the mathematics, and in reference 5.
From this discrete contracting geometry, arises an intrinsic expansion of distance units. Time along the
direction of motion instead of perpendicular to the direction of motion, as a physical characteristic of
the field itself, leads to the concept of an intrinsic contraction of the field towards the gravitational
well. Giving rise to the illusion of an expanding universe. Thus leading to an all-in-one unification
where the quantum (unit, discrete coordinate with intrinsic dimensions) of a unified field, holding 3x2
functions : space & time, energy & gravity, light & matter. And the latter follows from the former.
Einstein might have liked the idea of a quantisized, discrete geometry for space(time), since he already
plagued himself in 1916 with the validity of the continuum and the lack of the appropriate
mathematical structure (6). Furthermore Max Planck showed that energy comes in finite quanta. So
we argue that the problem cannot be addressed with infinitesimal calculus, because it does not reflect
the underlying processes leading to an emergent gravity adequately, and it does not solve the
discrepancy between discrete matter and continuous spacetime. [Obviously we do not want to criticize
those areas where this calculus proved to be fruitful. The question concerns the application in a theory
of Emergent Gravity with the characteristic of unifying space and matter (7).]
 On the mathematics
Bonaventura Cavalieri is considered a pioneer on Polar Coordinate systems. He published his
Geometria invisibulus continuorum in 1635, with a second edition in 1653. The first writer to
visualize polar coordinates as a means to locating any point in a plane appears to be Newton. The
work appeared in 1736, but was undoubltedly composed in 1771. (8)
We develope a coordinate system which uses its own coordinates to model 2D (or 3D) items in a
circularly (or spherically) symmetric configuration. Hence the input = the output : Its not the
landscape upon which we build something. Polar (or spherical) coordinate systems traditionally cannot
handle this because they consist of dimensionless points, and so they are a priori incapable of being
intrinsically 2D or 3D. This discreteness is obtained when the circles are turned into either spheres,
or pivoting circles. The coordinates now have dimensions of their own. We could call it Geometria
visibulus discontinuorum, but well just call it DCC : Discrete Contracting Geometry from which we
can derive a finite amount of coordinates, and extrapolate these into curves and negative curvature.
It is important to mention the log-polar coordinate system, because it entails a kind of discontinuum.
However, it differs significantly from our proposed coordinate system in the following ways :
In DCC, radial distances (circles or quanta with radius Rq upto RQ) evolve with a fixed expansion
rate X (or contraction rate, leading to an very specific accelerated increase of the size of the distance
units (quanta featuring as circles) radially outward (or decrease inward) along : RQ = Rq [(1 + X )^n].
Whereas with log-polar coordinates the radial coordinate is transformed according to r = e^. With
as the logarithm of the distance between a given point and the origin.
In DCC, the radial distances evolve isotropically. This means that the radial size increase of the
circles (quanta) is equal to the tangential size increase (x-y-z-axis symmetry of the quanta), leading to
a model with circles instead of e.g. distorted squares. And this feature is precisely the cause of the
above special case of isotropical increase of the increase. Whereas with log-polar coordinates the
segment angle (determining the tangential size) is set as a separate parameter, independent of the
radial evolution. This isotropy also leads to a linear proportionality of radius to circumference.
In DCC, the origin of the coordinate system is not the origin of the polar or spherical coordinate
system. The origin is instead a circle or a spherical surface (2D or 3D case : the surface of the blue
sphere in de slides) instead of a point in the centre of the origin-circle. Whereas with log-polar
coordinates, this point-origin features an infinitesimal character of the evolution of the units radially
inward, as they approach zero. So DCC avoids this infinitesimal characteristic inwards, because the
distance units (quanta) on the origin-circle or origin-spherical surface, always have a non-zero size,
and will not approach towards zero. Outwards, there is no approach of infinite quantum size either.
This discreteness of DCC thus entails a finite amount of radial and tangential allowed points, each
with 3 dimensions, symmetrically (isotropically) varying in size : a Euclidean finite malleable abacus
driving the non-Euclidean negative curvature. Abacus because one can actually count the individual
units of the unified field.
 HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis for the emergence of an expanded AdS-like non-Euclidean spacetime,

from a Euclidean (polar) generalized () dS-like space with emergent time.

Mathematically modeled with a discretized compressible fluid as a unified field (*)

with varying energy density (+).

Leading to a static but pre-contracted universe over space. Hence the illusion of an
accelerated expansion of space over time from a big bang.

Summarized as : EG from DG
[Emergent Gravity from Discrete Contracting Coordinates]

(See Hypothesis visual on next page)

() Generalized:
Isotropic exponential contraction of distance/energy units due to the presence of matter-volume/energy

(*) Unified field:

Unification of the subemergent processes for gravity and for the propagation of light.
Strength of gravity arising from 2D energy density per holographic layer of the unified field.
Magnitude of wavelength of light arising from 1D length of distance/energy units.

(+) Energy density:

Energy density in an analogy of data-compression of bits of information which contract in size
according to the available surface area on a holographic layer of the unified field.
 ADOPTED SYMBOLS in DCC
Discrete Contracting Coordinates [2D-reduction : XY-plane]

DCC Discrete Contracting Coordinates : (See Slides 1A & 1B)

RQ = larger quantum radius Rq = smaller quantum radius
RQ1 = radius of quantum 1 = B RQ2 = radius of quantum 2 = D
Rm = radius of origin-circle = A Oc = origin-circle, with radius Rm
Co = centre of the origin-circle, and of the common polar coordinate system and the Carthesian system
Dr = radial distance Dr starting from q outward
n = number of layers : number of consecutive circles containing the quanta
X = [RQ2 / RQ1] 1 = size increase between 2 consecutive quanta
Remark: DCC consists of variable spherical isotropic coordinates (VSI-cs) which have 3 dimensions.
They contract [with an apparent expanding result] isotropically [symmetrically : with equal amounts in
the y direction (radially), x-direction and z-direction (tangentially)].

2D reduction : Polar coordinate system : special case of isotropic units : circles

O = pole, coincides with Oc, also origin of Z-axis (into the page) in spherical/polar coord. system
L = Polar axis L, also Y-axis in spherical/polar coordinate system by convention here
r = radial distance, length from the origin to (r,) (r, ) = radial coordinate

= radial or azimutal angle (+ a polar angle for the spherical coordinate system - physics notation
Remark: = the angle : Where the minimum angle increment = 2Rm / # quanta q of circumference
PART A MATHEMATICAL ELABORATION

CHAPTER A.I.
DCC : 3D features of the Discrete Contracting Coordinate system

A.I.1 Geometrical origin of the DCC

1st key ingredint : isotropic nature of the distance units.

