Performance

Appraisal
 Performance
Appraisal

The identification, measurement,

and management of human
performance in organizations.
A Model of Performance
Appraisal
Identification

Measurement

Management
 Why Performance
Appraisal
To lay groundwork for a promotion or salary
increase for an employee.

To attempt to motivate a less than stellar performer

who has the potential for greater achievement.

Appraisals help in planning for correcting

deficiencies and reinforce things done correctly.

Appraisals, in identifying employee strengths and

weaknesses, are useful for career planning
 The Components of an Effective
Performance Management Process

Direction sharing
Role clarification
Goal alignment
Developmental goal setting
Ongoing performance monitoring
Ongoing feedback
Coaching and support
Performance assessment (appraisal)
Rewards, recognition, and compensation
Workflow and process control and return
Figure 92
 Defining Goals and Work Efforts
Guidelines for effective goals
Assign specific goals
Assign measurable goals
Assign challenging but doable goals
Encourage participation
SMART goals are:
Specific, and clearly state the desired results.
Measurable in answering how much.
Attainable, and not too tough or too easy.
Relevant to whats to be achieved.
Timely in reflecting deadlines and milestones.
Performance Appraisal Roles

HR department
Serves a policy-making and advisory role.
Provides advice and assistance regarding the
appraisal tool to use.
Prepares forms and procedures and insists that
all departments use them.
Responsible for training supervisors to improve
their appraisal skills.
Responsible for monitoring the system to ensure
that appraisal formats and criteria comply with
legislations and are up to date.
 Requirements of
Performance Appraisal
System
Relevance link between performance standard
and organizational objectives

Sensitivity distinguishing effective from ineffective

performers

Reliability Consistency of Judgment

Acceptability Support of all participants

 Steps in Appraising
Performance
Defining the job
Making sure that you and your subordinate
agree on his or her duties and job standards.
Appraising performance
Comparing your subordinates actual
performance to the standards that have been
set; this usually involves some type of rating
form.
Providing feedback
Discussing the subordinates performance and
progress, and making plans for any development
required.
Designing the Appraisal Tool

What to measure?
Work output (quality and quantity)
Personal competencies
Goal (objective) achievement

How to measure?
Graphic rating scales
Alternation ranking method
MBO
Performance Appraisal
Methods
Graphic rating scale
A scale that lists a number of traits and a
range of performance for each that is
used to identify the score that best
describes an employees level of
performance for each trait.
Graphic
Rating
Scale
with
Space
for
Commen
ts
Performance Appraisal
Methods
Alternation ranking method
Ranking employees from best to worst on a
particular trait, choosing highest, then lowest,
until all are ranked.

Paired comparison method

Ranking employees by making a chart of all
possible pairs of the employees for each trait
and indicating which is the better employee of
the pair.
Alternation Ranking Scale
Ranking Employees by the
Paired Comparison Method

Note: + means better than. means worse than. For each chart, add up
the number of 1s in each column to get the highest-ranked employee.
 Performance Appraisal
Methods

Forced distribution method

Similar to grading on a curve; predetermined
percentages of ratees are placed in various
performance categories.
Example:
15% high performers
20% high-average performers
30% average performers
20% low-average performers
15% low performers

Narrative Forms
 Forced Distribution
Method
General Electric
Top 20%
Middle 70%
Bottom 10%

Hewlett Packard
Top 15%
Middle 80%
Bottom 5% (Earlier 0-5%)
 Performance Appraisal
Methods
Behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)
An appraisal method that uses quantified scale with
specific narrative examples of good and poor performance.

Developing a BARS:

Generate critical incidents

Develop performance dimensions
Reallocate incidents
Scale the incidents
Develop a final instrument
Performance Appraisal
Methods
Advantages of using a BARS
A more accurate gauge
Clearer standards
Feedback
Independent dimensions
Consistency
Appraisal
-
Coaching
Workshe
et
Narrative
Form
Examples of Critical Incidents for
an Assistant Plant Manager
 Example of a
Behaviorally
Anchored
Rating Scale for
the Dimension
Salesmanship
Skill

Source:Walter C. Borman, Behavior

Based Rating, in Ronald A. Berk (ed.),
Performance Assessment: Methods and
Applications (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 103.
Management by Objectives
(MBO)
Involves setting specific measurable goals
with each employee and then periodically
reviewing the progress made.

1. Set the organizations goals.

2. Set departmental goals.
3. Discuss departmental goals.
4. Define expected results (set individual goals).
5. Performance reviews.
6. Provide feedback.
 Computerized and Web-Based
Performance Appraisal
Performance appraisal software programs
Keep notes on subordinates during the year.
Electronically rate employees on a series of
performance traits.
Generate written text to support each part of the
appraisal.
Electronic performance monitoring (EPM)
Having supervisors electronically monitor the
amount of computerized data an employee is
processing per day, and thereby his or her
performance.
 Potential Rating Scale
Appraisal Problems
Unclear standards
An appraisal that is too open to interpretation.

Halo effect
Occurs when a supervisors rating of a subordinate on one
trait biases the rating of that person on other traits.

Central tendency
A tendency to rate all employees the same way, such as
rating them all average.
 Potential Rating Scale
Appraisal Problems
Contrast Error

Recency Error

Strictness/leniency
The problem that occurs when a supervisor has
a tendency to rate all subordinates either high or
low.

