Assignment 4.

1. Discuss the eight principles of the ISO 9000 standard.

The ISO 9000 standard is based on eight principles:

1) Customer Focus: Understand the customers needs, meet the customers

requirements, and strive to exceed the customers expectations.

2) Leadership: Establish unity of purpose and organizational direction and provide an

environment that promotes employee involvement and achievement of objectives.

3) Involvement of People: Take advantage of fully involved employees, using all their
abilities for the benefit of the organization

4) Process Approach: Recognize that things accomplished are the results of processes
and that processes along with related activities and resources must be managed.

5) System Approach to Management: The multiple interrelated processes that

contribute to the organizations effectiveness are a system and should be managed as a
system.

6) Continual Improvement: Continual improvement should be a permanent objective

applied to the organization and to its people, processes, systems, and products.

7) Factual Approach to Decision Making: Decisions must be based on the analysis of

accurate, relevant, and reliable data and information.

8) Mutually Beneficial Supplier Relationships: Both the organization and the supplier
benefiting from one anothers resources and knowledge results in value for all.

2. Discuss Pareto Charts.

A Pareto chart is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where
individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total
is represented by the line.

The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence, but it can alternatively represent
cost or another important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is the cumulative
percentage of the total number of occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of
measure. The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the most important among a
(typically large) set of factors. In quality control, it often represents the most common
sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect, or the most frequent reasons
for customer complaints, and so on. Example of a Pareto Chart if on pic 1.
 Pic.1

3. Discuss fishbone diagrams.

Fishbone diagrams (also called Ishikawa diagrams) are causal diagrams created
by Kaoru Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific event. Common uses of
the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention, to identify
potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or reason for imperfection is a
source of variation. Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify these
sources of variation. The categories typically include

People: Anyone involved with the process

Methods: How the process is performed and the specific requirements for doing
it, such as policies, procedures, rules, regulations and laws
Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc. required to accomplish the job
Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc. used to produce the final
product
Measurements: Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its
quality
Environment: The conditions, such as location, time, temperature, and culture in
which the process operates

4. Discuss histograms.
A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of
the probability distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative variable) To construct a
histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of valuesthat is, divide the entire range of
values into a series of small intervalsand then count how many values fall into each
interval. A rectangle is drawn with height proportional to the count and width equal to
the bin size, so that rectangles about each other. A histogram may also
be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that
fall into each of several categories, with the sum of the heights equaling 1. The bins are
usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The bins
 (intervals) must be adjacent and usually equal size. The rectangles of a histogram are
drawn so that they touch each other to indicate that the original variable is continuous.
Example of a histogram is on pic 2.

Pic.2

5. Discuss control charts for variables.

Shewhart developed the control chart to separate the special causes from the common
causes. Data are plotted over time, just as with a run chart; the difference is that the
data stay between the upper control limit (UCL) and the lower control limit (LCL) while
varying about the centerline or average only so long as the variation is the result of
common causes (i.e., statistical variation). Whenever a special cause impacts the
process, one of two things will happen: Either a plot point will penetrate UCL or LCL, or
there will be a run of several points in a row above or below the average line. Control
charts are the appropriate tool to monitor processes. The properly used control chart will
immediately alert the operator to any change in the process. The appropriate response
to that alert is to stop the process at once, preventing the production of defective
product.

6. Discuss flowcharts and give a simple example.

A flowchart is a graphic representation of a process. A necessary step in improving a

process is to flowchart it. In this way, all parties involved can begin with the same
understanding of the process. A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents
an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and
their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates
a solution model to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing,
documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. Example of a
flowchart is on pic 3.
 Pic.3

7. Explain what an FMEA is.

Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) tries to identify all possible potential failures
of a product or process, prioritize them according to their risk, and set in motion action
to eliminate or reduce the probability of their occurrence. FMEA just tries to identify all
the possible types (modes) of failures that could happen to a product or a process
before they happen. Once the possible failure modes have been identified, the effects
analysis kicks in and studies the potential consequences of those failures. Next, the
consequences of each potential failure are ranked by

Seriousness/Criticality to the customer

Probability of the faults occurrence
Probability of the faults detection by the systems
Responsible for defect prevention or detection

8. Provide an overview of the Toyota practical problem solving process.

Overview of Toyota practical problem solving process:

Toyotas Practical Problem-Solving Process is said to have seven main steps,
 although the number of steps may depend on ones definition of step. Note that Step
2, for example, is broken into several sub-processes. Regardless of how the process
steps are counted, the excellent Toyota process is appropriate for almost all situations,
including both latent and existent problem categories.

