List of European windstorms

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The following is a list of notable European windstorms.

Contents
1 Windstorms
1.1 Historic and notorious European windstorms
1.2 Severe European windstorms between 1800 and 1899
1.3 Severe European windstorms between 1900 and 1974
1.4 Severe European windstorms between 1975 and 1999 Satellite picture of Windstorm
1.5 Severe European windstorms between 2000 and 2009 Odysseus on October 26, 2011
1.6 Severe European windstorms between 2010 and 2014
1.7 Severe European windstorms since 2015
2 See also
3 References
4 External links

Windstorms
Historic and notorious European windstorms

Event Date Notes

Grote Mandrenke (known as January 1516, A southwesterly Atlantic gale swept across England, the Netherlands, northern Germany and
St Maury's wind in Ireland)[1] 1362 southern Denmark, killing over 25,000 and changing the Dutch-German-Danish coastline.
All Saints' Flood November 1, 1570 [2]

Spanish Armada storms
Hard Candlemas
Burchardi Flood
Culbin Sands storm
Great Storm of 1703
Portugal and Madeira storm
St HilairePrisca storms
St Barbara storm
(November 11,
New Style)
1588 After the Battle of Gravelines, the Armada was forced to flee northwards, and attempted to
return to Spain by sailing around Scotland and Ireland. Here, the ships ran into a series of
powerful westerly gales. Already in poor condition after an extended period at sea, many ships
were sunk, or driven onto the coast and wrecked, with over 50 ships lost. The late 16th century,
and especially 1588, was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated
with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of Greenland, a characteristic phenomenon of
the "Little Ice Age."[3]
February 2, 1602 The Faroe Islands were hit by a great storm, today still remembered as the hard Kyndelmisse.
The storm permanently destroyed the sheltered natural harbour at Saksun.[2][4]
October 1112, Also known as "second Grote Mandrenke", hit North Frisia, drowned about 8,000-15,000
1634 people and destroyed the island of Strand.
Autumn 1694 A storm saw 2030 km of farmland overwhelmed by sand at the Culbin Estate, Moray
Scotland.[2]
November 26, Severe gales affected south coast of England. Between 8,000 and 15,000 lives were lost overall.
1703
November 1819, One of the most destructive storms ever experienced in Portugal since the early 17th century,[5]
1724 causing damage to the east coast of Madeira and central and northern Portugal (though unclear
if it was not a tropical system such as Hurricane Vince, which impacted Europe in 2005).[6]
January 1418, Between the 14th and 18 January 1739, a series of storms severely affected France, Switzerland
1739 and southern Germany. The period has been named after the saints' days of the first and the last
day of its occurrence. The storms are considered to be similar to Lothar and Martin of 1999.[7]
December 4, 1739 Affected Portugal.[7]
Severe European windstorms between 1800 and 1899

Event Date Notes

February 1825
February 35, 1825: Winds over the North Sea led to the February flood of 1825 storm surge in
the North Sea.[2]
February 1, 1825: Windstorm passed over Scotland with winds around 140 knots (260 km/h).[2]

Night of the Big Wind January 67, The most severe windstorm to hit Ireland in recent centuries, with hurricane-force winds, killed
1839 between 250 and 300 people and rendered hundreds of thousands of homes uninhabitable.
Moray Firth fishing disaster August 1848
1850 Winter 1850
January 29, Yrvderstisdagen, saw Sweden affected by one of the worst snowstorms on record.
[8]

February 56, 1850. The Great Storm of 1850 saw a damaging gale cross the UK (tentatively
linked to scouring of turf and sand which covered the Neolithic settlement of Skara Brae in
Orkney).[9]

