Exercises 3.1 195, ‘As we will sce in Section 3.3, we can determine the behavior of a function fat a critical point ¢ by further examining f’, bat we must look beyond what /* does atc itself Exercises 3.1 Finding Extrema from Graphs In Exercises 1-6, determine from the graph wheter the function has any abvolte extreme values on a,b. Then explain how your answer is consent with Theewem 1 2 yomie vase L D4, D4 13x ap - op «ee + 4; yap) po L is ope op ee 6 : vate a a 14 Los op ee ope Absolute Extrema on Closed Intervals In Exercises 7-22, find the ssolte maximum ard minimum valves of ‘ach function onthe given interval. Thea graph the fonction, Identity {he pots om the graph where the absolue extrema oveur, and include ‘heir coordinates. roa 6. vn. 18. f(0) Be) 20. 90) a. 0 DH) Tn Exercises 23-26, find the function's shsolote maximum and mini- ‘um values and say where they are assumed. 2 sayau8, ~1sxe8 A, fuy=, -1ere8 25. 9(@)=6", 322051 26, he) = 268", 275028 Local Extrema in the Domain In Fxercises 27 and 28, find the values of any local maxims and minima the fonctions may have on the given domains, and say where they are assumed. Which exitems, i any, are absolute forthe given domain?196 chapter 3: Applications of Derivatives Wa) fo)n2-2e. ter & CAS Explorations and Projects B sGhag 1) Saas gp Bezel ‘local maximum ne a local minimum value at 0 ‘When the French mathematician Michel Rolle published his thearem in 1691, his goal ‘was to show that between every rw 2708 of | «polynomial fonction hee always lies a zero ‘ofthe polynomial we now know to be the function’ derivative. (The moder version of the theorem i not resticied to polynomials) Rolle disusted the new methods of callus, bowever, and spent a reat deal of time and energy denouncing ther wse and attacking FH’ all to por (he fet) calculus book. Its ionic that Rolle is known today ony for bis inadvertent contribution to fel he tried to suppress The Mean Value Theorem 1faboay fll rely from rest nea the surface ofthe earth is position #seconds into the falls + = 4.912 m, From tis we deduce thatthe body's velocity and acceleration ate v = ds/di = 9.81 msec and a = ds/di? = 9.8 mise’. Bui suppose we sated with the body's acceleration. Could we work backward to find ils velocity and Aisplacement functions? ‘What we are really asking here is what functions can have a given derivative More generally, we might ask what kind of function can have a panicular kind of derivative. What kind of funcion has a postive derivative, fr instance, oF a negative derivative, ofa derivative thats always 2e;0? We answer these questions by applying corollaries ofthe Mean Value Theorem. Rolle’s Theorem ‘Toete is strong geometric evidence that between any two poinis where a differen- Fable curve crosses the x-asis there is a point on the curve where the tangent is horizontal. A 300-year-old theorem of Michel Rolle (1652-1719) assures us that this is indeed the easeByercises 32 203, Exercises 3.2 Finding c in the Mean Value Theorem Find the value or values ofc that satisfy the equation fb) fla) boa 1 the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem forthe Functions and inervals in Exercises 1-4, 1 feyax hoe, 5, (0.1) mu Checking and Using Hypotheses Which of the functions in Exercises 5-8 stsy the hypotheses of the ‘Mean Value Theorem onthe given interval, and which do not? Give ressons fOr Sour answers. S& fa, 1,8) 6 f=, 1 f0)=VHI=,_ 10.10 s po0- | eset 0. ° 9. The funtion son |s eis! frosts end x=! sd tenon (0, ni Gores co (1) ome How san 6? Dos Roles home ty the dthave ha 0 be tr smear Ih (6:9 Gre mts or or ae Serna ob dort tt : zo or=[Pesen 081 mere Lessa ‘satisfy th hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on he interval $B 93, loon Roots (Zeros) AL. a) Plot the zeros of each polynomial on a line together with the zeros of isis derivative D ysen4 yor tir 15 a Po 34a (e+ Nee iy) yaa 3 42160 = (eH 28) 1b) Use Rolle's theorem wo prove that between every to Zero OF ag ye ayn ag tere His a 7270 of ne Dag? boot 12, Suppose that fi continuous on [a,b] and thet f has tees eros in the interval. Show that J has at least one 2er0 in (a. 3). Generalize this res, 1B, Show that if > 0 throughout an interval fa bl, then f has at most one Jero in fa, 6]. What iff" <0 throughout [a, 4] instead? 