Bias
The tendency to allow individual differences
such as age, race, and sex to affect the
appraisal ratings employees receive.
How to Avoid Appraisal
Problems
Learn and understand the potential
problems, and the solutions for each.
Use the right appraisal tool. Each tool has
its own pros and cons.
Train supervisors to reduce rating errors
such as halo, leniency, and central
tendency.
Have raters compile positive and negative
critical incidents as they occur.
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Appraisal Tools

Table 93
 The Appraisal
Interview
How to handle a defensive subordinate

Recognize that defensive behavior is

normal.
Never attack a persons defenses.
Postpone action.
Recognize your own limitations.
 The Appraisal
Interview
How to criticize a subordinate
Do it in a manner that lets the person maintain
his or her dignity and sense of worth.
Criticize in private, and do it constructively.
Avoid once-a-year critical broadsides by giving
feedback on a daily basis, so that the formal
review contains no surprises.
Never say the person is always wrong
Criticism should be objective and free of any
personal biases on your part.
 The Appraisal
Interview
How to ensure the interview leads to
improved performance

Dont make the subordinate feel threatened

during the interview.
Give the subordinate the opportunity to present
his or her ideas and feelings and to influence the
course of the interview.
Have a helpful and constructive supervisor
conduct the interview.
Offer the subordinate the necessary support for
development and change.
 The Appraisal
Interview
How to handle a formal written warning
Purposes of the written warning
To shake your employee out of bad habits.
Help you defend your rating, both to your own boss
and (if needed) to the courts.
Written warnings should:
Identify standards by which employee is judged.
Make clear that employee was aware of the standard.
Specify deficiencies relative to the standard.
Indicates employees prior opportunity for correction.
 Assumptions on which 360
degree feedback is based on
Multiple viewpoints from multiple sources will
produce a more accurate picture of ones strengths
and weaknesses than would a single reviewers
evaluation
The act of comparing ones own self-perception
with others perception will lead to enhanced self-
awareness and greater self-awareness is a good
thing.
People who are effective at what they do will have a
self-perceptions that match others perceptions of
them fairly closely.
Four paradoxes of Peer
Appraisal
The Paradox of Roles:

You cannot be both a peer and a judge

The Paradox of Group Performance:

Focusing on individuals puts the entire group at risk.

Four paradoxes of Peer
Appraisal
The Measurement Paradox:

The easier feedback is to gather, the harder it is to apply

The Paradox of Rewards:

When peer appraisal counts the most, it helps the least

 Handle with Care
Intended use of feedbacks

Aligning performance measures with organizational

goals

Selection and training of individuals involved.

 Managing away bad
habits
Heroes (short term results)

Meritocrats (good ideas prevail solely on their merit)

Bulldozers (Run roughshod over others)

Pessimists (micro manage)

Rebels (fight authority and convention)

Home Run Hitters (try to do too much too soon)

 Balancing Inquiry and
Advocacy
When advocating your view:

Make your own reasoning explicit (how you arrived at your

view and the data upon which it is based).

Encourage others to explore your view

Encourage others to provide different views

Actively inquire into others view that differ from your own
 Balancing Inquiry and
Advocacy
When inquiring into others views:

State your assumptions clearly and acknowledge that they

are assumptions.

State the data upon which your assumptions are made

Dont bother asking questions if you are not genuinely

interested in the others responses.
"Everyone has an invisible sign hanging from their
neck saying, 'Make me feel important.' Never forget
this message when working with people.

- Mary Kay Ash

Managing Performance
Have you adequately prepared for the interview

Cause-effect linkages between subordinates

strength and weakness and measurable results

How often and to what extent have you intervened

in your subordinates areas of responsibility

To what extent are your own actions a source of

your subordinates problems?
Managing Performance
When diagnosing performance problems are you
able to identify root causes

Which of your subordinates limitation or weakness

cannot be corrected

On what strength your subordinate capitalize to

further increase their effectiveness
Providing Feedback on
Performance
Timely

Descriptive and specific

Given without the use of subjective, general

attributes

Oriented toward problem solving and action

Conducting a Performance
Appraisal Interview
Set aside enough time

Begin open minded

Do not allow your performance appraisal form to

dictate the interview process

When providing feedback, make an effort to

balance inquiry and advocacy
Conducting a Performance
Appraisal Interview
Understand that the ultimate responsibility for
closure rests with you, the superior

Agree to next steps for action

Coaching

Mentoring
 Exhibit 3 - Strengths
Marketing/ Selling Skills:
Rob has excellent marketing skills and is always willing to
ask for the order no matter how difficult a situation is.

Initiative/Commitment:
Rob is a self-starter who is unusually aggressive in
pursuing the business. Usually, his initiative is
constructively channeled towards a trade.

Market/Product knowledge:
Robs knows the fixed income business generally and the
bank business in particular, better than anyone else that
we had in the market coverage group to do this job.
 Exhibit 3 Development
Areas
Team Player skills:
Although Rob has made progress here in recent months,
he still needs to work at integrating his efforts more
effectively with broader team.

Interpersonal skills:
He should be more professional in his dealing with
subordinates. He should resist the temptation to react too
quickly to an emerging problem.

Presentation skills:
Spend more time on written products, particularly in bake-
off situations. Sometimes presentations are too casual.