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Contents
IV. An Analysis of the Market
I. Introduction
Concentration Index
II. Literature Review
V. A Performance Analysis of Subsidiary
and Third-Party Logistics Companies
III. Logistics Industry in Korea and
Japan
VI. Conclusion
Abstract
The logistics industries of Korea and Japan have very similar growth
patterns. In this study, we aimed to determine how market structures are
changing in Korea and Japan for the past 10 years. We divided logistics market
structures into logistics subsidiaries (2PL) and 3PL companies, and we
analyzed whether performances such as turnover, profit, or their growth rate
between the 2PL and 3PL markets are significantly different. Koreas market
concentration ratio for the logistics industry indicates the rapid turn to a
competitive, low-concentration market structure, whereas the comparable
market structure in Japan has already entered a perfectly competitive market.
The results show that rapid expansion in a subsidiary logistics market depends
on a captive market that does not affect 3PL market size and profitability. In
fact, that rapid expansion directly reduces the growth in the Korean or
Japanese 3PL markets.
Key Words : Subsidiary, Third-Party Logistics, Logistics Industry, Market
Structure, Two-way ANOVA
Copyright 2013, The Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, Inc. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
All rights Reserved. Peer review under responsibility of the Korean Association of Shipping and Logistics, Inc.
* Assistant Professor, University of Sungkyul, Korea, Email : ahnwc75@sungkyul.ac.kr
** Senior Consultant, Nomura Research Institute, Japan, Email : s-ishii@nri.co.jp
*** Professor, University of Incheon, Korea, Email : sbahn@incheon.ac.kr, Corresponding author
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
I. Introduction
The logistics industry in Korea has rapidly grown over the past ten years.
Multinational, major manufacturing and wholesale companies have
concentrated on the internal and external efficiency and effectiveness of
supply chains in an effort to reduce logistics costs. To that end, some
companies have established their own logistics companies: second-party
logistics(2PL) companies(also known as subsidiaries) owned through
mergers and acquisitions in the logistics industry. However, some experts
and researchers have suggested that this trend might weaken the
competitiveness of existing third-party logistics(3PL) companies,
eventually leading to monopolistic and oligopolistic structures in the
logistics markets. This is especially relevant for 3PL companies in Korea.
Some researchers have suggested that big business groups have two
reasons to prefer setting up their own 2PL companies when entering the
logistics market rather than using 3PL companies. These reasons are the
1)
conflict of interest hypothesis and efficient transactions hypothesis .
Ghemawat and Khanna (1998) proposed similar views, asserting that the
subsidiaries of business groups replace poorly performing or nonexistent
third-party companies in markets that developed countries take for granted.
Others offer tangible empirical results in their research, which are
2)
consistent with these arguments . Results from these studies suggest that
business groups could offer efficient forms of governance in some
circumstances, showing that subsidiary tended to exhibit higher
3)
profitability than independent firms do in developed countries.
Logistics industries in Korea and Japan have very similar market growth
patterns. And they both have only 2PL and 3PL markets all around the
world. In this study, we aimed to determine how market structures are
changing in Korea and Japan. We divided market structures into 2PL and
3PL companies and analyzed whether performances such as turnover,
profit, or their growth rate are significantly different between 2PL and 3PL
markets.
In this study, we linked the relationship between 2PL and 3PL markets
with the existing literature on relationships between subsidiary markets of
large companies and the markets of competing independent firms.
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
4) Caves and Uekusa(1976); Chang and Choi(1988); Khanna and Palepu(2000); Leff(1978)
5) Liwen(2007), p.13.
6) Chang and Choi(1988), p.152; Yiu et al.(2005)
7) Choo and Ahn(2009); Han(2003); Kim and Bahn(2009); Park(2001); Ha and Seo(2013)
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
Pantos(LG
Subsidiary 1,867 10,009 11,346 14,576 16.7%
Electronics)
Samsung-Logitech
(Samsung Electronics) 1,621 8,256 11,012 14,667 26.3%
Korea Express
9,597 11,717 18,317 20,977 8.6%
3PL
Hanjin
6,061 7,427 9,032 10,847 8.0%
Source: Annual report of each company
8) Caves and Uekusa(1976); Chang and Choi(1988); Khanna and Palepu(2000); Perotti and Gelfer(2001)
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
<Table 2> Pearson correlation analysis for subsidiaries and parent companies by
turnover in Korea
Internal transaction
Parent company Logistics subsidiary Pearson correlations
ratio by turnover
Samsung Electronics Samsung-Logitech 0.957** 100%
Hyundai Motors 0.974** 100%
GLOVIS
Kia Motors 0.942** 100%
LG Hi Business Logistics 0.889** 92.15%
CJ CJ GLS 0.873** 31.42%
Lotte LotteLogistics 0.919** 90-95%
Dongkuk Steel Intergis 0.712* 46.55%
Hyosung Hyosung Trans World 0.973** 100%
SeA Steel SeALogis 0.747* 100%
* Correlation is significant at the *p<0.05, **p<0.01 level.
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
12) U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission(2010), p.18.; Quick
MBA(http://www.quickmba.com/econ/micro/indcon.html)
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
Assuming that turnover and profit are different for 2PL and 3PL com
panies, and that the growth of turnover and profit in the 2PL market w
eakens the 3PL market, we developed the four following null hypotheses
to test:
H1) 2PL and 3PL companies have no difference in turnover.
H2) 2PL and 3PL companies have no difference in the turnover
growth rate.
H3) 2PL and 3PL companies have no difference in profit.
H4) 2PL and 3PL companies have no difference in the profit gro
wth rate.