14, Show that a cubic polynomial can have at most he real zeros. Theory and Examples 1S. Show that at some instant during a 2h anromobile tip the car's speedometer reading will equal the average speed forthe wip. 16, Temperature change. I took 14 see fora thermometer tose from —I9°C to 100°C when it was takon from a freezer and placed in boiling water. Show tha somewhere along the way the mercury was rising at exactly 8.5°Clsec. 17, Suppose tat fis differeiable on [0,1] and that its derivative is ‘ever ero, Show that £0) # f(0) 1B, Show that {in sinal = |b —a) for any numbers @ and 19, Suppose that fis differentiable om fa b} and that Fb) < F(a. Can you then say anything about the values of f'n fo, 6)? 20, Suppose that fand g ate difeeniable on fo, b) and that f(a) = 14a) and feb) = g(6). Show that there Isat least one point be- tween @ and & where the ingens to the graphs of fand g ace parle 21, Lat f be difereniable at every valve of x and suppose that FUL} Ne that f"< 0 on (00, 1, and that > D on (1, 0). 8) Show that f(2) > | forall 1) Mast /'(l) = 02 Explain, 2 Let flu) = pul tgx-tr be a quadratic function defined on closed interval [a,b]. Show thal there is exactly one pat ¢ in (a, By at which f satisfies the conclusion of the Mean Valve Theorer. A suprising graph, Greph the fonction Fl) = sinx singe +2) — sin? D. What does the graph do? Why dees the function behave this way? Give reasons for your answves. 24, IF the graphs of two functions f(x) and g(x) stat at the same ‘point in the plane and the functions have the time mite of change at every point, do the graphs have to be identical? Give reasons for your answer. 28. a) Show that g(x) = I/x decreses om every interval in its oan,204 chapter 3: Applications of Derivatives 1b) Ifthe conclusion in (2) is welly ru, how do you explain ‘he fut that g(t) = 145 actually greater than g(—1) = 19 26, Let fe x function defined onan interval (a, b]. What conditions| ‘oul you place on fo guarantee that £0) = fa) baa inf’ < mac f', where min and max f° refer w the minimum and maximum values of f" on (a, B? Give reasons for your answer 27, CALCULATOR Use the inequalities in Exercise 26 to estimate LOAYif J") = 1/-+x4006 x) for 0 < x < 0.1 and (0) B28, CALCULATOR Use the inequalities in Exercise 26 10 estimate AOI if F(2) = 1/1 — 2°) for 0S x 0.1 and FO) =2. 29. The geometric mean of 2 and b. The geometric mean of two positive numbers a and bis the number v’ab, Show thatthe valve ‘fc in the conclusion ofthe Mean Value Theorem for f(x) = I/ ‘on an interval (0, 6] of postive numbers is © = fab. 130, The arithmetic mean of a and b. The arithmetic mean of two numbers @ and b isthe number (a + B)/2. Show that the value ‘of cin the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem for f(s) = 3° ‘on any interval [a,b] is ¢ = (a-+-b)/2. Finding Functions from Derivatives 3, Suppose that f(—1)=3 and that 7G) =0 for all x. Mast {F(x} = 3 forall? Give reasons for your answer: 3% Suppose that f(0) = Sand that f"(s) = 2 forall. Mast fe 2x45 forall x? Give reasons for your answer, 33, Suppose that (x) = 2x for all x. Find /(2) if a f=0 b» sa=0 of) ‘3M. What can be said about functions whose derivatives are constant? Give reasons for your answer, {In Exercises 35-40, find all possible functions with the given deiva asa) 36. 0) > 8 aa) oO yee » a 3a) » Ba) y= sin2s by ymond 8 yesin2e toms Wa) ym see'e b yaw y= VB-ece In Exercises 41-44, ind the function wth the given derivative whose raph passes through the point re 70.0) 4 ein) PAD) r@=8-aco, o(,0) Hor@ ssecranr—1, PO, 0) Counting Zeros ‘When we solve an equation f(x) = Onumerially, we usually want to ‘nour beforehand now many solutions to Took for in a given interval With the help of Corollary 3 we can somtimes find ou, ‘Suppose that 1. fis continous on (a, 6] and diferentabie on (a 6), 2 “f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, 3 f'> Oona b) orf” <0 on (ab). ‘Thon has exactly ono zoro between @ and b It cannot have more than one because it either increasing on [a,b] oF decreasing on (o, bh Yet it has atleast one, by the Intermediate Value Theorem (Geeton 1.5), For example, f(x) =x! + 3x + 1 has exady one 7270 on [=L, 1] because fis diferentiable on [—1, 1], (I) = —3 and (1D =5 have opposite signs, and fx) = 3274-3 > 0 for all x ig. 329, 323 The only eal zero of the polynomial y= x8 +3x-41 isthe one shown here between ~1 and 0. ‘Show thatthe functions in Exercises 45-S2 have exactly one ero in the given interval 8 fear esetl, (2, uy (20,0) 4 a6 pop=vs 47,