They expand radially outward (or contract radially inward) in such a way that their with (tangential
sizes) and the length (radial size) remains equal. Therefore they can be represented by circles, which
replace non-dimensional points in non-discrete coordinate systems. On the background of a Carthesian
coordinate system, we now arrive at emerging isotropic units of distance, implying a finite amount of
distance units, referred to as quanta.
How to achieve the isotropic expansion while maintaining a natural geometry without holes and
inconsistencies ? We let a quantum expand isotropically until its circle becomes exactly tangent to the
radial lines F and H as illustrated here :
Remark :
In the further developement of the coordinate system, we adopt a simplified approach for practical
calculating reasons, where the quantums tangential radius becomes tangent to the lines F and H, as
featuring in Slides 1A and 1B. The same result can be achieved by contracting the quanta inward.

2nd key ingredint : the origin of the system is not a point but a circle of quanta
The Carthesian point as the origin is still there underneeth the emerging quanta (distance units), but
only serves as the centre of the origin-circle of the DCC. Thus the entire coordinate system is
determined by the radius of the circle Rm, and the size of a quantum on the circle RQS.

3rd key ingredint : quanta (distance units) feature accelerating expansion in size
As a result of the 2 features above mentioned, the quanta have a constant radial and tangential
expansion rate X in the formula RQ = Rq (1 + X)^n. This implies an accumulated rate of size
increase, just like the compound intrest formula from economics : an increase of the increase.

1
A.I.2 Mathematical derivation for Discrete Contracting Coordinates 2D case
[ See Slides 1A & 1B ]
From previous work (2), as recapitulated in Chapter I, we deduced that the next quantum takes on a
size which is reached when it grows until it touches the tangent lines F and H. This self-organizing
geometrical derivation will turn out to have a mathematical formalism : RQ = Rq [(1 + X )^n] named
the DCC-equasion here.
But now we want to determine that value in an exact mathematical way. That seems hard to do
because with the 2 congruent triangles, you get only 1 equasion with 2 unknowns. We are looking for
the value of D, so we have the equasion : A/B = C/D with C and D unknown, which is problematic.
The key to resolve this, is to notice that these quanta expand (contract) isotropically, that is both
radially and tangentially. That means that D and D are always equal. Consequence : The hypothenuse
g(x) always has a 45 angle, so it takes on a simplified form, e.g. above : g(x) = x 2. Consequently
we derive the equasion of the hypothenuse G : g(x) = x - RQ1. And since we know A and B, we derive
the equasion of the tangent line F : f(x) = 2/7 x + 2. This results in : f(x) = [ (RQ1/RM)x ] + RQ1

Whats the size of quantum 2, given the size of quantum 1 [see equasion (6)]

So our radius of the next quantum is :

RQ2 = x RQ1. (1)
With x found at the intersection of f(x) and g(x) : see equasion (4)

Deriving x from f(x) = g(x) : (The horizontal distance x in the XY-plane on Slide 1B)

f(x) = [ (RQ1/RM)x ] + RQ1 (2)

g(x) = x - RQ1 (3)

f(x) = g(x)
x - RQ1 = [ (RQ1/RM)x ] + RQ1
(RM/RM) x - (RQ1/RM) x = 2RQ1 ( We wrote x as (RM/RM) x )
[ (RM - RQ1) / RM ] x = 2RQ1
x = [ (2RQ1 RM) / (RM - RQ1) ] (4)

Size of RQ2 in RQ2 = x RQ1 : see equasion (6)

2
 Whats the expansion rate X in RQ = Rq [(1 + X )^n] ? [ see equasion (7) ]

We can now derive the expansion rate X in RQ = Rq (1 + X )^n

X = [ (RQ2/RQ1) 1 ] (5)
We derived : RQ2 = x RQ1 ref. (1)
We derived : x = [ (2RQ1 RM) / (RM - RQ1) ] ref. (4)

Deriving RQ2 and X:

RQ2 = [ (2RQ1 RM) / (RM - RQ1) ] RQ1 (4) into (1) = (6)

X = [ [ [ (2RQ1 RM) / (RM - RQ1) ] RQ1 ] / RQ1 ] - 1 (6) into (5) = (7)

3
4
A.I.3. Discrete count of the number and size of the quanta in DCC

Procedure to count the units in DCC

With or expansion factor X, we can now calculate the radius or diameter of all consecutive quanta
radially outward, over any given distance Dr. That distance uses the diameter of RQ1 as the local
measuring rod.
Every consecutive quantum with larger size determines the radial thickness of the next layer. These
layers can be counted because they are represented by the n in the formula RQ = Rq [(1 + X )^n]. The
number of layers is the number n of consecutive quanta over a given distance Dr.

Software program to count the number and size of the quanta in DCC

A. Visual of the parameters

B. 3 input parameters Dr, Rm and Rq yield 3 output values RQ, X and n

Remark : One can change the input parameters to obtain other output parameters with the same basis.
+ Counting the number of circles (quanta) radially outward from q to Q over a distance Dr
+ Calculating the radius RQ of circle (quantum) Q
+ Calculating the expansion rate X in Q = q [( 1 + X ) ^n]
Remark : # quanta q to Q = # layers n

5
C. Software : Program in BASIC : DCC-calculus 1 - v.1.0

400000 print " Discrete Contracting Coordinate System - DCC "

400050 print " "

400100 print " Counting # of quanta radially outward from q to Q - size of Q - expansion rate X "

400101 print " "

400102 print " "

400110 print ">> Input distance Rm from centre Co to the origin-circle"

400120 print " "

400130 input R

400140 print " "

400150 print ">> Input quantum size Rq at sphere surface (expressed in arbitrary lenght units)"

400160 print " "

400170 input L

400210 print " "

400222 print ">> Input radial distance D starting from q, over which to count the quanta (expressed in
arbitrary lenght units)"

400223 print " "

400224 input D

400226 print " "

400229 print " "

400220 print "The expansion rate X between 2 consecutve quanta ="

400225 print " "

400230 x = ((((2*L*R)/(R-L))-L)/L)-1

400240 print x

400242 print " "

400244 print " "

6
400250 n=0

400300 Q=0

400400 Q = Q+(2*L*((1+x)^n))

400500 n=n+1

400600 IF Q<D THEN GOTO 400400

400700 IF Q>D THEN GOTO 400800

400750 print " "

400770 print " "

400800 print "* Quantum radius RQ at distance D is (expressed in arbitrary lenght units) "

400850 print " "

4001300 print (L*((1+x)^(n-1)))

4001400 print " "

4001200 print " "

4001500 print " "

4001600 PRINT "* Number of quanta counted over distance D (between surface and Q-D) = "

4001700 print " "

4001800 print n

7
A.1.4 Transition from DCC to a non-Euclidean mathematical object with curved
surfaces featuring the increase of the increase radially and tangentially outward
[ Or equivalently an accelerated contraction of the quanta (cirlces Q11 to Q1) inward. ]

