Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DOI 10.1007/s12517-014-1550-4
ORIGINAL PAPER
Abstract This study includes determination of liquefaction investigated and by Sonmez and Gokceoglu (2005) method.
potential in Erzincan Province. Erzincan Province, the study At the final stage of this study, liquefaction potential maps and
area, is located in a deep alluvial basin in a mountainous liquefaction potential index maps were prepared for different
region of eastern Turkey that is a few kilometers from the earthquake magnitudes and different depths.
highly active North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). North
Anatolian Fault Zone is located approximately 7.7 km from Keywords Liquefaction . Liquefaction potential index .
Erzincan city center. In a probable earthquake, Erzincan Prov- Earthquake . Standard penetration test . Erzincan . Turkey
ince is thought to be affected. On 13 March 1992, an earth-
quake having a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 struck Erzin-
can, giving rise to peak horizontal accelerations in the center Introduction
of the city of 0.501g in the eastwest direction and 0.398g in
the northsouth direction. Liquefaction potential for peak One of the most important causes of damages after the earth-
horizontal accelerations (0.501g and 0.398g) was determined. quakes is the soil liquefaction. Liquefaction can be defined as
Liquefaction potential was investigated using Standard Pene- temporary loss in strength of saturated sandy and silty deposits
tration Test (SPT). Liquefaction potential analyses are deter- under transient and cyclic loadings due to excess pore water
mined in two steps: geotechnical investigations and pressure. Since 1970, Seed and Idriss (1982, 1983, 1985,
calculations. In the first steps, boreholes were drilled to 1986) developed a simplified procedure for evaluation of soil
obtain disturbed and undisturbed soil samples and SPT liquefaction resistance from Niigata and Alaska earthquakes
values were obtained. Laboratory tests were made to identify in 1964. Several empirical expressions were recommended to
physical properties of soil samples. In the second step, determine the liquefaction potential using standard penetra-
Liquefaction potential analyses were examined by a Seed tion tests, cone penetration tests, and shear wave velocity
and Idriss (1971) method (simplified method) based on Stan- (Tokimatsu and Yoshimi 1983; Iwasaki et al. 1981; Seed and
dard Penetration Test (SPT). In order to liquefaction analysis De Alba 1986; Suzuki et al. 1997; Robertson and Wride
complete within a short time, MATLAB program were pre- 1998). Liquefaction potential was determined by many re-
pared. Following the analyses, liquefaction potential is searchers using SPT-N values (Yalcn et al. 2008; Kanth and
Dash 2010; Tosun et al. 2011; Orhan et al. 2013). In the
literature, assessments of liquefaction potential are available
E. S. Duman
for different regions (Samui and Sitharam 2011; Ayothiraman
Civil Engineering Department, Turgut Ozal University,
Ankara 06010, Turkey et al. 2012; Ganapathy and Rajawat 2012). Many provinces of
e-mail: subasi_esra_53@hotmail.com Turkey such as Manisa, Eskiehir, Aksaray, Sakarya, and
Hatay, the determination of liquefaction potential based on
S. B. Ikizler (*) : Z. Angin
SPT-N values were determined using Seed and Idriss (1971)
Civil Engineering Department, Karadeniz Technical University,
Trabzon 61080, Turkey method (Karanlk 2006; Sisman 2006; Saglam 2008; Ulamis
e-mail: banuh73@gmail.com and Klc 2012).
Z. Angin Liquefaction potential index (IP) and its severity categories
e-mail: angin@ktu.edu.tr were proposed by Iwasaki et al. (1982). Sonmez and
Arab J Geosci
Gokceoglu (2005) modified the equation of IP1. Liquefaction Geological and geotechnical studies have been conducted
potential index was investigated by many researchers for by several researchers in Erzincan. For instance, Akyldrm
different regions (Yalcn et al. 2008; Papathanassiou and (1993) investigated the geotechnical and seismologic
Valkaniotis 2010; Dixit et al. 2012). characteristics in the center of Erzincan. Saylan (2006)
Fig. 3 Tectonic framework and location map of the Turkish sector of the AlpineHimalayan orogenic belt (Tatar et al. 2013)
determined liquefaction potential using shear wave velocity liquefaction potential of Erzincan Province and its vicinity.