Royal Charter Storm
Great Gale of 1871
"Lothar's big brother"
The Tay Bridge Disaster
Eyemouth Disaster
The Ochtertyre storm
The great storm of November
October 25 The Royal Charter Storm was considered to be the most severe storm to hit the British Isles in the
26, 1859 19th century,[10][11] with a total death toll estimated at over 800. It takes its name from the Royal
Charter ship, which was driven by the storm onto the east coast of Anglesey, Wales with the loss of
over 450 lives.
February 10, A severe storm affected England with 28 ships wrecked on the north east coast, total fatalities are
1871 estimated at over 50.
March 12, Maximum winds crossed northern France, Belgium, Luxembourg and into Germany. Swiss Re report
1876 that this was the worst event in the 19th and early 20th century, with a footprint similar to the storm
Lothar of 1999.[12]
December 28, Severe gales (estimated to be Force 10-11) swept the east coast of Scotland, infamously resulting in
1879 the collapse of the Tay Rail Bridge and the loss of 75 people who were on board the ill-fated train.[13]
October 14, A severe storm struck the southeast coast of Scotland. 189 fishermen were killed, most of whom were
1881 from the small village of Eyemouth.
January 19 A series of deep Atlantic depressions crossed the north western areas of the UK, a storm on 26
28, 1884 January saw the UK's record lowest air pressure measured at Ochtertyre, Perthshire of 925.6 hPa.
Swiss Re stated the storm's damaging swathe of winds were larger than those of the Burns Day storm
of 1990.[12]
November 16 [14]