Deriving the diameters of the circles (quanta) radially outward/inward

(Slide 2)

INPUT
Radius of main circle Rm = 47.8 mm
Radius of smaller circle (quanta) RQ1 = 3mm (Diameter 6mm)

OUPUT
We obtain the output values by first calculating the expansion factor X in Q = q [(1 + X)^n]

X = [ [ [ (2RQ1 RM) / (RM - RQ1) ] RQ1 ] / RQ1 ] - 1

X = 0.13392857143
Thus we insert X in the formula and calculate for each layer n outward :
Values of the diameters 2RQ2, 2RQ3,.. upto RQ11 expressed in mm and rounded to 3 dec. places :
6.803 - 7.714 - 8.749 - 9.919 - 11.248 - 12.754 - 14.462 - 16.399 - 18.596 - 21.086

And equivalently we could inversely derive 2RQ1 given 2RQ11 with q = Q / [(1 + X)^n]

Rm = 47.8 mm
RQ1 = 6 mm
RQ11 = 21.086 mm
Expansion rate X in Q = q [ ( 1 + X ) ^n ] = 0.13392857143 as calculated in section
I.2 Mathematical derivation to formalize DCC Discrete Contracting Coordinates

8
Slides 2 (yx-plane) & 3 (zx-plane) : Deriving curve with DCC-geometry/calculus
 Deriving the values for the exponential curve at each point by comparing to RQ11
(Slides 3 & 4)

We compare the size of the outward quantum to that of each of the inward quanta, resulting in
an exponential drop inward. Thus determining the discrete points, which will be extrapolated to
a curve (Slide 3). Connect the curves and you get a curved surface ( Slide 4).
If we repeat that over 360 in the top view, then we can virtually connect the curves into an apparent
continuous curved surface, as seen in Slide 4.
Slide 2 above provides the numerical values of the quanta Q1 upto Q11 radially outward.

Procedure: The result in Slide 3

At the centre of each quantum, for instance Q11, we calculate the value RQ11/RQ10 :
RQ11/RQ10 = 21.086 / 18.597 = 1.13389976 ~ 1.338 We use a multiplied value of 11.339 mm
This value 1.338 tells us that the curve drops down inward by 1.338 mm, from Q11 to Q10, for each
increment of distance. Remark that the distance units are the varying circle diameters of the quanta.
On slide 3 on the next page, we illlustrate this, but we multiply each result (such as this 1.339) with a
factor of 10. Because otherwise the resulting curvature would hardly be discernable in the image, for
visual purposes. So the actual curve is less steep than indicated : highest point of curve 10 times lower.
Thus deriving the lenght of the vertical sides of the triangles in Slide 3 :
RQ11/RQ11 = 21.086 / 21.086 ~ 1 We use a multiplied value of 10 mm
RQ11/RQ10 = 21.086 / 18.596 ~ 1.13389976 We use a multiplied value of 11.34 mm
RQ11/RQ9 = 21.086 / 16.399 We use a multiplied value of 12.85 mm
RQ11/RQ8 = 21.086 / 14.462 We use a multiplied value of 14.58 mm
RQ11/RQ7 = 21.086 / 12.754 We use a multiplied value of 16.53 mm
RQ11/RQ6 = 21.086 / 11.248 We use a multiplied value of 18.74 mm
RQ11/RQ5 = 21.086 / 9.919 We use a multiplied value of 21.25 mm
RQ11/RQ4 = 21.086 / 8.749 We use a multiplied value of 24.10 mm
RQ11/RQ3 = 21.086 / 7.714 We use a multiplied value of 27.33 mm
RQ11/RQ2 = 21.086 / 6.803 We use a multiplied value of 30.99 mm
RQ11/RQ1 = 21.086 / 6 ~ 3.51433333 We use a multiplied value of 35.14 mm

10
 Length of the vertical sides of the triangles : See Page 10 & Slide 3

Length of the horizontal sides of the triangles : See Slide 2

Rm = 47.8 mm
RQ1 = 6 mm
RQ11 = 21.086 mm
Expansion rate X in Q = q [( 1 + X ) ^n] = 0.13392857143 as calculated in
I.2 Mathematical derivation to formalize the VSI-coordinate system 2D case

11
 Non-Euclidean geometry of a curved surface derived from a Euclidean coord. system

If we connect the curves derived in Slide 3 over 360, we derive an apparent curved surface ( Slide 4).

Slide 4 :
Transition from discrete coordinates with intrinsic dimensions, to curvature :
Emerging Continuous Curvature form Discrete Contracting Coordinates ECC from DCC

Remark on Slide 4 : The green spheres are only a means of representation :

In this mathematical model they represent circles in the 2D xy-plane (the plane on page 5, with the z-
axis going into the page) for the purpose of the calculations. If these circles are pivoted, tilted 90,
then they become circles in the 2D zy-plane, thus linking to the 3D-system (z being the vertical axis in
the slide above). Hence the choice for a spherical representation. Their diameters and position are
accurately determined with DCC, as featuring in the calculations above. Tangential and radial
magnetudes of the circles (spheres, quanta) evolve isotropically.

12
The discrete values are illustrated here: The curves and the derived negative curvature of the surface
(Slide 4), are extrapolations based on the discrete values. Only these discrete values exist. ( Slide 4B).
Very important to understand : The discrete values on the vertical z-axis for the curve, are not
computed as the value of the diameter of the underlying quantum (green sphere).
Instead, they are computed as the summation of the ratio of a local quantum q to the outermost
quantum Q : For instance : f(x) at Q2 = [ (RQ11/RQ2) + (RQ11/RQ2) ] = 30.99 + 35.14 = 66.13 mm
RQ11/RQ2 = 21.086 / 6.803 ~ 3.09951491 We use a multiplied value of 30.99 mm
RQ11/RQ2 = 21.086 / 6 ~ 3.51433333 We use a multiplied value of 35.14 mm

Slide 4B :
Discrete values of negative curvature, extrapolated from underlying coordinates with actual
dimensions (Modelled here as green disks, referring to pivoting circles or spheres).
Emerging Curved Surface derived from underlying Discrete Contracting Coordinates. Thus referring
to the title of this work : [ ECC form DCC ]

13
 CHAPTER A.II
DCC : 3D features of the Discrete Contracting Coordinate System

A.II.1 Extending the mathematical 2D XY-plane to a 3D XYZ-space

(See Slide 5)
Adding a vertical axis Z going into the page in Slide 2, gives us a 3D space made of discrete units
(pivoting circles, spheres, quanta) : a discrete Euclidean geometrical object which we named DCC.
A patch of this spherically symmetric mathematical object is illustrated in Side 5. This mathematical
object however, has non-static solutions: The spheres can vary in size, thus changing the entire object,
dependent on the available space on the circles (or surface areas) as we illustrate in Part II.2. This is
obtained by changing, for instance reducing to 50%, the size of the first quantum, located at the blue
surface area of the central sphere (or circumference of the circle).