data for Erzincan Province. The liquefaction potential analysis Liquefaction potential is investigated by a Seed and Idriss
based on SPT-Nvalue methods is not studied for Erzincan (1971) method (simplified method) based on standard pene-
Province. The aim of our study was determination of tration test (SPT) and by recent procedure suggested by
Fig. 4 a Active faults in Turkey. b Cumulative right-lateral slip associated with M6.7 earthquakes. c The region inscribed by the solid red line in a is
projected relative to the AnatoliaEurasia rotation pole, so that a transform fault would strike due eastwest; the North Anatolian fault is seen todeviate
less than 40 km from being a simple right-lateral transform (Stein et al. 1997)
Arab J Geosci
Erzincan Basin is situated in eastern Turkey, at 39323952 The Erzincan basin and vicinity in the North Anatolian Fault
latitude and 39153950 longitude; approximately 600 km zone, which is the most active and the longest fault system of
east of Ankara (Fig. 1). The province of Erzincan is a highly Turkey (Fig. 3), display a fairly complex structure in terms of
mountainous region with an area of 11,900 km2. The city sits its geologic, tectonic, and morphologic features. This region
in a basin measuring 50 km eastwest by 15 km northsouth, where many earthquakes with varying magnitudes occurred
at an altitude of 1,200m above sea level, surrounded on all during the historical period is seismologically very active
Arab J Geosci
(Fig. 4). Erzincan basin and its vicinity located on North and the largest event (Emre et al. 2010). As a result of this
Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). The area where numerous earthquake, nearly 360-km-long surface rupture occurred
earthquakes (Table 1) in various magnitudes have taken place from Erzincan to Erbaa, then towards Amasya. The 1939
during historical era is very active in seismologic sense earthquake started with a large compressing flexure towards
(Kaypak 2002). In the last century, two destructive earth- the east end of surface rupture and the rupture moved mostly
quakes have occurred causing significant loss of life in the towards west. Surface faulting between Erzincan-Niksar ba-
province of Erzincan. The 1939 (M, 7.9) earthquake is the first sins followed the main route of North Anatolia Faulting Zone
(NAFZ). However, in the most west section which is 76 km Another important earthquake that took place on Erzincan
long, surface faulting diverged from the main route and turned Basin was the one in 1992 with the magnitude of 6.8. This
towards Ezinepazar (Amasya) faulting route (Emre et al. earthquake was the second most devastating earthquake after
2010). This earthquake triggered earthquakes during 1939 1939 great disaster due to its way of formation, seismic
1967 on NAFZ, seismic activity shifted towards west, and the features, and the damage it caused. Erzincan earthquake which
following earthquakes took place in the east and west ends of took place in 1992 is between the east end of 360-km section
faulting system. of North Anatolia Fault which was torn in 1939 earthquake
and the east of Erzincan. It draws attraction that fractures Soil condition is an important factor in the soil lique-
emerged in this earthquake does not exactly follow the fault. faction. The SPT-N values are important for the lique-
Fractures spread through an area about 50 km long and 3 km faction potential analysis. Sixty-three boreholes in differ-
wide. These fractures focused on four areas. These areas are ent locations were drilled to obtain SPT-N values. Test
west end of Erzincan plain, road to ayrl in the north of holes at different locations are shown in Fig. 6. The
Erzincan, around mineral water facilities in the east of Erzin- depths of measured SPT-N values changed between 1.5
can and east end of Erzincan plain. There are also thrust faults and 24.0 m. Different soil types were observed in the
among these. There were 4-cm right lateral movements in study area. The lowest SPT blow counts are observed in
fractures and up to 30 cm drifts observed. Apart from this, regions where ground water level near the surface of the
liquefaction was observed around mineral water facility and ground, whereas at deeper levels, high SPT-N values are
torsions on the railway (Akyldrm 1993). Strong ground obtained. Average of SPT values is changed between 20
motions were recorded by an accelerometer located in the and 30. However, high SPT-N values are changed be-
meteorology station, about 0.75 km northwest of Erzincan tween 30 and 50 at the some soils like hospital (one),
city center and an estimated 5 km from the epicenter (EEFIT Cukurkuyu, Kavakyolu, Ula. Test holes at different loca-
1992). Acceleration time histories for the main shock (Erzin- tions were obtained to determine index properties of soils
can station) are shown in Fig. 5. Maximum acceleration were disturbed and undisturbed soil samples. Ground water
recorded 0.501g (eastwest) and 0.398g (northsouth). levels were determined. Ground water levels changed
between 1 and 47 in the study area. The field properties
of the soil samples are shown in Table 2.
Field and laboratory properties of the study area The physical properties of the soil samples were tested
in laboratory. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were
In this study, Erzincan city center and its vicinity was chosen determined physical properties such as grain size distribu-
as the investigation area. Areas which are contained in the tion, Atterberg limits, unit weight, water content, and type
study area are as follows: Erzincan city center (state building of soil. According to USCS (Unified Soil Classification
(1), private hospital, hospital (1), hospital (2), state building System), in the study area, soils can be classified as SM
(2), home for the aged, treatment plant), industrial area, (silty sand), GM (silty gravel), and CL (inorganic clay).
Uzumlu, Yalnzbag, Akyazi, Cukurkuyu, Kavakyolu, Ula, The major part of the study area was classified as SM. Soil
Altnbasak. class zonation maps of the study area are shown in Fig. 7.