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
2. Korea Case
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
3. Japan Case
VI. Conclusion
The logistics industry market size in Korea has rapidly grown for the
past 10 years and our analysis of the market concentration index indicated
that the market structure has rapidly turned into a competitive,
low-concentration market. However, the warehousing aspect of large 2PL
companies tended toward a continuously higher concentration when
compared with the other sub-industries. Thus, despite an increase in
market size, warehousing, and its high market concentration, is likely to be
monopolistic, with the consequent problems of large subsidiary
companies.
Conversely, the market structure of the logistics industry in Japan has
already entered a perfectly competitive marketplace as of the 2000s
without major changes. Like all other sub-sectors in the Japanese market,
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
the logistics industry has turned into a low-concentration market, with the
exception of its specific cargo sub-industry. Nevertheless, the results of
this study show that a recent change in the Japanese logistics subsidiary
market will stimulate the growth of other 3PL companies. Thus, a
gradually higher market concentration is likely in the future.
In this study, we mainly aimed to test differences in performance
(turnover, profit, or growth rate) between 2PL and 3PL markets since 2001,
focusing on the top 50 logistics companies by sub-industry. Our results
indicate that turnover/profit (size of market) in the 2PL market may not
have directly affected turnover/profit in the Korean 3PL market.
Conversely, a turnover/profit growth rate in the 2PL market may have
directly or indirectly affected the growth rate of turnover/profit in the
Korean 3PL market in the warehousing, land transportation sub-industry.
Hence, an expansion in the 2PL market greatly depends on the captive
market, and it has not caused a reduction in the 3PL market size, even
while it caused a reduction in the 3PL market growth. Although our results
for Japan were similar to those for Korea, a recent change in the
2PLmarket in Japan is likely to stimulate growth in the Japanese 3PL
market size.
We analyzed the Korean and Japanese logistics industries market
structures since 2001, and our study, using a two-way ANOVA to test
inter-market competition, differs from previous studies dealing with the
performance between these two markets. Contrary to our expectations, the
results indicated that the rapid expansion in the 2PL market, which is
highly dependent on the captive market, has not affected the 3PL market
size and profitability, even while it has affected a reduction in the 3PL
markets growth rate some parts of business in the two countries.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by a grant from Incheon National University in 2013.
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
References
CHOO, Y. and AHN, K.(2009), A study on the container terminal concentration for
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shipping industry, Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, Vol.29. No.2,
pp.249-266.
Japan Institute of Logistics System (2010), Report of Logistics Cost Survey, 2010
March (Japanese)
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
LIWEN, L. (2007), Logistics sourcing strategies in supply chain design, The Josai
Journal of Business Administration, Vol.4, No.1, pp.11-19.
Logi-Biz (2011), The White Paper of 3PL in 2010, Shibuya-Ku, Tokyo, Rhinos
Publications (Japanese).
SHIN, B., LEE, S., LEE, S. and JANG, J. (2011), The Changing Market Structure of the
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
Appendix
<Table 6> Test of interaction between market and year by turnover in Korea
Null
Turnover DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Korea Logistics Industry 9 6660233 .037 1.000 support
Shipping/Port Operation 9 9283317 .051 1.000 support
Land Transportation 9 2056771 .322 .968 support
Warehousing 9 23893437 1.709 .084 Support
<Table 7> Test of interaction between market and year by growth rate of turnover in Korea
Null
Growth Rate of Turnover DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Korea Logistics Industry 8 1.127 .867 .544 Support
Shipping/Port Operation 8 .308 .467 .879 support
Land Transportation 8 7.630 2.675 .007 reject
Warehousing 8 1.067 .423 .907 support
<Table 8> Test of interaction between market and year by profit in Korea
Null
Profit DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Korean Logistics Industry 9 641,431 .600 .797 support
Shipping/Port Operation 9 244,079 .227 .991 support
Land Transportation 9 2849.305 .211 .993 support
Warehousing 9 22224.701 .864 .557 support
<Table 9> Test of interaction between market and year by growth rate of profit in Korea
Null
Growth Rate of Profit DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Korean Logistics Industry 8 137.411 1.090 .369 Support
Shipping/Port Operation 8 35.488 .439 .897 support
Land Transportation 8 4.005 .881 .532 Support
Warehousing 8 139.794 2.285 .021 reject
<Table 10> Test of interaction between market and year by turnover in Japan
Null
Turnover DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Japan Logistics Industry 6 5412512149.830 .421 .866 Support
General Cargo 6 2289464290.085 .125 .993 Support
Warehousing 6 50554070.306 .068 .999 Support
NVOCC, Non-Asset 6 2915811231.852 1.229 .293 Support
Shipping/Port Operation 6 12259271.416 .010 1.000 Support
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A Comparative Study of Korean and Japanese Logistics Industries Market Structures
<Table 11> Test of interaction between market and year by growth rate of turnover in Japan
Null
Growth Rate of Turnover DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Japan Logistics Industry 5 .273 1.811 .108 Support
General Cargo 5 .264 1.028 .400 Support
Warehousing 5 .109 4.132 .001 reject
NVOCC, Non-Asset 5 .052 .937 .459 Support
Shipping/Port Operation 5 .003 .194 .965 Support
Specific Cargo 5 .021 .781 .567 Support
Others(Packing, Broker, Agent) 5 .170 3.509 .005 reject
<Table 12> Test of interaction between market and year by profit in Japan
Null
Growth Rate of Turnover DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Japan Logistics Industry 6 2108565.184 .178 .983 Support
<Table 13> Test of interaction between market and year by growth rate of profit in Japan
Null
Growth Rate of Turnover DF MS F p-value
Hypothesis
Japan Logistics Industry 5 6.271 .891 .487 Support
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