Slide 5 : DCC in 3D (VSI-cs)

Discrete coordinates, each with 3 with dimensions, in a spherically symmetric 3D setup

14
A.II.2 Non-static solutions of DCC :
The impact of changing the radius of quantum Q1 adjacent to the blue surface area

Changing quantum sizes at the origin-surface, changes the density per fixed volume

A patch of this spherically symmetric mathematical object emanating from the DCC, is illustrated in
Side 7, with large sphere sizes. The spheres or quanta adjacent to the surface are assigned a value of 1
here, only for convenience within this chapter.
This mathematical object however, has non-static solutions: If you change the radius of Q1 to 1 / 2 ,
then the entire geometrical object changes. This dynamic has been derived from a simpler 3D-case
with equal sized spheres, illustrated in Slide 6. Whereas in VSI-cs, the same mechanism rules over the
field of larger and larger spheres radially outward (Slides 7, 8, 9, 10).

Slide 6 : Constrained density changes with non-contracted units in DCC

A. In slide 6 we observe the following :

The green spheres (quanta) occupy the same volume, nd have an identical inner total volume.
Largest quantum on the left : Radius 1 cm : within a volume of (2R) = 8 cm
Give the quantum half the radius : middle quanta : Radius 0.5 cm : within a volume of : (4R) = 8 cm
Give the quantum half the radius : right quanta : Radius 0.25 cm : within a volume of : (8R) = 8 cm
The total inside volumes of 1 quantum, the 8 quanta, and the 64 quanta, are all equal :
4/3Rpi = 8 times [4/3(R/2)pi] = 64 times [4/3(R/4)pi] = 4.1866 cm

15
B. Important conclusions :

Changing the quanta at the origin (blue surface) to half the size results in :

4 times the quantum-density for each spherical shell of surface area outward (Slide 7 to Slide 8).

8 times the quantum-density per fixed original volume radially outward anywhere (Slide 9 to 10).
In slide 9 we have 3 large quanta within the grey volume. This must change into 24 quanta.
In slide 10 they changed into 24 quanta within that same grey volume: (5 x 4 q.) + (8 x 0.5 q.) = 24 q.
When we say they changed into, we mean that given their new reduced size, more of them fit into the
same original fixed volume.

C. Reversing the conclusions in B, we reformulate : (Slides 7, 8, 9, 10).

4 times the quantum-density at the origin-surface area (of the blue sphere) results in :

Half the size for each quantum at the origin surface area (of the blue sphere).
An entangled effect radially and tangentially outward for all quanta, inducing size-decrease and
quantum-density increase per fixed original volume. As a result of more space being available per
spherical layer of surface area, thus allowing to fit more circles or quanta.
(Principle : Slide 6 : Origin of density increase).

16
Slide 7 : Low density metric in DCC

Slide 8 : Higher density metric in DCC

17
Slide 9 : Low density in fixed volume

Slide 10 : High density in the same fixed volume : One unit becomes 8 units

18
 Doubling # quanta on circumference, doubles # quanta on Euclidean radius section
Slides 11 & 12 :

19
PART B INTERPRETATIONS FOR PHYSICS

CHAPTER B.I.
Unified Field : space & time, energy & gravity, light & matter
[ Initial concept for the Discrete Contracting Coordinates : See Appendix 1 ]

B.I.1 Quanta as Discrete Contracting Coordinates are universal building blocks.

Remark : The quantum as source of matter is not treated in this work.

A quantum q with diameter 2Rq is simultaneously :

* size-varying spacial (distance) unit as the source of time in generalized GR
* size varying energy unit as the source of gravity
* size varying locally stationary constituent of propagation of light

DCC - Discrete Contracting Coordinates drive energy density and gravity

For the unified field (DCC) of a gravitational well with mass M at a given radius, we observe :
(k = a constant, supposed to contain a.o. G and 1/ 4pi) (Rq = radius of a quantum)

DCC shows that the surface area of quantum q (green sphere) is always proportional to the surface
area of body M (blue sphere).
DCC shows that the quantum volume at the surface of M will decrease with an increase of mass, as
more mass within the blue sphere will force more quanta of the field to take place on the surface area
of M.
This however, is only valid at the surface, because in the equator plane for distances further and
further away from the well, we observe the quantum size 2Rq proportional to the circumference 2piR.
On top of that, these radial distance units do NOT stay constant in size, thus Newtons Law and
Einsteins gravity are altered due to this outward expanding size of the quanta of the distance units
configuring time (or inward Contracting Discrete Coordinates : DCC).

20
We have a body M as the equivalent of a permeable sphere of varying density, in a compressible fluid.
Advancing on the simplistic analogy of a tennisball in a sponge, where the sponge (field) will feature
less and less density outward as the response to the presence of the ball. DCC provides a hypothesis
for the exact evolution of density. The principle is explained in Part B II.B.2

*2Rq ~ 1/M ~ 4piR ~ 1/energy density in the radial or tangential direction (1D)
* 1 / (2Rq)] ~ gravitational energy density of a patch of quanta at the surface (2D)
* This 2D gravitational energy density ~ gravitational acceleration g
* Combining : g ~ M / 4piR thus g = kM/R : Newtons Law (+remarks above)
Note : From the surface of M radially outward, DCC shows a generalized exponential increase of
quantum sizes, therefore different from the surface result where Newtons law governs.
* 1/2Rq ~ frequency at distance r, or the size 2Rq ~ the wavelength of light

EXAMPLE 1 (Slide 6 from Chapter II.A.2 is repeated here) :

Reducing the diameter 2Rq of a quantum to 50%, will quadruple the amount of quanta in a given area
patch, and will multply them by 8 in a given vomule patch.
Remark : This slide 6 is only the main principle, generalized in slides 9 to 10 for radially and
tangentially inward contracting quanta, were the same feature holds.

21
EXAMPLE 2 (Slides 7 and 8 from Chapter II.A.2 is repeated here) :
Quadruple the mass of M (blue sphere) while maintaining its radius, will quadruple the amount of
quanta on a given patch of surface area.