In this study area, the values of unit weight changed
Table 4 Rod length correction with respect the depth between 18.1 and 20.15 kN/m3 and average is 18.72 kN/
m3. The values of water content changed between 4.23 and
Depth, d Correction for road length, CR
27 % and average is 14.90 %. The Atterberg limits in the overburden stress, rd is depth-dependent stress reduction fac-
study area are quite variable. In most places, soil was tor (Dixit et al. 2012). Youd et al. (2001) formulated following
determined as none-plastic. Position of the samples on a expression to calculate the stress reduction factor (rd):
plasticity chart is shown in Fig 8. The values of liquid limit
changed between 24 and 52 % and average is 38.96 %. 1:00:4113z0;5 0:04052z 0:001753z1;5
rd
The values of plastic limit changed between 6 and 32 % 1:00:4177z0;5 0:05729z0:006205z1;5 0:00121z2
and average is 20.46 %. Average value of plasticity index 2
is determined as 18.5 %. The statistical assessment of the
soil samples is shown in Table 3. Determination of cyclic resistance ratio
Table 10 Computation of IP for different peak horizontal acceleration Table 11 Computation of IP for different peak horizontal acceleration
(0.501g) (0.398g)
Borehole IP IP IP IP Borehole IP IP IP IP
no. (depth, 3 m) (depth, 6 m) (depth, 9 m) (depth, 12 m) No (depth, 3 m) (depth, 6 m) (depth, 9 m) (depth, 12 m)
The following equation is used in cases where more than were written using these methods. Calculations were carried
one layer of soils: out with this program. FS (factor of safety) and IP (liquefaction
potential index) values for the investigation area were deter-
Xn
Ip F zW zH mined. According to calculated FS and IP values, liquefaction
i potential maps were produced for different peak horizontal
accelerations. In the study area, some regions: namely
where z is depth of layer midpoint in meters, n is number of Cukurkuyu, Kavakyolu, Ula, hospital (1) consist of clayey
soil layer in meters, H is layer thickness in meters. W(z) soils. So, in this region, non-liquefiable soil was accepted.
calculates using Eqs. (9a) and (9b). These areas were not included in the analysis of liquefaction.
Sonmez and Gokceoglu (2005) proposed new classifica- On 13 March 1992, an earthquake having a surface
tion categories: namely, non-liquefiable, low, moderate, high, wave magnitude of 6.8 struck Erzincan, giving rise to
and very high for liquefaction potential (Table 8). peak horizontal accelerations in the center of the city of
0.501g in the eastwest direction and 0.398g in the
northsouth direction. In this study, liquefaction potential
Discussion and results was estimated Erzincan city center and its vicinity using
these peak horizontal accelerations. In this study, the
The assessment of the liquefaction potential is one of the calculations were made using this value. The corrected
critical issues in geotechnical earthquake engineering. In this values from the measured SPT blow counts (N1)60 were
study, liquefaction potential has been determined with the calculated using Eq. (5). CS, CB, CR, and CE values for
SPT-based method. It was determined by Seed and Idriss the study area were selected 1.0, 1.0, 1.05, and 1.0,
(1971) methods using SPT values in Erzincan city center respectively. The cyclic stress ratio (CSR) and the cyclic
and vicinity. The liquefaction assessments are carried out with resistance ratio (CRR) were calculated. FS (factor of
63 blow counts in the investigation area. MATLAB programs safety) values for the study area were determined using
Arab J Geosci
Eq. 6 according to Seed and Idriss (1971) methods. The Three factors (liquefiable, non-liquefiable, and marginally
results of the analysis are presented with Table 9. Table 9 liquefiable) were observed for amax =0.501g. Liquefiable
was prepared using lowest N values. As a result of these areas were not observed for amax = 0.398g. Liquefaction
analyses, some regions: namely Akyazi, home for the potential index maps were prepared according to depth
aged, treatment plant, industrial area consist of clayey intervals (36912 m). Liquefaction potential index maps
soils. According to Seed and Idriss method, in these are shown in Figs. 12 and 13. The liquefaction potential
areas, ((N1)60) values calculated greater than 30. So, in index classified into five categories, namely non-
these areas, soil liquefaction was not observed for peak liquefiable, low, moderate, high, and very high liquefiable.
horizontal accelerations (0.501 and 0.398g). Liquefiable, According to liquefaction potential index values, for the
marginally liquefiable and non-liquefiable soils for peak amax =0.398g, 75.5 % of the study area having the category
horizontal accelerations is shown in Fig. 9. The IP (liq- of non-liquefiable. The low and moderate areas are 20.7
uefaction potential index) values are presented with ta- and 2.4 %, respectively. The high and very high areas are
bles (Tables 10 and 11). Also, Pie charts showing the 0.9 and 0.5 %, respectively. For the amax =0.501g, 71.7 %
areas of the liquefaction potential index were prepared of the study area having the category of non-liquefiable.
(Fig. 10).
At the final stage of this study, liquefaction potential
maps were prepared for peak horizontal accelerations Conclusions
(0.501g and 0.398g) by interpolating most convenient FS
values depending on 63 boreholes data of study area. The Erzincan Province is an old town situated in the North Ana-
liquefaction potential is classified into three categories, tolian Fault Zone. Erzincan Basin has been affected by large
namely non-liquefiable, marginally liquefiable, and earthquakes associated with the North and East Anatolian
liquefiable areas. These maps are shown in Fig. 11. The fault zones. Erzincan Basin, where soil conditions are highly
maps produced using three colors, namely nonliquefiable heterogeneous, is composed of alluvial deposits of sand and
yellow, marginally liquefiable green, and liquefiable red. gravel with very small amounts of clay and silt. Due to the
Frat River near the city of Erzincan, ground water level is Conference on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake
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