EXAMPLE 10 Exercises 15 95 1s any real number exactly 1 less than its cube’? Solution This is the question that gave rise to the equation we just solved. Any stuch number must satisfy the equation x =x) —1 or x’ —x~1=0. Hence, we are looking for a zero of f(s) = x — $ and conelude from Theorem 9 that there is at least one number in [1 where f is zero. So, yes, there £2 =I and i] ‘4 number tha is | Jess than its eubs, and we just 1. By trial, we find that f(1) estimated its value graphically to be about 1.3247 18, a Exercises 1.5 Continuity from Graphs In Exereises 1-4, say whether the foneton graphed is continuous on [1.31 Hot, where does it fail © be continuous and why? L 2 Pal, -1ex1<0 a, ' Oexel foo=}, hd, Lexa? 0, Rexe3 raped in Fig, 147 Does (=I) exis? Does fi.) exist? Does tims Fix) = f(-1)? @ 1s F continuous a x = 12 Doos F(1) exist? Does fin. #(8) exist? Doss tiny f0)= Fy? Ts F continuous atx = 1? 1.47 The graph for Exercises 5-10, J. a) Is f defined at x = 29 (Look at the definition of f.) by) Is f continuous atx = 2? 8. At what values of x is f continuous? 9, What vale shoul be assigned to (2) tomake te extended fae 10, To wht new value should (1) be changed 10 remove ibe dis conti Applying the Continuity Test At which pots do the functions in the following exercise alt be ontimus? At which points, any, re the discontinuities removable? ot removable? Give reasons for your answers. UL, Exercise |, Section 41. VW. y=le=tesing 19, y= SE96 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity Sar By y= 2% y=@-H8 Limits of Composite Functions Find de Timi in Exercises 29-36 », nines) conta) 3H. linn se (y sec! y— tant y ~1) ») 2. iy wn (“oe in ss (a5ren) 34 tin, sex + 5VStan Continuous Extensions ‘38, Define g(3) in a way that extends gC) (x4 —9)/(r ~3) tobe continuous at r= 3 36, Define A(2) ina way that extends he) = (2 4-3r —10}/(r —2) lobe continuous a ¢ = 2. 137, Define f(1) in a woy that extends fle) = (=~ DJG? = 1) 0 be continous ats = I 38, Define g(3)inaway thatextends gC) = Ue? ~ 16)/(s2 = 3 = 4) vo be continues atx = 4. 39, For what value of is <3 fo) = continous st every x? 40. For what value of bis a x22 continuous at every x? 8 Grapher Explorations—Continuous Extension In Exercises 1-44, graph the Function f to se whether it appears 10 have a continous extension othe rig. It does, use TRACE ant ‘200M to find goo candidate forthe extended fonction's valve a 1 = 0.1 the furetion does nox appear to have acemtnuou extension, ‘anit be extended t be continous atthe origin rom the nab oe fom the left? fs, what do you think the extended funtion’ values) should be? 10 108 at. fay = a) 2. fay= saya = (+2 Theory and Examples 4. A continuous funtion y = f(4) is known to be negative atx = 0 land pasiive at x = 1. Why does the equation f(x) =0 have at least one solution between =O and x — 1? Illustrate with a sath 46, Explain why the equation cos.x = has atleast one solution 447. Show thatthe equation x? — 15541 the interval (4,4). 48. Show that the function F(x) = (x —a*(x —b)? 4 takes on the value (a + 8/2 for some value of x. 49. If fu) = 28 — Se +10, show that there are values for which 4 equals (a) m2 (b) —V% (6) 5.000.000. 50, Explain why the following ive statements ask forthe same in- formation, 2) Find the roots of f(x) = 4" = 3 = 1b) Find the x-coordinates of the points where the curve roeses the ine y = 2a 1 (©) Find all the values of + for which x? — 3x 4) Find the x-coondinates of the points where the cubic curve y=! Se erosies the line y= L © Solve the equation 4? = 3¢—1 =O, has thre soluions ia S51, Give an example of 2 fonction f(x) hat is continuous forall Values of x except = 2, where it ha a removable diseontinuity Explain how you know that f is discontinuous at x = 2, and how yu know the diseontinity is removable, 52. Give an example of s function g(x) that fs continuous for all values of» exept x = —I, where thas a nonremovable discon- Timi, Explain how you Know that g is discontinuous there and why the discontinuity is mot removable. 