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  • Limits and Continuity I Reading Material Part 2

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    S.m. Chandrashekar
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    engineering mathematics

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    engineering mathematics

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    20 vizualizări8 pagini

    Limits and Continuity I Reading Material Part 2

    Încărcat de

    S.m. Chandrashekar
    engineering mathematics

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 8
    62 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity 2) iy 2?= (Jim 3) (Sim x)—ere=2 estore D) lim (2-45) =lim x4 lim S=e +5 ‘Sum and (2) © lim ‘Constant Ml and (a) 4) tim (4x? =3) = Jim 4x2 ~ Jim 3 = 4c? 3 ierense ara ce © tm 2 = (tim 4) (tin x) = e+e Piet ir oe 1) tim (x 44r = Jim 2+ im x —3) sum wove-3 ome lim (3 + 4x? —3) HAA see ® In OTH fre 3 ae=3 one e+s a cumple 1) and Power Rule wih = 12 16-3 avi a ‘Two consequences of Theorem | further simplify the task of calculating limits of polynomials and rational functions. To evaluate the limit of a polynomial function x approaches c, merely substitute c for x in the formula for the function. To evaluate the limit of @ rational function as x approaches a point c at which the denominator is not zero, substitute ¢ for x in the formula for the funetion. Theorem 2 Limits of Polynomials Can Be Found by Substitution Mf PG) gx" + dg ix?! +--+ ay then fim PO) = Plo) = aye" tay ye! one Theorem 3 Limits of Rational Functions Can Be Found by Substitution If the Limit of the Denominator Is Not Zero If P(x) and OCs) are polynomials and O(c) + 0, then fim PO _ PO. Om) ~ Gey Identifying common factors Iecan be shown that if Q(+) isa polynomial and Qe) = 0, then (x 0) is xfactor of (Qe). Thus, ifthe numerator and denominatoe of rational Tuneton of x ae both 210 atx =, then (x ~c) isa eommon fact, 1.2 Rules for Finding Limits 63 Cy 44-17-30 Cts 6 ‘This is the limit in Example 1 with = —1, now done im one step. Q Eliminating Zero Denominators Algebraically ‘Theorem 3 applies only when the denominator of the rational funetion is not ze10 athe limit point c. If the denominator is zero, canceling common factors in the ‘numerator and denominator will sometimes reduce the fraction to one whose de- nominator is no longer zero at e. When this happens, we can find the limit by stibstitution in the simplified fraction, EXAMPLE 4 — Canceling a common factor be-2 Bvaluate fim = Solution We cannot just substitute x = 1, because it makes the denominator 28, However, we ean factor the numerator and denominator and cancel the common factor to obtain Pex-2 HD 2 T=) Ls Thus See Fig, 1.10 a EXAMPLE 5 Creating and canceling a common factor Find jm PE Solution We cannot find the limit by substituting h = 0, and the numerator and ‘denominator do not have obvious factors, However, we can create a common factor Jn the numerator by multiplying it (and the denominator) by the so-called conjugate expression 2+ + V2, obtained by changing the sign between the square roots: VEER-Vi _ VTFR- V3 VTFR+ V2 h ah “ithe 2 2th-2 w WED 1.10 The graph of fox) = 2 + x2" (22) in (a) the same as the graph of 900) = lx + 2c in (b) except at x= 1, Were f undefined. The functions have the same limit as + 1 hk We ie crete enn fase of WVIFH + VD 1 Vie 64 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity 20+ nSTTH) 1.11 The limit of the slope of secant PO 350» P along the curve ws W2v2) Gxample 5) a 1.12 The graph of fis sandwiched between the graphs of g and h. 1.13 Any function ulx) whose araph les in the region between y= 1+ 2) ane y= 1G) has limit 1 as x +9. ‘Therefore, 1 oe 0 JTFh+ 1 “Te denna cv FFT tomer = 1 2 ee co ste wt Notice that the fraction (2+ — J2)/h is the slope of the secant through the