1893 20, 1893

"North German Express" February 12, A rapidly moving storm brought high winds to Northern Ireland, Scotland, Northern England and
1894 northern Germany, reaching a maximum depth estimated at 945 hPa over Norway.[12]
Severe European windstorms between 1900 and 1974
 Event
Christmas Hurricane of 1902
"Ulysses Storm"
Ulvsund storm
Lacken Disaster
1928 Thames flood
Western Europe windstorm
Central Europe windstorm
Iberian windstorm
October Gales
North Sea storm disturbance
North Sea Flood of 1953
Hurricane Debbie
Vincinette
North Sea flood of 1962
(The Sheffield Gale)
Channel Islands storm
Ferrybridge cooling tower
collapse
"Adolph Bermpohl" storm
Scandinavian storm (Lena)[31]
1968 Scotland storm
Date Notes
December 25- The Danish Meteorological Institute report a single measurement from a balloon at Hald in central
26, 1902 Jutland with an hourly mean wind value of 35 metres per second (130 km/h). DMI estimate the
strongest winds probably reached 50 metres per second (180 km/h) or more. The storm was
relatively short-lived and caused extensive damage to forestry as it passed from southern Norway to
the Gulf of Riga, with a swathe of damage stretching from north Jutland to Bornholm. The storm
also saw significant flooding.[15]
February 26- Probably the most severe to affect Ireland since the Night of the Big Wind, with an estimated 1000-
27, 1903 3000 trees uprooted in Phoenix Park, Dublin. Following a stormy period between the 18-26 which
saw several depressions pass close by to the west coast of Ireland. The storm's low pressure was
estimated at 975 mb (Lamb, 1991). A quote from Ulysses by James Joyce is likely based on the
aftermath of this storm- "O yes, J.J. O'Molloy said eagerly. Lady Dudley was walking home
through the park to see all the trees that were blown down by that cyclone last year and thought
she'd buy a view of Dublin."[16]
October 23-24, The S.S. Ulvsund capsized during the storm on a sailing between Copenhagen and Nakskov,
1921 Lolland.[15]
January 28, A storm strongly affected the UK and Ireland, with a gust of 90 knots (100 mph) recorded in
1927 Paisley.[2]
October 28, Storm affected the west coast of Ireland, with 45 people drowned, led to the abandonment of the
1927 Inishkea Islands. There was also coastal flooding along Cardigan Bay and 5 fatalities in Fleetwood,
Lancashire.[17][18]
January 67, Snow melt combined with heavy rainfall and a storm surge in the North Sea led to flooding in
1928 central London and the loss of 14 lives.
November 23 A windstorm affected parts of Northwestern Europe for more than two days and killed 38 people,
25, 1928 mainly in England.[19]
Early July 1929 A severe and deadly windstorm moved through central Europe in early July 1929 and killed 38
people.[20]
February 13- A storm made a direct hit on Lisbon while damaging winds affected the whole of Portugal. Low of
15, 1941 950 hPa, reaching winds up to 180 km/h (110 mph) in San Sebastin, Spain. It remains one of the
top five most severe windstorms across Europe during the 20th Century.[21][22]
October 24-26, Gales in October 1945 killed two and wash up many mines along the south coast of England with
1945 winds over 90 mph.[23][24]
January 8, [25]
1949
January 31 Considered to be the worst natural disaster of the 20th century both in the Netherlands and the
February 1, United Kingdom, claiming over two thousand lives altogether. A storm originating over Ireland
1953 moved around the Scottish west coast, over Orkney, down the east coast of Scotland and England
and across the North Sea to the Netherlands. Sea defences in the Netherlands and eastern England
were overwhelmed. The ferry MV Princess Victoria, travelling between Scotland and Northern
Ireland, was lost with 133 people drowned, and over a quarter of the Scottish fishing fleet was also
lost. In the Netherlands, flooding killed 1,835 people and forced the emergency evacuation of
70,000 more as sea water inundated 1,365 km of land. An estimated 30,000 animals drowned, and
47,300 buildings were damaged of which 10,000 were destroyed. Total damage was estimated at
that time at 895 million Dutch guilders.
September 17, North-west Ireland, much of Scotland and the Northern Isles hit by severe gales, which were the
1961 residuals of Hurricane Debbie.[26]
February 16 Including the Sheffield Gale 1962, westerly gales swept the entire United Kingdom during 16 and
17, 1962 17 February 1962, a "resonant lee wave effect" over the Pennines led to over 150,000 houses in
Sheffield, nearly two-thirds of the city's entire housing stock being damaged.[27] The storm moved
south-east and reached the German coast of the North Sea with wind speeds up to 200 km/h. The
accompanying storm surge combined with high tide pushed water up the Weser and Elbe, breaching
dikes and caused extensive flooding, especially in Hamburg. 315 people were killed, around 60,000
were left homeless.
October 9, A storm tracked along the English Channel bringing intense winds and damage to the Channel
1964 Islands.[28]
November 1, Ferrybridge power station near Pontefract saw three cooling towers collapse due to vibrations in 85
1965 miles per hour (137 km/h) winds. The grouped shape of the cooling towers meant that westerly
winds were funnelled into the towers themselves, creating a vortex. Three out of the original eight
cooling towers were destroyed and the remaining five were severely damaged. The towers were
rebuilt and all eight cooling towers were strengthened to tolerate adverse weather conditions.[29][30]
February 23 Named after the German Maritime Search and Rescue Service ship German Maritime Search and
24, 1967 Rescue Service ship Adolph Bermpohl which was lost in the storm. The German Naval Observatory
at the time reported the storm brought the highest winds ever measured in the North Sea.[2]
October 17-18, October 1967 was one of the wettest in Denmark with several areas of low pressure passing the
1967 country. Wind speeds over 40 metres per second (140 km/h) were recorded across Denmark and at
the southern tip of land, Sweden.[15][32]
January 15, This storm tracked north up the west coast of Scotland. In Glasgow, some 20 people were killed, 40
1968 injured and 2,000 people made homeless, Ayrshire and Argyll also affected.[33]
Quimburga 1114 A storm that struck northern Europe in mid-November 1972 and spawned a tornado that killed 28 in
November Germany.[34] The MV Mebo II radio ship of RNI ran adrift losing one of her anchors. The crew
1972 managed to start the engines, and after sailing back to her original anchoring spot near
Scheveningen, the spare anchor was securing the vessel's position again.
Unnamed 13 April 1973 A storm affecting the north and west coastal areas of the Netherlands, northern German and western
Danish coastal areas, getting the unmotorised MV Norderney radio ship of Radio Veronica stranded
at the Scheveningen coast. Widespread destruction of ca. 2 Million trees at the Veluwe.
Irish windstorm January 1112, Record winds, sometimes of hurricane force, recorded in many parts of Ireland. The strongest ever
1974 sea level gust in Ireland, at exactly 200 km/h, was recorded in Kilkeel, County Down. Many trees
and buildings were damaged and 250,000 [35] premises were left without electricity (approx 1 in 4 in
the county).
Norway windstorm Mid February Winds up to 100 mph (160 km/h) battered the United Kingdom and Norway in Mid February 1974,
1974 killing 19.[36]
Severe European windstorms between 1975 and 1999
 Event Date Notes
Gale of January 1976 January 2-5, Central UK windspeed gusts of 105 mph (169 km/h) were measured at RAF Wittering.
("Capella storm") 1976 Middlesbrough saw winds of 114 mph (183 km/h).[37] Widespread wind damage was reported across
Europe from Ireland to Central Europe. Coastal flooding of 400 homes occurred in Cleethorpes,
United Kingdom. In Ruisbroek, Antwerp Belgium dike failures and floods on the Scheldt estuary led
to the adoption of the Sigmaplan (the Belgian equivalent of the Dutch Delta Works)[38][39] The
highest storm surge of the 20th Century was recorded on the German North Sea coast, with some
flooding of coastal marshes.
Fastnet Disaster Storm August 1314, An unusual storm during the 1979 Fastnet yachting race resulted in 24 yachts being disabled or lost
1979 and 15 fatalities.
1981 Storm series November and
December November 2324 A severe storm affected Denmark and southern Sweden, killing two, with a
1981 storm surge breaking sea dikes along the Jutland coast.[40] 23 November also saw 102 tornados
reported in Britain.[41]
1981 December storm In England, high tides combined with a storm surge resulted in
extensive flooding and 6 million worth of damage along the Somerset coast of the Bristol
Channel, with the highest water recorded in the Channel since the start of the century.[42][43] In
France, the storm caused widespread flooding in the south west, causing considerable damage
in the river basins of the Garonne and Adour and flooding Bordeaux.[44] Water entered the
cooling water pump house of Hinkley Point nuclear power station, causing a shut-down for
weeks after the storm.[45][46]
December 19, Another storm leads to the Penlee lifeboat disaster.