22
B.I.2 Quanta as Discrete Contracting Coordinates curve spacetime generalized

Interpretation towards generalized equivalent of GRs gravitational time dilatation

General principle of data compression () as energy density increase

() : Reference 1 p.28 :
You can only put 4 bits of information into the space of 3 bits, if you reduce the size of the bits. And
this happens automatically in DCC according to the available space on a holographic layer at a given
distance from the gravitational well. The mathematical correlation is presented in B.II.2 B, and this
mathematical model really is the key to the new interpretation of the gravitational time dilatation
factor.
But let us first show the principle of datacompression by means of a physical anaolgy. Imagine a body
M as a permeable volume of a given density, in a discrete expandable and compressible fluid.
A collection of uncompressible spheres (marbles as mass constituents) in fluid of discrete but
expandable/compressible spheres according to the available space (~gas): the quanta of the unified
field represented mathematically as the Discrete Contracting Coordinates of our concept DCC. The
expansive nature of the quanta arises from the hypothesis of a quantum as an orbitting field-mass
within the picture of unifying matter and space in one concept (Reference 1 p.30, slide 6). Also see
remark at the end of this Appendix.
Remark 1 : See also Appendix 2 (A slide from Reference 1 p.28)
Remark 2 : In the DCC concept and slides, marbles are mass constituents within the blue larger
central sphere (a body M). And the discrete water-quanta are the green spheres packing around it,
having contracted.

See Slide 9
Place an amount of 64/ marbles together in an apparent spherical volume M.
Place that volume of marbles in a bucket filled with water, except the water consists of expandible and
contractable discrete water-quanta with each a sliced surface area of 1m.
Remark: k is a constant, representing the ratio : diameter marble / diameter water-quantum.
Now 64 water-quanta willl take place on the apparent surface area of that volume, but their diameter
will reduce according to the available space on that smaller spherical surface area. So 1m becomes
contracted to 36/64 m, as displayed in the image below.

23
Slide 9 : Data compression to physical analogy to grav.time dilatation formalism

Observe the formalism of the gravitational time dilatation as we know it :

We had above : 1 28/64 = 8/8 - (2828) / 8 = 1 - (2828) / 8 = 36/64

So as indicated above, we have to take the root and take the inverse for the result :

And we derive the meaning :

So the gravitational time dilatation factor actually tells you how many of the size-reduced quanta will
fit into the original surface area (8x8m). Or conventionally : the amount as seen from the location of
the larger surface area. And this now clears up the meaning of the notion of the observer.

24
 Interpretation towards generalized equivalent of GRs wavelength and redshift.
A generalized theory - be it under construction - should make new predictions solving standing issues.
(See Slide 10)
DCC interprets cosmological redshift as mattervolume-dependent contraction of space, in a static (not
evolving over time) universe with non-linear (accelerating) expansion of the distance units (quanta),
thus featuring the illusion of an accelerated expansion over time.

CDM model interprets cosmological redshift as bigbang-dependent accelerated expansion of space

over time.
Hence a Big Bang scenario is avoided, because the expanded pattern is caused by the mere presence of
baryonic matter which contracts the physical space (isotropic contracting distance units modeled by
discrete contracting quanta). Thats because in DCC, time from GR is not a 4th dimension, but an
intrinsic feature of contraction/expansion (equally in x, y and z-direction : isotropic) of the distance
units themselves, which embody the fabric of space.
You can only put 4 bits of information into the space of 3 bits, if you reduce the size of the bits. And
this happens automatically in DCC according to the available space on a holographic layer at a given
distance from the gravitational well. Resulting in an exponential increase of distance unit size outward
(or DCC: Discrete Contracting Coordinates inward), unlike the current gravitational time dilatation.

We present the links and differences we have derived sofar, between the models of DCC & CDM :
Discrete Contracting Coordinates vs Lambda Cold Dark Matter
Redshift z in DCC :

RQ = Rq ((1 + X )^n) (7) See I.A.2: the DCC-equasion driving the configuration of space

Rq = RQ / ((1 + X )^n) (8)

z=( o- e)/ e (9) Redshift known as relation between observed and emitted

z = ( RQ - Rq ) / Rq (10) In DCC the diameter/radius of a quantum ~ wavelength

z = [ (RQ [RQ / ((1 + X )^n) ] ] / [ RQ / [(1 + X )^n] ] (11) : (8) into (10)

[ RQ [RQ / ((1 + X )^n ] = [ RQ ((1 + X )^n) ] - RQ ] / ((1 + X )^n) (12) rewriting this part

z = [ RQ ((1 + X )^n) ] - RQ ] / RQ (13) : (12) into (11)

z = (1 + X )^n) - 1 / 1 (14) : setting RQ to 1

z = (1 + X )^n) - 1 or 1 + z = (1 + X )^n

25
Slide 10

26
 Interpretation towards generalized equivalent of SRs kinetic time dilatation
(See Slide 11 : next page)

Equivalently, we look into the inertial case, using the same formalism :
And we derive the meaning :

v is the action, just as 2GM/r was the action depending on r and M. So v ~ 2GM/r = 28
So time dilatation caused by a change in v, results in a changed energy density around the mass
constituent. Say this constituent is a 2D surface, modelled with an orbiting intrinsic mass (Making it in
fact 3D thus.), then a light pulse will be created by means of momentum transfers over the fixed
length. But this length consists of more but smaller quanta. Hence it will take longer for a pulse to
form : time slows down.
For the inertial case, this is an endodermic interpretation (intra-atom), where the kinetic time dilatation
interprets as the path of the photon getting longer as seen from. Hence the photon taking longer to
complete one pulse (exodermic interpretation). (See Reference 1 - p.20).
See Appendix 3 for concept of propagation of light in relation to the quanta of the unified field :
General Quantum Gravity Version 1.1 ISBN 9789402149999 p.13 principle 3 and p.14 slide 1 :
Reference 1)

Conclusions from the equivalence principle

Our unification of distance units, emergent time, energy density, and assigning a unit of mass to every
expanding/contracting quantum of space, makes sense because we already knew from the kinetic time
dilatation factor that in the current theory space contraction and time dilatation and energy absorption
all follow :

And equivalently they will follow in the gravitational case within the paradigm of our
presented theory under condtruction. (spherically symmetric non-rotating limit.)

This results in a universal building block for space and matter, as the vision for a future unified theory.