point P(2, /2) and the point Q(2+h, V2+/) nearby on the curve y = J. Figure L.11 shows the secant for h > 0, Our calculation shows that the limiting value of this slope as Q —> P along the curve from cither side is 1/23). O The Sandwich Theorem ‘The following theorem will enable us 10 calculate a variety of Himits in subsequent chapters. Ibis called the Sandwich Theorem because it refers to a function f whose Values ate sandwiched between the values of two other functions g and h that have the same limit L at a point c. Being trapped between the values of two funetions that approach L, the values of f must also approach L (Fig. 1.12). You will find proof in Appendix 2. Theorem 4 The Sandwich Theorem ‘Suppose that. g(x) < f(x) < h(x) forall in some open interval containing 6, except possibly at x = ¢ itself. Suppose also that fim se) ji tx) = Then tim FG) EXAMPLE 6 — Given that 1-5 sate) 5145 forall x 20, find tim (2). Solution Since Tim.se (1 (2/4) = 1 and fim oy (1467/2) =1, the Sandwich ‘Theorem implies that limo u(x Fig. 1.13), a EXAMPLE 7 — Show that if lim, |f(3)| =0, then lim, .. f(x) = 0. Solution Since ~|F(s)| $ f(x) < LF CI, and -| 2)| and | f(2)| both have limit O-as.x approaches ¢, lim, se f(z) =0 by the Sandwich Theorem, 4 66 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity Limits of Average Rates of Change Because of ter comection wi een’ ine, anges, and Instat neous ats, iis of the form lim LOM = Fo gE ‘occur frequently in calcuhis In Exercises 37-42, eva this limit for the given value of x and function f ML fava, x=7 4 soy = VEFI. Using the Sandwich Theorem 48. I VS=BE < fG) VS=H for“ ex £1. nd fim, ao Fle) 44, 12-2 < g(x) < 208s forall find limp #02) 49) Itcan be shown thatthe ineqoaiies 62 hold for al values of close to zere. What if nything, oes his tel you about 2eoss Give aso for your ane oy crarsier Graph yale) ixsinx)/(2—2eoss),and y = 1 together for 2 < x < 2. Comment on the behavior ofthe rap as > 0. ‘Suppose thatthe inequalities Leo Mss. a) hold for values of xclse 0 zero, (They do, as you will see i Section 8.10.) What, if anything, des this tell you about lim 18 Give reasons for your answer 1B) GRAPHER Graph the equations » = (1/2) ~ 2/24), ¥ = (1 —cossy/e2, and y= 1/2 togerber for -2 =x = Comment on the behavior ofthe graphs as x 0. Theory and Examples 47. Meat = fs) £2 for xin [1s and 3? & fs) 24 fors < =i and x> 1, at what points ¢ do you automatically know Ty efx)? What ean you say about the value ofthe Hii at these pons? 48, Suppose that g(x) < fe) < Ax) forall x 2 and supose that Him, g(x} = im WG) = =5. Can we conclude anything about the values of fg, and A at x= 27Could f(2) =07 Could lita. f(e) = 0? Give reasons for your answers. 9. LOZ = td ey #0) 0.1 tn, Lot) 51.0 tin LOSS 23 ba if) bitin LOSS 4, find tim Fe saith, £2 =, tua i) 9 in, £22 Ws a) GRAPHER Grgh x)= xs (1) exiane Tim, -0 (0), z0oming in om the origin as necessary. 1b) Confirm your estimate in (a) with proof. GRAPHER Graph f(x) = 1% cos (1/3°) to estate lim, -g f(x), 200migin on the origin as neces. 16) Coz your estimate in (a) with proof Target Values and Formal Definitions of Limits In this section we give a formal definition of the limit introduced in the previous two sections, We replace vague phrases like “gets arbitrarily close” inthe informal ‘efinition with specific conditions that can be applied to any particular example. ‘To do this we first examine how to contral the input of a function to ensure that the output is kept within preset bounds Keeping Outputs near Target Values We som function y ' need to know what input values x will result in output values of the (je) nent a partcalar target value. How near depends on the context 1.14 Keeping x within 1 unit of x within 2 nits of yo = 7. Toby 0.31 Keeping x between 1.75 and 2.28 will keep y between 1.8 and 22. 