Step 1: Perceive the initial problem

Step 2: Clarify the problem
Step 3: Determine the point of cause
Step 4: Determine the Root cause using the Five-Why Analysis
Step 5: Develop and Implement a countermeasure
Step 6: Determine the Effectiveness of the countermeasure
Step 7: Change the Standard

9. Explain a total quality decision making process.

Decision making is the process of selecting one course of action from among two or
more alternatives. Decision making is a critical task in a total quality setting.

Decisions play the same role in an organization that fuel plays in an automobile engine:
They keep it running. The work of an organization cannot proceed until decisions are
made. In Difficult situations, Managers should be prepared to have their decisions
evaluated and even criticized after the fact. Although it may seem unfair to conduct a
retrospective critique of decisions that were made during the heat of battle, having
ones decisions evaluated is part of accountability, and it can be an effective way to
improve a managers decision-making skills.

10.Explain why quality tools are important?

Importance of quality tools:

Quality management includes planning, processes, and acceptable, organized
outcomes. Quality management tools and some useful steps to follow are:

Project Planning Here you should create a project checklist as well as a

project control process. Team members can use this planning phase to identify
possible conflicts, changes, or risks associated with the project and, at this stage,
should write the project scope.
Pareto Charts A Pareto chart is an easy way to identify tasks within the project
and prioritize their importance. The final goal of the Pareto chart is to determine
where to maximize efforts to obtain maximum results.
Fishbone Charts The fishbone chart identifies faults or problems in the
process or project. It is often used as a graphic demonstration to identify
problems, their causes and effect.
Histogram This bar chart includes project variables and identifies root
problems. It can also provide a glimpse of where problems lie in relation to the
entire project, or on how large scale they appear.
 Charts and Graphs Visual components are often the best way to understand
your quality management process to see how well it functions initially and
throughout the project, and to evaluate project outcomes.

Social Networking Articles

1. Trump Administration To Drop Climate Change From Environmental

Review
Summary: This article states that current administration is set to step back on climate
change roles and reduce decision making roles across the US government. According
to a report on Bloomberg the President of the United States plans to roll back the fight
on climate change, for example clear power plan act which was initiated by previous
administration. The new order will reduce the amount of attention has paid on climate
change when making policies.

My view: I agree with the opinions above. The climate change is real and many
countries are cooperating in order to slow down the process and promote the use and
development of clean energy. On the 28th of March, President Trump has signed the
executive order unwinding Obama's Climate Policies. Even though it will take a while for
this Order to come into power, and it will ave some miners' jobs, it means that it future
Paris Agreements to reduce climate-altering pollution will not be met. It might be a
signal to many countries to do same, burning into ashes the whole purpose of those
agreements.

Discussion link: https://groups.google.com/forum/?

utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer#!topic/sonetw/Mh5nDL1P1dg

2. The Durabulb LED Lightbulb Delivers Improvements In Unexpected Places

Summary: Lightbulbs are traditionally known as fragile and once broken produce many shards
of glass or quartz that can be dangerous. The Durabulb LED lightbulb eliminates this risk by
replacing the glass enclosure with plastic which will not shatter like glass. This is possible
because of LED technology which does not require an enclosure to operate. The LED
technology makes this product far better than incandescents because LEDs use less energy
and last much longer. Over time, less and less lightbulbs will be thrown out because they last
longer. Because these lightbulbs are not fragile, heavy cardboard packaging is no longer
required to protect them in shipping, thus reducing packaging waste which is a bonus.

My view: I think durabulb is a great idea. When designed well, LED lighting can be more
efficient, durable, versatile and longer lasting than a regular bulb. If its cost is
competitive to the regular bulbs, It could replace the old glass bulbs. They seem to be
safer (which is, as the article suggests, a great option for kids rooms) and require less
packaging (which is great considering how much paper and cardboard is wasted all the
time).
 Discussion link: https://groups.google.com/forum/?
utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer#!topic/sonetw/QOQVm2PrHmo

3. GoDaddy revokes nearly 9,000 SSL certificates issued without proper

validation

Summary: GoDaddy validated many domains, because of a bug in their system. This
was the result of change in in the routine code recently. The certificate authorities
domain validation system used to access an applicant's file on their web server via
HTTP or HTTPS. Upon the advent of the bug, the system ignored the HTTP status code
and validated domain names even if the file was missing from the server. Consequently,
GoDaddy had to revoke 9000 SSL certificates.
The method of file-based domain control validation might allow attackers to obtain
certificates for domains that they don't own. Since, this issue was pointed out by
Microsoft, more regulations should be put on certificate issuance. Hopefully, the new
rules put forth by CA forum will help prevent these kind of abuse in future.

My view: This is a serious issue causing a lot of inconveniences both for the website
owners and for their users. Is there any threat to any personal data on those websites?
What kind of websites were those? But lets hope that this failure will bring up the
attention and will be a reason for making the certificate issuance more secure and
validated.

Discussion link: https://groups.google.com/forum/?

utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer#!topic/sonetw/XzMSG_JI9tw