27
Slide 11

28
Remark on Chapter I.B.2 :
Permeable volumes was treated by J. Jerome (Reference 9 p.1-3) before my proposition. But it was
not combined with a gravitational field of discrete expandable/compressible units. Which provides the
generalized GR dynamic of intrinsic expansive energy of the field (or increasing energy density
inward per fixed volume), where length units receive a changing size (The accompanied discrete
calculus and geometry thus also avoids renormalization procedures, avoids the vacuum catastrophe).
Leading to the interpretation of a static universe with only an apparent expansion, because the quanta
are contracted inward due to the presence of a body M. Instead also, of a theory of inflation with a Big
Bang, because of the derived accelerated contraction/expansion of the quanta.
I also do not support a Le Sage-like pressure as the cause of gravity (Alternative explained in
Reference 1 p.20,21). That may work when standing on the earth. But when falling in from a higher
altitude, one would fall into a medium of higher density, which would resort in the opposite of an
acceleration. Our concepts works with energy density per original volume expressed as data
compression, where mass is made of condensed field, unlike aether concepts. In aether concepts it is
also assumed that emitted light can get slowed down by the aether, whereas in DCC the unified field
consists of the constituents of light. Which is why light travels independently of the source, and why
the length contraction of bodies needs a new interpretation as an isotropic contraction of field units
causing energy conservation (Reference 1 page 19 Waiting for Godot in the M.M. experiment)

29
B.I.3 Experiment : proving anisotropy of space and predicting generalized redshift

A proposal for an experimental test - still in a conceptual face - shows how DCC generalizes the
concepts of frequency, wavelength, redshift from General Relativity.
REMARK : Please read Slide 10 page 25 first.

Purpose of the experiment

Proving that DCC predicts redshift more accurately than GR, for any given distance D from the
surface of a body M, given the wavelength of emitted light, or frequency of an atom clock.
This redshift replaces the calssical gravitational redshift in GR aswell as the redshift in the context of
inflation theory where space is assumed to show an accelerated expansion over time. Because in the
DCC-concept we hypothesize on an intrinsic exponentially contracted space due to the presence of a
body M with radius Rm: space contracting over space.
If we repeat the test for different heights, and the discrepancy between classic calculation and DCC-
prediction increases, then we have a result in good support of the anisotropy of space.

Setup of the experiment

Place atom clock 1 at earth surface > read frequency > deduce wavelength 1 at earth surface
Place atom clock 2 at height D > read frequency > deduce wavelength 2 at height D
Calculate classic gravitational redshift with General Relativity
Calculate Generalized Gravitational Redshift with PGGR-DCC V.1.0
These 2 results should show a discrepancy.
Check if PGGR-DCC-calculus returns a value of the wavelength closer to the observed value 2.

Condition :
The discrepancy has to be larger than the error margin of the measurements, so the higher we can
place atom clock 2 the better.

30
 Explanation of the calculations featuring in PGGR-DCC V.1.0
The generalization is deduced from the following interpretation of DCC (Slide 10 p.25) :
The height D from the earth surface to clock 2 is determined with c = d/t hence d = ct. This calculation
assumes a constant speed of light, hence c is also the avarage speed of an emitted photon going forth
and back to between clock 1 and 2. But our concept entails a reversed setup where we do not have
contracting rods but inward contracting units of space. It follows that the avarage speed back and forth
between clock 1 and 2 will be higher than c at the earth surface : enlarging distance units radially
outward mans more distance covered by the same amount of momentum transfers of the propagation
of light, explained in Appendix 3.
(Even though this may only be reasonably detectable at cosmological distances. Hence the presumed
concept in inflation theory of receeding speeds of galaxies exceeding the speed of light c.)
This means that the actual height is larger, accompanied by a larger value of the wavelength. This is
what our PGGR-DCC-calculus program (below) uses a.o. So the classic prediction underestimates the
distance, hence underestimates the wavelength. Consequently D has to be enlarged by a factor to
becom D, to be used in the prediction.
That factor X, the expansion rate, is the ratio of wavelength 2 / wavelength 1 in the formula of
exponential expansion of distance units. And thus we derive the value for the correct redshift z : 1+z
= (1+x)^n hence z = [ (1+X)^n -1 ]

Program sequence in PGGR-DCC V.1.0 for Generalized Redshift

300000 print " "

310000 print " "
320000 print " "
350000 print " Interpretation and applications for physics of DCC-calculus (Ref.pages
5,7,7) "
360000 print " "
400000 print " Predicting Generalized Gravitational Redshift with DCC (Discrete Contracting
Coordinates) : PGGR-DCC-calculus V.1.0 "
400050 print " "
400060 print " PGGR-DCC-calculus V.1.0 - Copyright 2017 Koenraad M.L.L. Van
Spaendonck "

31
400070 print " "
400100 print " INPUTS : Rm & Rq / OUTPUTS : X & 1/X & n & RQ & z'
"
400101 print " "
400102 print " "
400103 print " "
400110 print ">> Input Rm : Radius of body M (gravitational well)"
400120 print " "
400130 input R
400140 print " "
400150 print ">> Input Rq : Wavelength/2 at radius Rm (at the surface of body M)"
400160 print " "
400170 input L
400210 print " "
400212 print ">> Input D : radial distance from Rm to the requested wavelength/2 RQ (D calculated
with constant speed of light c)"
400213 print " "
400214 input D
400215 print " "
400216 print " "
400217 print " "
400218 print " "
400220 print "* The expansion rate ' X ' for wavelengths, from one holographic spherical layer to the
next radially outward ="
400225 print " "
400230 x = ((((2*L*R)/(R-L))-L)/L)-1
400240 print x
400242 print " "
400244 print " "

32
400245 print "* The contraction rate ' 1/X ' of the Discrete Contracting Coordinates (due to input of
body M with Rm into field.) = "
400246 y=1/x
400247 print " "
400248 print y
400249 print " "
400250 print " "
400260 print " "
400270 print " "
400280 n=0
400300 Q=0
400400 Q = Q+(2*L*((1+x)^n))
400500 n=n+1
400600 IF Q<D THEN GOTO 400400
400700 IF Q>D THEN GOTO 400800
400750 print " "
400770 print " "
400800 print "* The requested wavelength/2 RQ at the expanded distance D' = "
400850 print " "
4001300 print (L*((1+x)^(n-1)))
4001400 print " "
4001200 print " "
4001500 print " "
4001600 print "* The number of expanded distance units (Contracted radially inward) ' n ' over D'
(surface unit not included) = "
4001700 print " "
4001800 print n-1
4001900 u = n-1

33
5000000 print " "
5001000 print " "
5001100 print " "
5001200 print "The Generalized Gravitational Redshift z' at expanded distance D' (with (1 + x)^n = 1
+ z') = "
5001300 print " "
5001400 print " "
5001500 print ((1+x)^u)-1
5001550 print " "
5001570 print " "
5001580 print " "
5001600 print "NOTE 1 : z' is the observed redshift, but it features at the actual distance D'"
5001650 print " "
5001700 print "NOTE 2 : z' replaces the classically calculated redshift z = (obs. wavelength - em.
wavelength) / em. wavelength"
5001750 print " "
5001780 print "NOTE 3 : The exponential intrinsic contraction and expansion of space takes place
over space, not over time"
5001785 print " "
5001790 print "NOTE 4 : "
5001800 print "PGGR-DCC-calculus V.1.0 can be used to count energy units (n) of the discrete field
(Slide 4B page 13)"
5001850 print "Due to the isotropic nature of the contractions, the field is also automatically
tangentially (XY-plane) discretized"
10000000 end