4 wll keep y 1.3. Target Values and Formal Definitions of Limits 67 A gas station attendant, asked for $5.00 worth of gas, will ry to pump a volume of a5 worth $5.00 to the nearest cent. An automobile mechanic grinding a 3.385-in, cylinder will not let the bore exceed this value by more than 0.002 in. A pharmacist making oin:ments will measure ingredients to the nearest milligram, EXAMPLE 1 Controlling a linear function How lose to xy = 4 must we hold the inpuc x to be sure that the output y = 2x — 1 lies within 2 units of yp = 72 Solution We are asked: For what values of x ig |y ~ 7| <2? To find the answer wwe first express |y ~ 7] in terms of x2 b-7i ‘The question then becomes: What values of x satisfy the inequality [2 ~ 8] < 2? ‘To find out, we solve the inequality jor—8) <2 -2<2-8<2 6<2e<10 Bexes lex-4<1 4 will keep y within 2 units of yp = 7 (Fig. 1.14), React, ‘hs a Technology Target Values You can experiment with target values on a graphing utility. Graph the function together with a target interval defined by horizontal lines above and below the proposed limit. Adjust the range oF use zoom until the function's behavior inside the target interval is clear. Then observe what happens when you try to find an interval of values that will keep the function values within the target interval. (See also Exercises 7-14 and CAS Exercises 61~64.) For example, uy this for f(x) = V3 —Z and the target interval (1.8, 2.2) on the yeanis. That is, graph yy = f(x) and the lines y= 1.8, ys = 2.2. Then try the target intervals (1.98, 2.02) and (1.9998, 2.0002) 68 Chapter 1: Limits and Continuity Sines 9 stout tn Ve 36h oy 115. 1.4 measuring cup (a), modeled as 2 right circular cylinder (@) of radius cm (Example 2). 1.16. preliminary stage in the development of the definition of limit, EXAMPLE 2 Why the stripes on a 1 about a millimeter wide liter kitchen measuring cup are ‘The interior of a typical 1-L measuring cup is a right circular cylinder of radius 6 em (Fig. 1.15). The volume of water we put in the cup is therefore a function of the level h to which the cup is filled, the formula being V = n6h = 36h How closely must we measure to measure out IL of water (1000 em) with an error of no more than 19% (10 ex)? Solution We want to know in what interval to hold values of A to make V satisy the inequality |v = 1000 [36h — 1000) < 10. ‘To find out, we solve the inequality: exh — 1000) < 10 10 < 36xh ~ 1000 < 10 990 < 36h < 1010 990, _ 1010 aon =" 5 36 88 x9 actually ‘equals Z, we must be able fo show that the gap between f(x) and L can be made less than any prescribed error, no matter how small, by holding x close enough to Suppose we are watching the values of a function f(x) as x approaches x0 (without taking om the value of 3 itseli). Certainly we want to be able to say that ‘F() stays within one-tenth of a unit of Z as soon as stays within some distance § of xo (Fig. 1.16). But that in itself is not enough, because as x continues on its ‘course toward xo, what is to prevent f(x) from jitering about within the interval from L~ 1/10 to L + 1/10 without iending toward L? We can be told thatthe error can be no more than 1/100 or 1/1000 or 1/100,000. Each time, we find a pew §-interval about 3p so that keeping x within that interval satisfies the new error tolerance, And each time the possibility exists that f(x) jiters away from L atthe last minute ‘The following figures illustrate the problem. You ean think of this as a quarel between a skeptic and a scholar. The skeptic presents «-challenges to prove that 41.3. Target Values and Formal Definitions of Limits 69 the limit does not exist or, more precisely, that there is room for doubt, and the scholar answers every challenge with a 5-interval around x Si Make | fla} ~L| 0, there exists @ corresponding number 8 > 0 such that for all O [fa)-Li

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