53. "8 function discontinuous at every point 1) Use the fact that every nonempty interval of real numbers contains both ational and irrational numbers to show that the fancton 1 xis etional $= oq ite is inaional is discontinuous at every point, b) Is f righ-comtinuous or le-conkinuoas a aay pin? 54, If functions 2) and g(x) are continuous for 0< x = 1, could {JCs} fe) possibly be discontinuous ata point of [0, 1)? Give ‘reasons for your answer. 155, Le product function h(x) = f(x) +) is continaous atx = 0, rst f(s) and g(x) be continuous atx = 0 Give reasons for your "Asevie demtes challenging pdm,56, Give an example of functions f and g both continuous at for which the composite fo g is discontinuous at x this contradict Theorem 82 Give reasons for your answer. 57. Is i tue that 6 continuous fonetion that imerval never changes sign on that imterval? Give reasons for 58, it ru that if you sicetch a rubber bund by moving one end to the right end the other 10 the lef, some point of the Pane wil end up in its original postion? Give vessons for your answer. AA fixed point theorem. Suppene that a function fis continue ‘us onthe closed interval [0 1] and that 0 = f2) $1 for every im [0,1]. Show tha there must exist number cin [0 1] sveh that /te) =e (@ is ealed a fixed point of f). ©, The sign-oreserving property of continuous functions. Let {be defied on an interval (a,b) and suppose that fe) 0 at Some e where / is continuous. Show that there isan invent (8, 645) about ¢ where fas the same sign as [0 1.6 Tengent Lines 97 except. That and the camiton fc) £0 are enaugh 10 make if dilferet from zero (postive o nepali) throughout an entice imerva ‘61, Explain how Theorem 6 follows from Theorem 1 in Section 1.2 162, Explain ow Theorem 7 follows fom Theorems 2 and 3 in Seo tion 1.2 & Solving Equations Graphically ‘Use «graphing calculator or computer grapher to solve the equations in Exercises 63-70 @.2=3x-1 64 2-2 De 65. x= I= 1 (one soot) 66. 61. e+ VTRR 4 6 x 1Sr 120 (dee 0088) [Notice how semarkable this conclusion is. Although f is defined 6% 408" = (One root) Make sue you ate using radian mode thoughout (eb, iis not required ob continuous any point 7, 2sinx =x hee root) Make sre youre wing rain mod Tangent Lines 148 Lis tangent to the circle at Pif it passes through P perpendicular to radius oP. ‘This section continues the discussion of secants and tangents begun in Section 1.1. We calculate limits of secant slopes to find tangents to curves. What /s a Tangent to a Curve? For circles, tangency is straightforward. A line is tangent to a circle at a point P if L passes through P perpendicular to the radius at P (Fig. 18). Such a line just ‘ouches the circle. But what does it mean to say that a line dis tangent to some ‘other curve C at a point P? Generalizing from the geometry ofthe circle, we might say that it means one ofthe following. |. L passes through P perpendicular to the line from P to the center of C. 2. L passes through only one point of C, namely 3. L passes through P and lies on one side of C only While these statements are valid if C is a circle, none of them work consistently for more general curves. Most curves do not have centers, and a line we may want to call tangent may intersect C at other points or cross C at the point of tangency (ig. 1.49 on the following page). “To define tangency for general curves, we need a dynamic approach that takes account the behavior ofthe secants through P and nearby points Q as Q moves toward P along the curve (Fig. 1.50 on the following page). It goes like this: 1. We start with what we can calculate, namely the slope of the secant PQ. 2 Investigate the limit ofthe secant slope as Q approaches P along the curve 3. Ifthe limit exists, take it to be the slope of the curve at Pand define the tangent to the curve at P co be the line thraugh P with this slope. This is what we were doing in the fruc Ay example in Section 1.1