Christiansborg storm January 18, A windstorm affected Denmark, blowing a roof off Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen which
1983 killed two.[15][47]
Unnamed January 13, A Class 4 storm affected Denmark.[15]
1984
Ex-Hurricane Charley August 25, Rainfall records were broken in Ireland (e.g. 200 mm in Kippure) with consequent flooding, up to
1986 2.4 metres in Dublin, and the storm also caused flooding in Wales and England. At least eleven
people were killed in Ireland and Britain.
Unnamed October 20, A windstorm primarily affecting the Netherlands, Germany and Poland.[48][49][50]
1986
Great Storm of 1987 October 15 This storm mainly affected southeastern England and northern France. In England maximum mean
16, 1987 wind speeds of 70 knots (an average over 10 minutes) were recorded. The highest gust of 117 knots
(217 km/h) was recorded at Pointe du Raz in Brittany. In all, 19 people were killed in England and 4
in France. 15 million trees were uprooted in England. This storm received much media attention, not
so much because of its severity, but because these storms do not usually track so far south, the trees
and buildings are not used to such winds (indeed, in mid-October most deciduous trees still have
their leaves and were therefore more susceptible to windstorm damage and, following weeks of wet
weather, the ground was sodden, providing little grip for the trees' roots), the severity of the storm
was not forecast until approximately 3 hrs before it hit and it struck after midnight, meaning few
people had advance warning.
Scottish windstorm February 13, During this storm, a gust of 123 knots (228 km/h) was recorded at the Kinnaird Lighthouse
1989 (Fraserburgh) on the north-east coast of Scotland. This broke the highest low-level wind speed
record for the British Isles. Much higher (unofficial) windspeeds have been recorded on the summit
of Cairn Gorm and on Unst in Shetland.
1990 Storm series January 25- 1990 saw 8 storms impacting Europe between January and March.
March 1, 1990
Burns' Day storm (Daria) January 2526, 1990. Widespread severe gales in the United
Kingdom, France, the Benelux countries, and Germany. Isolated gusts of over 45 m/s were
recorded, causing extensive structural damage. The storm tracked across the United Kingdom
into mainland Europe, where it was known under the name "Daria" and caused severe
damage, especially to forests. In total, insurance losses resulting from this storm totalled about
US $6bn..
Herta February 16, 1990.
Judith February 78, 1990.
Nana February 1112, 1990.
Ottilie February 1314, 1990.
Polly February 1415, 1990.
Vivian February 2527, 1990.
Wiebke February 28March 1 1990. These Storms primarily affected Switzerland and
Southern Germany resulting in 64 fatalities.[51] Coastal flooding also occurred in Towyn,
North Wales.[52][53]

Undine January 56, Undine crossed Ireland, the UK and Germany becoming one of the costliest storms of the 1990s
1991 with and estimated cost of 545m. A storm surge was noted with the storm's passage with waves up
to 30 m high recorded out at sea. The storm was one of three which affected Europe in two weeks.
[54]

Unnamed January 9, A class 4 storm affected Denmark.[15]

