Documente Academic
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ECONOMICS
Slide 1
Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics:
Tabular and Graphical Methods
n Summarizing Qualitative Data
n Summarizing Quantitative Data
n Exploratory Data Analysis
n Crosstabulations
and Scatter Diagrams
Slide 2
n Frequency Distribution
n Relative Frequency
n Percent Frequency Distribution
n Bar Graph
n Pie Chart
Slide 3
1
Frequency Distribution
Slide 4
Slide 5
n Frequency Distribution
Rating Frequency
Poor 2
Below Average 3
Average 5
Above Average 9
Excellent 1
Total 20
Slide 6
2
Relative Frequency Distribution
Slide 7
Slide 8
Relative Percent
Rating Frequency Frequency
Poor .10 10
Below Average .15 15
Average .25 25
Above Average .45 45
Excellent .05 5
Total 1.00 100
Slide 9
3
Bar Graph
Slide 10
n Bar Graph
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
Rating
Poor Below Average Above Excellent
Average Average
Slide 11
Pie Chart
Slide 12
4
Example: Marada Inn
n Pie Chart
Exc.
Poor
5%
10%
Below
Average
Above
15%
Average
45%
Average
25%
Quality Ratings
Slide 13
Slide 14
n Frequency Distribution
n Relative Frequency and Percent Frequency
Distributions
n Dot Plot
n Histogram
n Cumulative Distributions
n Ogive
Slide 15
5
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 97 62
71 69 72 89 66 75 79 75 72 76
104 74 62 68 97 105 77 65 80 109
85 97 88 68 83 68 71 69 67 74
62 82 98 101 79 105 79 69 62 73
Slide 16
Frequency Distribution
Slide 17
Frequency Distribution
Slide 18
6
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
n Frequency Distribution
If we choose six classes:
Approximate Class Width = (109 - 52)/6 = 9.5 10
Cost ($) Frequency
50-59 2
60-69 13
70-79 16
80-89 7
90-99 7
100-109 5
Total 50
Slide 19
Relative Percent
Cost ($) Frequency Frequency
50-59 .04 4
60-69 .26 26
70-79 .32 32
80-89 .14 14
90-99 .14 14
100-109 .10 10
Total 1.00 100
Slide 20
Slide 21
7
Dot Plot
Slide 22
n Dot Plot
.. .. .. ... ... ..
. . .. ....... .......... .. . .. . . ... . ... .
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Cost ($)
Slide 23
Histogram
Slide 24
8
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
n Histogram
18
16
14
Frequency
12
10
8
6
4
2
Parts
Cost ($)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Slide 25
Cumulative Distribution
Slide 26
n Cumulative Distributions
Cumulative Cumulative
Cumulative Relative Percent
Cost ($) Frequency Frequency Frequency
< 59 2 .04 4
< 69 15 .30 30
< 79 31 .62 62
< 89 38 .76 76
< 99 45 .90 90
< 109 50 1.00 100
Slide 27
9
Ogive
Slide 28
n Ogive
Because the class limits for the parts-cost data are
50-59, 60-69, and so on, there appear to be one-unit
gaps from 59 to 60, 69 to 70, and so on.
These gaps are eliminated by plotting points
halfway between the class limits.
Thus, 59.5 is used for the 50-59 class, 69.5 is used
for the 60-69 class, and so on.
Slide 29
100
80
60
40
20
Parts
Cost ($)
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Slide 30
10
Exploratory Data Analysis
Slide 31
Stem-and-Leaf Display
Slide 32
n Stem-and-Leaf Display
5 2 7
6 2 2 2 2 5 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9
7 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 9
8 0 0 2 3 5 8 9
9 1 3 7 7 7 8 9
10 1 4 5 5 9
Slide 33
11
Stretched Stem-and-Leaf Display
Slide 34
Slide 35
Stem-and-Leaf Display
n Leaf Units
A single digit is used to define each leaf.
In the preceding example, the leaf unit was 1.
Leaf units may be 100, 10, 1, 0.1, and so on.
Where the leaf unit is not shown, it is assumed to
equal 1.
Slide 36
12
Example: Leaf Unit = 0.1
Slide 37
Leaf Unit = 10
16 8
17 1 9
18 0 3
19 1 7
Slide 38
Slide 39
13
Crosstabulation
Slide 40
n Crosstabulation
The number of Finger Lakes homes sold for each
style and price for the past two years is shown below.
< $99,000 18 6 19 12 55
> $99,000 12 14 16 3 45
Total 30 20 35 15 100
Slide 41
Slide 42
14
Crosstabulation: Row or Column Percentages
Slide 43
n Row Percentages
Slide 44
n Column Percentages
Slide 45
15
Scatter Diagram
Slide 46
Scatter Diagram
n A Positive Relationship
y
Slide 47
Scatter Diagram
n A Negative Relationship
y
Slide 48
16
Scatter Diagram
n No Apparent Relationship
y
Slide 49
n Scatter Diagram
The Panthers football team is interested in
investigating the relationship, if any, between
interceptions made and points scored.
x = Number of y = Number of
Interceptions Points Scored
1 14
3 24
2 18
1 17
3 27
Slide 50
n Scatter Diagram
y
Number of Points Scored
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 x
0 1 2 3
Number of Interceptions
Slide 51
17
Example: Panthers Football Team
Slide 52
Slide 53
End of Chapter 2
Slide 54
18