ECE 5590AE

AUXILIARY ELECTRIC SYSTEM DESIGN

PROTECTION OF AUXILIARY SYSTEM

Preetham Goli
Computer Science and Electrical Engineering Dept
University of Missouri Kansas City
golip@umkc.edu
 INTRODUCTION
Need for protective schemes
Maintain continuity of service for customers
Minimize damage to the system and its components
Limit the extent and duration of service interruption
Reason for abnormal conditions
Natural events
Physical accidents
Equipment failure
Misoperation
Fault current magnitude depends on
Source availability
Impedance from the source to the fault
FALL 2015 ECE 468/5560 ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 2
 PROTECTION FROM WHAT?
Faults (short circuit, open conductors etc.) and unbalanced loads
Lightning
Environmental Conditions (wind, ice, storm, hurricane etc.)
Flying objects
Contamination of insulators
Operational errors
Switching surges
Operational abuse (overloading, maintenance, oil leaks, ageing)
Physical contact by animals or personnel
Cascading effects of faults
Aging insulation
Mechanical damage (generators, motors)
 If a series of events can go wrong, they will do so in the worst possible
sequence
 PROTECTION OF WHAT?
Personnel
Overhead transmission lines, cables
Transformers
Substation buses, switchgears
Generators
Motors
Reactors, capacitors, buses
 PROTECTIVE SYSTEM PLANNING
Come up with a single line diagram (SLD)
Add the required relaying and metering circuits to the SLD
Know the equipment and the design criteria
Select the protection zone and scheme
Select sensing device and protective relays
Develop preliminary coordination curve for all loads and breakers
Perform a final check of the coordination curves upon receiving the
final vendor information on the equipment
Distribute the relay setting information to the relay calibrators
The coordination and protection design will be of no use if the above
field work is not properly planned and executed.
 PROTECTIVE RELAYING DESIGN CRITERIA
Measures of Reliability
Dependability: Ability of relay to always trip for a fault in its protected zone
Security: Ability of relay to never trip for a fault outside its protected zone
Measures of Performance
Sensitivity: Ability of relay to determine a faulted power system from a normal
power system
Selectivity: Ability of a relay to determine what part of the power system is faulted.
Speed: How fast can the relay determine that there is a fault in its zone
Economics and Simplicity
Economics: Ensuring that an electrical auxiliary system is well protected while
minimizing cost.
Simplicity: Minimize the number of components and the amount of circuitry
involved.
 DEPENDABILITY AND SENSITIVITY
Dependability
A relay is said to be dependable if it trips only when it is expected to
trip.
Dependability is the degree of certainty that the relay will operate
correctly.
Dependability can be improved by increasing the sensitivity of the
relaying scheme.
Sensitivity
It is the ability of the relay to pick up even on smallest possible
faults.
 SECURITY AND SELECTIVITY
Security
A relay is said to be secure if it does not trip when it is not expected to trip.
It is the degree of certainty that the relay will not operate incorrectly.
Security can be improved by improving selectivity of the relaying scheme.
Selectivity
It is the ability to correctly locate and classify the fault.
A relay should be able to discriminate whether the fault is in its jurisdiction or not.
This jurisdiction of a relay is called zone of protection. Protection zones are classified into Primary
and Backup zones.

Overcurrent Protection
 SELECTIVITY
Selectivity is usually provided by
Time discrimination. Overcurrent and distance relays use this
principle.
Applying differential protection principle. In the case of differential
protection, the CT location provides crisp demarcation of zone of
protection.

Differential Protection Scheme

 SELECTIVITY
Selectivity
52 CB-M This circuit breaker is Upstream
Isolating a faulted circuit from the remainder
Direction of flow of current of the electrical system, thereby eliminating
unnecessary power outages.
The faulted circuit is isolated by the operation
of only the overcurrent protective device
closest to the fault.
52 CB-1 This circuit breaker is Downstream

U
The system on the left is selective. U

Reason Only the circuit breaker closest to the

fault opened and cleared the fault. All
A B C D A B C D
upstream circuit breakers did not open.

1 2 1 2
The system on the right is non-
OPENS
selective.
NOT AFFECTED Reason All cascaded circuit breakers
UNNECESSARY LEC LAB opened causing a complete loss of power LEC LAB
POWER LOSS
Fault to the whole system. Fault
 SELECTIVITY
CURRENT IN AMPERES

1000

To coordinate or be selective, you must see 100

Fuse

daylight between the curves.

10

TIME IN SECONDS
This CB coordinates or is selective with this CB.

This CB does not coordinate or is not selective with the fuse.

Thermal mag CB Electronic CB
0.10

0.01
10 100 1K 10K 100K

Curve 1.tcc Ref. Voltage: 480 Current Scale x10^0

 ZONES OF PROTECTION
Auxiliary electric system is divided into
protection zones.
Minimizes the amount of equipment
disconnected
Zones consist of transformers, switchgear,
unit substations, buses and motors.
Each zone has primary and back up
protection
Protection in each zone is overlapped to
avoid the possibility of unprotected areas.
Overlap is accompanied by connecting the
relays to current transformers (CTs)
DEFINING THE ZONE BOUNDARIES

Overlapping Protection around a Circuit Breaker

 ZONES OF PROTECTION
Example to Demonstrate Primary and Back-up Protection
 ZONES OF PROTECTION
Table below shows the breakers that failed to open and those that were tripped by
the primary protection and by the back-up protection.
 ZONES OF PROTECTION
For fault F1, the protection correctly tripped breaker 4 to open one end
of the faulted feeder. With breaker 3 failing to open, breakers 1 and 2
were tripped by back-up protection to stop fault current owing into the
fault from generators G1 and G2.
With fault F2, when breaker 6 failed to operate, the directional
protection on breakers 3 and 8 operated to open the incoming feeders
from the adjacent busbars, and the back-up protection on breaker 5
tripped to stop G3 feeding into the fault.
Fault F3 was correctly cleared by the tripping of feeder breaker 10.
Fault F4 was correctly cleared by the operation of breaker 11, so that
the tripping of breaker 8 was incorrect.
 DEVICE NUMBERS
One-line diagrams use device function numbers which, with appropriate suffix letters,
are used to identify the function of each device. Complete list is in ANSI/CSA

Device No. Function

50/51 87T 67P 86T
21 Distance Relay
23 Thermostat
25 Synch Check/Synch
50P/51P 87B 67N 86B
27 Under-voltage
50G/51G 87G 67G 86G
32 Directional Power
33 Position Switch 50N/51N 87M 86M
37 Under-current/under-power
43 Selector Switch
46 Negative Sequence current
47 Phase sequence voltage
50 Instantaneous over-current
51 Time over-current
52 Circuit Breaker (AC)
59 Over-voltage
63 Pressure Switch
67 Directional over-current
72 Circuit Breaker (DC)
P=Phase
74 Alarm relay
G=Ground
79 Auto recolse relay N=Neutral
81 Frequency relay T=Transformer
86 Lock-out relay B=Bus
87 Differential relay G=Generator
89 Line Switch M=Motor