Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A
Technical Seminar Report
Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the
Academic Requirements
For the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
By
D.BHAVANI 13AG1A0444
Under the esteemed guidance of
Y.V.S DURGA PRASAD
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
2016-17
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2. Electromagnetic Spectrum 3
4. Transmitter Section 7
4.1 Magnetron
5. Receiver Design 9
5.1 Rectenna 10
6.1 Advantages 15
6.2 Disadvantages
6.3Applications
7. Conclusion 16
8.REFERENCES 17
Fig no Title Page no
1 Electro magnetic spectrum 3
2 Block diagram 6
3 Magnetron 7
4 Slotted wave guided antenna 8
5 Rectenna block diagram with load 10
6 LM 2907 IC 12
ABSTRACT
The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical
electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical
energy. Batteries
based on the charging ability are classified into primary and secondary cells.
Secondary
cells are widely used because of their rechargeable nature.
Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a
large part
of the devices weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible,
safe energy
storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern
gadgets. New
research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best
hope of
implementing the flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more.
The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation
gadgets. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and
production device
formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of
cellulose-based
paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super
capacitor, combining
two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination
allows the
battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of
energy. Non-
toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next
generation of
electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new
designs and
medical technologies.
The various types of batteries followed by the operation principle,
manufacturing
and working of paper batteries are discussed in detail.
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER BATTERY
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ORDINARY BATTERY
The basic idea of portable power is nothing new; people have always
had ways of making energy on the move. Even prehistoric humans
knew how to burn wood to make fire, which is another way of
producing energy (heat) from chemicals (burning releases energy using
a chemical reaction called combustion). By the time of the Industrial
Revolution (in the 18th and 19th centuries), we'd mastered the art of
burning lumps of coal to make power, so fueling things like steam
locomotives. But it can take an hour to gather enough wood to cook a
meal, and a locomotive's boiler typically takes several hours to get hot
enough to make steam. Batteries, by contrast, give us instant, portable
energy; turn the key in your electric car and it leaps to life in seconds!
The basic power unit inside a battery is called a cell, and it consists of
three main bits. There are two electrodes (electrical terminals) and a
chemical called an electrolyte in between them. For our convenience
and safety, these things are usually packed inside a metal or plastic
outer case. There are two more handy electrical terminals, marked
with a plus (positive) and minus (negative), on the outside connected
to the electrodes that are inside. The difference between a battery and
a cell is simply that a battery consists of two or more cells hooked up
so their power adds together.
CHAPTER-2
MANUFACTURING OF PAPER BATTERY
2.1 MANUFACTURING OF CARBON
NANOTUBES
carbon nanotubes consist of carbon atoms that are structured in layers of
graphene structured into the shape of a cylinder. One carbon atom of a
graphene is symmetrically bound to the other three carbon atom, one atom
thick which then form a hexagonal ring.Carbon nanotubes can be open or
closed at the ends. At an atomic level, graphene has the honeycomb
structureshown in Fig.1, where the small circles denote the location
of carbon atoms and the lines depict carboncarbon bonds [7]. Lattice basis
vectors are 1 and 2 , as shown in the figure, and the relative position
vector R=m1+na2 where m and n are integers. A carbon nanotube can be
formed by overlapping the graphene sheet into a cylinder carbon nanotubes
form naturally in, for example, the arc discharge of carbon electrodes and
are notmade by literally rollinggraphene sheets into cylinders. Obviously, the
cylinder can be formed by wrapping the sheetalong any preferred axis. If the
cylinder axis is the axis in Fig. 1,
the resulting tube is called a zigzag CN. Ifthe cylinder Axis is theaxis in Fig.
1; the resulting tube is called an armchairCN. If the cylinder axis is neither
nor the axis as shown, resulting nanotube is called a chiral CN. Thus,
carbon nanotubescan be characterized by the dual index (), where (,0)
for zigzag CN,(,
for example, the arc discharge of carbon electrodes and are notmade by
literally rollinggraphene sheets into cylinders.Obviously, the cylinder can be
formed by wrapping
the sheetalong any preferred axis. If the cylinder axis is the axis in Fig. 1,
the resulting tube is called a zigzag CN. Ifthe cylinder Axis is theaxis in Fig.
1; the resulting tube is called an armchairCN. If the cylinder axis is neither
nor the axis as shown, resulting nanotube is called a chiral CN. Thus, carbon
nanotubescan be characterized by the dual
index (), where (,0) for zigzag CN,(,)for armchair CNs, and
(,)0<, for chiral nanotubes.The resulting cross-sectional radius of a
carbon nanotube is given by
2.2.DEVELOPMENT
Lithium ion batteries are receiving considerable attention in applications,
ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles, due to their superior
energy density over other rechargeable battery technologies. However, the
societal demands for lighter, thinner, and higher capacity lithium ion
batteries necessitate ongoing research for novel materials with improved
properties over that of state-of-the-art. Such an effort requires a concerted
development of both electrodes and electrolyte to improve battery capacity,
cycle life, and chargedischarge rates while maintaining the highest degree
of safety available. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a candidate material for use
in lithium ion batteries due to their unique set of electrochemical and
mechanical properties. The incorporation of CNTs as a conductive additive at
a lower weight loading than conventional carbons, like carbon black and
graphite, presents a more effective strategy to establish an electrical
percolation network. In addition, CNTs have the capability to be assembled
into free-standing electrodes (absent of any binder or current collector) as an
active lithium ion storage material or as a physical support for ultra high
capacity anode materials like silicon or germanium. The measured reversible
lithium ion capacities for CNT-based anodes can exceed 1000 mAh g 1
depending on experimental factors, which is a 3 improvement over
conventional graphite anodes. The major advantage from utilizing free-
standing CNT anodes is the removal of the copper current collectors which
can translate into an increase in specific energy density by more than 50%
for the overall battery design. However, a developmental effort needs to
overcome current research challenges including the first cycle charge loss
and paper crystallinity for free-standing CNT electrodes. Efforts to utilize pre-
lithiation methods and modification of the single wall carbon nanotube
bundling are expected to increase the energy density of future CNT batteries.
Other progress may be achieved using open-ended structures and enriched
chiral fractions of semiconducting or metallic chiralities that are potentially
able to improve capacity and electrical transport in CNT-based lithium ion
batteries.
Fig.2.2
CHAPTER-3
EXEPERIMENTAL DETAILS
3.1. EXEPERIMENTAL DETAILS