34
 CHAPTER B.II.

Decisive factors to turn SR and GR inside out in favor of a generalization

(Recommend reading motivation on physics first)
(See Slide 12 next page)

B.II.1 Diagram of decisive factors for the proposed approach to DCC

We present a diagram of decisive factors which have lead us to deduce a necessary renterpretation of
the mathematics of Special Relativity and General Relativity, as a new map between reality and the
new model with Discrete Contracting Coordinates (See HYPOTHESIS).
With the long-term objective to obtain a generalized theory with a unified discrete field. Instead of
further elaborations directly from the existing model with curved spacetime as a continuum, in need of
a cosmological constant, inflation etc.
As an analogy from information science, we could regard spacetime as the Windows environment, and
DCC as the Machine Code (closer to the hardware) driving its emergent appearence. And the energy
density of the unified field is represented by data-compression of size-varying, not content-varying
information bits (Ref. 1 - p.3).
This means we are developing a renewed theory from old evidence. This is a subject treated by Sylvia
Wenmackers & Romeijn (10). In the same context, we also refer to Lee Smolins work from 2015 :
Lessons from Einsteins 1915 discovery of general relativity (Ref. 1-13), and to Ref.1 p.9.
Further, this ensemble of steps taken was also realized with the help of our developed enhanced
problem solving method (IQD form IPD: See Appendix 4) featuring a hybrid of Integrated Product
Design and research in theoretical physics, in order to enlarge the range of conditions towards
coherent, more durable new theory under developement.
Remark: This data-compression analogy, and our mathematical representation of it (DCC), has its origin in a
conceptual proposition which goes back to 1967 when A.D. Sakharov explained :In Einsteins theory of
gravitation one postulates that the action of spacetime depends on the curvature (R is the invariant of the Ricci
tensor. The presence of the action (1) leads to a metrical elasticity of space, i.e., to generalized forces which
oppose the curving of space. Here we consider the hypothesis which identifies the action (1) with the change in
the action of quantum fluctuations of the vacuum if space is curved. Thus, we consider the metrical elasticity of
space as a sort of level displacement effect (cf. also [1a]).

[Link : http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~akempf/sakharov.pdf - p.365]

[General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2000Translated from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol.
177, No. 1, pp. 7071, November 1967. Original article submitted August 28, 1967.]

35
Slide 12 - diagram of decisive factors
Notes concerning de Sitter-like space e.a. :
Developing concepts of emergent gravity within the context of the equivalent of a de Sitter space has been
addressed in (Ref.1 - p.37) and is further developed in our currently presented work. We use the term deS-like
(and AdS-like space) because our geometry only has general resemblance to it.

Our geometry has a very specific isotropic (equal effect radially and tangentially) contraction of quanta, which
has the unique ability to solve the rotating disk issue (See Slides 11, 12 p.19) thus providing a Euclidean
solution, and avoiding transition to a non-Eucildean geometrical mathematical object (See Motivation on the
physics and Slide with Hypothesis Visual of geometrical transition at the beginning, and see Diagram of
decisive factors on page 36).

The application of emergence of spacetime and gravity to de Sitter space has been treated by Erik Verlinde (11),
especially in the context of alternatives to Dark Matter, and related issues treated before that (Ref.1 (4)).

Several remarks have to be made in the context of our current work presented here :

-Our DCC-model has an intrinsic exponential contraction of distance units. This leads to a picture of the universe
where the Hubble constant receives a second derivative from first prinicples : an increase per unit of time, of the
increase. Except of course : see next item :

-DCC does not entail a universe of receeding galaxies in an expanding universe, neither a picture of accelerated
expansion, and thus neither the concept of inflation. DCC entails an increase of the increase over space
according to the formulas in Ref.1, and elaborated on in our current work. That is where the excess in redshift
comes from in our model.

-Our model does not use an incompressible elastic medium. There is no relaxation over time included. There is
no need for this in DCC, the exponential contracted static field (inducing the illusion of an expansion over time)
is a direct result of the presence of matter, and thus a compressible medium would be the correct (but
incomplete) analogy to be applied to our paradigm. Size-varying information bits, not content-varying
information bits is what ensures data-compression in an discrete way in our unified field, thus inducing energy
density differences per holographic layer of space, driving gravity, and wavelengths of light.

- Information is of course an abstract entity which can invoke nothing as such. It must refer to actual physical
processes on the micro-level. We have made a first conceptual representation of this by inserting a field-mass
constituent which orbits, forming an oscillator of the field with intrinsic expanding energy : Our quantum of
space now holds the promise to unite with matter in a further to develope theory, avision already expressed by
Einstein (7). But of course this is again a conceptual model because this mass might just the same consist of
many subconstituents. The characteristics we assign to it matter for our hypotheses, because the true physical
appearance is unknown from our leel of scale currently. (See page 37 and Ref.1 pages
3,14,22,23,26,27,30,36,37).

-A hypothesis to be further elaborated on is this one : Does the tangential contraction (ergo illusion of tangential
expansion) entail an explanion for flat galaxy rotation curves ? Does it replace the current interpretation for
inceased orbit velocities of stars towards the outskirts of galaxies ? This would lead to the satisfying assessment
of dark matter and dark energy having a common origin in the isotropic contraction of distance/energy units
(quanta, oscillators of the field,..) due to the presence of matter-volume. (Matter-volumes : Ref.9)

Our current work of DCC entails a hypothesis (mathematical model and interpetation towards reality) for the
meaning of quantum entanglement in the subemergent physical processes governing gravity, entailing the
simultaneous developement of a discrete counting method of discretized space with emerging time : Emergent
Gravity from Discrete Geometry [EG from DG].

37
APPENDICES Appendix 1 (See page 20 - Part B / Chapter B.I.)

39
Appendix 2 (See page 23 - Part B / Chapter B.I.2)

41
Appendix 3 (See page 24 - Part B / Chapter B.I.2)

43
Appendix 4 (See page 35 - Part B / Chapter B.II.1)

45
 REFERENCES

(1) Van Spaendonck, K.M.L.L., General Quantum Gravity - Version 1.1, Mol:
K.M.L.L. Van Spaendonck, ISBN 9789402149999 [ published on a.o. Amazon ]

Info :
This work is the basis of the mathematical work and interpretations for physics in DCC.
This discrete geometry was called GQG-geometry in that preliminary foundational work.

This work contains the following relevant references :

[*] General and Special Theory of Relativity

Einstein, A. (1916), Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativittstheorie, Annalen der Physik, 354 (7): 769822
(10)

Einstein, A. (1905), Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Krper, Annalen der Physik 17, 322 (10): 891921.

