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Plan and design

Title: Hydrocarbons

Problem Statement:
Plan and design an experiment to distinguish between hexane and hexene.

Hypothesis: When hexane is mixed with acidified potassium manganite (VII) solution, no
colour change will be observed. However, when hexene is added to
this compound, the solution decolourizes from purple to colourless.
When hexane is mixed with bromine water, no colour change will be observed. However, when
hexene is added to this compound, the solution decolourizes from
reddish brown to colourless.

Skill assessed: P/D

Aim: To distinguish between hexene and hexane using acidified potassium manganate (VII)
solution
To distinguish between hexene and hexane using bromine water.

Apparatus and Materials: hexene, hexane, acidified potassium manganate (VII), test tubes, test
tube rack, test tube holder, white tile, 5ml syringe

Procedure:

1. Add 5 cm3 of hexane to a test tube and label it.


2. Add 5cm3 of hexene to a test tube and label it.
3. Add a few drops of acidified potassium manganate (VII) to each test tube.
4. Add a few drops of bromine water to each test tube.
5. Shake each test tube and observe any colour changes.

Expected Results:

Hydrocarbon Observation
Hexane

Hexene

It was observed that test tube with hexene decolourised the acidified potassium manganate (VII)
from its original purple colour.

C6H12 + [O] C2H4 (OH) 2


Treatment of Results:

Acidified potassium manganate solution is a very strong oxidizing agent, therefore it oxidises the
alkene to an alcohol and it becomes reduced. The reduced form of acidified potassium
manganate is colourless which is why the solution changes from purple to colourless.

In contrast, alkanes are not oxidized by potassium manganate solution since it is saturated.

Assumptions:

The same number of potassium manganate ions are present when mixed with the alkane and the
alkene.

Controlled Variable:

Manipulated Variable:

Responding Variable:

It was observed that test tube with hexene decolourised the bromine water from its original
reddish brown colour.

C6H12 (l) + Br2 (aq) C6H12Cl2 (aq)

Treatment of Results:
Due to the high reactivity of the carbon-carbon double bond, bromine atoms could easily be
added to produce the corresponding halogenoalkane.

Assumptions:

The same number of bromine ions are present when mixed with the alkane and the alkene.

Controlled Variable:

Manipulated Variable:

Responding Variable:
Plan and design

Title: Hydrocarbons

Problem Statement:
Plan and design an experiment to distinguish between cyclohexane and cyclohexene.

Hypothesis: When a sample of cyclohexane is ignited, it will burn with a clear non-sooty flame.
However, when a sample of cyclohexene is ignited, it will burn
with a smoky flame.

Skill assessed: P/D

Aim: To distinguish cyclohexane and cyclohexene by combustion.

Apparatus and Materials: cyclohexane, cyclohexene, matches, evaporating dishes

Procedure:

1. Place 1ml of cyclohexane and cyclohexene in separate evaporating dishes.


2. Ignite the liquids simultaneously with lighted splints.
3. Compare the colour and soot levels present.

Expected Results:

Hydrocarbon Observation
Hexane

Hexene

C6H12 + O2 C2H4 (OH) 2


Treatment of Results:

Alkenes are unsaturated due to the presence of the double bond, whereas alkanes are saturated.
Both hydrocarbons will produce water and carbon dioxide as a result of their reaction with
oxygen, however due to the high carbon-oxygen ratio in alkenes, carbon monoxide will be
produced. This is why alkenes burn with a sooty flame rather than a clean one.

Assumptions:
Both hydrocarbons are pure.
Both hydrocarbons have an identical supply of oxygen gas.

Controlled Variable
Manipulated Variable
Responding Variable

Title: Separation of Mixtures

Hypothesis: Identical pen inks will contain same no. of components with identical Rf values

Problem Statement: To determine whether pens are identical using paper chromatography

Aim: To determine which of three pens inks is identical to the original pen ink using paper
chromatography

Apparatus and Materials: Strips of filter paper, ink cartridges of 3 pens, 3 small beakers, clips,
ethanol
Procedure:

1. Label the ink cartridges (A, B and C /X,Y and Z or whatever).


2. Label the small beakers (A, B and C /X,Y and Z or whatever).
3. Fill each beaker 15 cm3 of ethanol.
4. Using each ink cartridge, make a small dot measuring 1 mm in diameter on the bottom of
the filter paper with ink cartridge A (or X) about 1cm from the bottom of the paper.
Repeat with ink from the B (or Y) cartridge.
5. Simultaneously submerge the bottom of each of the pieces of filter paper below the ink
spot into the beaker of ethanol and use a clip to keep the paper in place.
6. After 15 minutes, remove each piece of filter paper and record all observations.

Variables:

Controlled:
Manipulated:
Responding:

Expected Results:

Diagram of Chromatogram A

Drawing of Chromatogram B
Drawing of Chromatogram C

***Insert formula for calculating Rf values***

Based on the patterns displayed in the diagrams above, and the Rf values calculated, Ink B and C
can would be declared identical. It is clear that the individual colours were the same on
separation with the ink levels being nearly identical.

Precautions:
Ensure than the ethanol does not touch the ink spot.

Sources of Error:
Leaving one sample in the ethanol for longer than another
Submerging the ink spot in the ethanol.

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