[**] Einsteins 1911 paper on the bending of light

Einstein, A. (1911), On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light, Annalen der Physik, 35 :
p.898908

[1] Standing on the shoulders of giants.

Turnbull H.W. (1959), The correspondence of Isaac Newton, volume 1, edited by HW Turnbull, p. 416
Note: About 300 years ago Isaac Newton speculated that light particles and matter particles were interconvertible
[The equivalent of todays unifying concept of a universal building block for space and matter?], in Query 30 of
his work Opticks [1718] : "Are not the gross bodies and light convertible into one another, and may not bodies
receive much of their activity from the particles of light which enter their composition ? ".

[2] Integrated Product Design (IPD)

Braet J. and Verhaert P. (2007), The practice of new products and new business, Acco, p.51,52

47
[3] Integrated Product Design Assessment Tool

van Gogh D., Goethijn F. and Meskens L. (2007), T.H.E.-method, a visualised assessment tool used for
integrated product developement, IASDR07 Honkong Polytechnic University, p.5, 6

Link: https://www.sd.polyu.edu.hk/iasdr/proceeding/papers/T.H.E.-
method,%20a%20Visualised%20Assessment%20Tool%20Used%20for%20Integrated%20Product%20Develop
ment.pdf

[4] Emergent Gravity Paradigm

Relevant papers by T. Padmanabhan on his homepage : Link : http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/

[Go to My Research - List of publications - numbers a.o. : 204, 218, 227, 245, 250 ]

Popular account [References at end of article] : http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/research/SAfinalarticle.pdf

Further : On the origin of gravity and the laws of Newton [2010, Erik Verlinde, Institute for Theoretical
Physics University of Amsterdam]: http://arxiv.org/abs/1001.0785, containing a reference to T. Padmanabhans
paper : Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights, arXiv:0911.5004 [gr-qc]

[9bis] [This work is mentioned on p.21] Displacement by insertion of a matter volume & Volume/Surface rule

Jerome J. and Jerome F. (2012) , New Version of General Relativity that Unifies Mass and Gravity in a Common
4D Higgs Compatible Theory, Sciences-Tech, France, Appendices B, D and E

With remark by the authors : J. Jerome, F. Jerome (20052014). The main article and appendices are the
theoretical part of patents filed at INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property), under the following references:
238268, 238633, 244221, 05 13355, FR 2 895 559, 248427, 258796, 261255, 268327, 297706, 297751, 297811,
297928, 298079, 298080, 329638, 332647, 335152, 335153, 339797, 12-01112, FR 2 989 507

[11] Spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve.

John Archibald Wheeler and Kenneth Ford (1998), Geons, black holes and quantum foam: A life in physics., W.
W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04642-7 : p.235

[13] The need for causal principles, and the search for coherence.

Smolin, L. (2015), Lessons from Einsteins 1915 discovery of general relativity, Perimeter Institute for
Theoretical Physics : http://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.07551.pdf : p.12 a.o.

48
[14] How do systems self-organize ?

Heylighen F. (2008), Complexity and Self-organization, Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, M.
J. Bates & M. N. Maack (Taylor & Francis, 2008) : http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/ELIS-complexity.pdf
Curriculum and publications of Prof. F. Heylighen: http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SELFORG.html

Note: A short informative video presentation on Complexity-science and Self-organization.

Link : https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/154803e74325c311?projector=1

[15] Hafele-Keating 1972 time dilatation experiment

Hafele, J.C. and Keating, R.E. (1972), Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Predicted Relativistic Time Gains,
Science, New Series, Vol. 177, No.4044, p.166-168

(2) Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Vol. 5: The Swiss Years: Correspondence,
19021914 (CPAE 5). Klein, Martin J., Kox, Anne J., and Schulmann, Robert (eds.).
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993, Doc. 264, note 4.
(3) Ehrenfest, Paul (1909), "Gleichfrmige Rotation starrer Krper und
Relativittstheorie", Physikalische Zeitschrift 10, 918.
(4) Weinstein, G. (2015), Einstein's Uniformly Rotating Disk and the Hole Argument,
p.2 [Link: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1504/1504.03989.pdf]
(5) Van Spaendonck, K.M.L.L. (2016), Emerging Continuous Curvature from
Discrete Contracting Coordinates [ ECC from DCC ], Mol: K.M.L.L. Van
Spaendonck, ISBN allocated

(6) Excerpt of Einsteins 1916 letter to H.W. Dllenbach

But you have correctly grasped the drawback that the continuum brings. If the molecular view of
matter is the correct (appropriate) one, i.e., if a part of the universe is to be represented by a finite
number of moving points, then the continuum of the present theory contains too great a manifold of
possibilities. I also believe that this too great is responsible for the fact that our present means of
description miscarry with the quantum theory.
The problem seems to me how one can formulate statements about a discontinuum without calling
upon a continuum (space-time) as an aid; the latter should be banned from the theory as a
supplementary construction not justified by the essence of the problem, which corresponds to nothing
real. But we still lack the mathematical structure unfortunately. How much have I already plagued
myself in this way! [Referenced by Physicist Sabine Hossenfelder on Backreaction, as Einstein on
the discreteness of space-time ]

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(7) Einsteins hypothetical relationship between matter and field

Einstein A. and Infeld L., The Evolution of Physics, Cambridge University Press: 1938

We could regard matter as being made up of regions of space in which the field is extremely
intense There would be no place in this new physics for both field and matter, for the field would be
the only reality.

(8) Coolidge, J.L., The Origin of Polar Coordinates, Harvard University, p.78-85
Info :
Bonaventura Cavalieri (1635 & 1653) p.79 and Newton (1671 & 1736) p.81
with references to the work of Cavalieri and Newton on p.85

(9) Displacement by insertion of a matter volume & Volume/Surface rule

Jerome J. and Jerome F. (2012) , New Version of General Relativity that Unifies Mass
and Gravity in a Common 4D Higgs Compatible Theory, Sciences-Tech, France,
Appendices B, D and E
With remark by the authors : J. Jerome, F. Jerome (20052014). The main article and appendices are
the theoretical part of patents filed at INPI (National Institute of Industrial Property), under the
following references: 238268, 238633, 244221, 05 13355, FR 2 895 559, 248427, 258796, 261255,
268327, 297706, 297751, 297811, 297928, 298079, 298080, 329638, 332647, 335152, 335153,
339797, 12-01112, FR 2 989 507

(10) New theory about old evidence A framework for open-minded Bayesianism
Wenmackers, S. & Romeijn, JW. Synthese (2016) 193:1225. doi:10.1007/s11229-
014-0632-x

(11) Emergent spacetime and de Sitter space

Verlinde, E.P. (2016), Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe, Delta-Institute for
Theoretical Physics Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, p.3 a.o.
(arXiv:1611.02269)

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