1991
Iceland storm
 February 3, A severe storm in Iceland saw in the Vestmannaeyjar (south of the Icelandic mainland) winds up to
1991 56 metres per second (200 km/h) with gusts probably exceeding 62 metres per second (220 km/h),
which was then the maximum the measuring stations were able to measure. Reykjavik reported
hurricane-force winds with gusts up to 41 metres per second (150 km/h).[55] In the capital winds
blew the roof off the Landsptali National University Hospital, while in Kpavogur the wind was
filmed blowing over parked cars.[56][57]
New Year's Day Storm January 1, This storm affected much of northern Scotland and western Norway, unofficial records of gusts in
(Nyttrsorkanen) 1992 excess of 130 knots (67 m/s) were recorded in Shetland, while Statfjord-B in the North Sea recorded
wind gusts in excess of 145 knots (75 m/s). DNMI estimated the strongest sustained winds (10 min.
average) to have reached 90 knots (45 m/s), comparable to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-
Simpson Scale. Very few fatalities occurred, mainly due to the very low population of the islands
and the fact that the islanders are used to very high winds.
1993 Storm series January 817,
1993 Braer Storm of January 1993, the storm was the most intense extratropical cyclone ever
recorded in the North Atlantic, with a central pressure of 916 millibars (27.0 inHg), the
intensity of a Category 5 hurricane. 96 miles per hour (154 km/h) wind gusts were recorded in
the Shetland Isles.[58] BBC Forecast on Braer storm. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=11MgMm96GYQ
Verena, January 1314, 1993, a storm with a low of 980 millibars (29 inHg) affected the
Southern Baltic. During the storm the Polish ferry MS Jan Heweliusz capsizes, with 55 lives
lost.[59][60]

Lore January 28, [61][62]

1994
Christmas Eve Storm (Yuma) December 23 On Christmas Eve, an intense secondary depression tracked north-east across Scotland, bringing
25, 1997 severe gales and heavy rain. The storm caused 6 fatalities, extensive structural damage and
disruption to National Grid. Blackpool's North Pier in north-west England was also damaged.[63]
Fanny January 15, An intense secondary depression crossed Ireland and northern England bringing severe gales to
1998 Wales and southern England, with winds gusting up to 77 miles per hour (124 km/h). This was
probably the most severe storm since the Burns Day Storm of 1990 in southern England and Wales,
bringing widespread disruption to power and communications and property, including river and
coastal flooding.[54][64]
Xylia October 28 [65]

1998
Boxing Day Storm (Stephen) December 26, Severe gales over Ireland, northern England, and southern Scotland. Winds speeds of 103 mph were
1998 recorded at Prestwick airport, and 93 mph (150 km/h) in Glasgow. Widespread disruption and power
outages in Northern Ireland and southern Scotland. The Forth Road Bridge was fully closed for the
first time since its construction in 1964.
Anatol December 3, Hurricane like storm Anatol hits Denmark and neighbouring countries. Killing 7 in Denmark alone.
1999 Pressure: 952.4 hPa. Wind speeds above 85 mph (38 m/s), gusts up to 115 mph (51 m/s).
Cyclone Lothar and Martin December 26 France, Switzerland and Germany were hit by severe storms and rain. Over 100 people were killed,
28, 1999 and the storm caused extensive damage to property and trees and the French and German national
power grids, including an emergency due to flooding at the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant. The first
storm in the series, dubbed Lothar by European forecasters, rapidly developed just off of the French
coast and swept inland. Each of these systems was associated with an intense jet stream aloft and
benefitted from latent heat release through atmosphere-ocean exchange processes. "Lothar" and
"Martin", as the second storm was dubbed, were extratropical cyclones and had a hurricane-like
shape, with an eye at the center. In the first storm, a gust of 184 km/h was recorded at Ushant (Fr.
Ouessant) in Brittany and in the second storm, the highest gust was of 200 km/h at le de R in
France.
Severe European windstorms between 2000 and 2009
Name
Minimum
(other Dates Meteorological history
pressure
name)
October 30 A deep area of low pressure swept across the United Kingdom bringing gusts in excess of 90 mph
Oratia November 941 hPa[66] (140 km/h) and severe flooding to Southern England, it was the strongest system of its kind to hit the UK
5, 2000 since the Burns Day Storm of 1990. Contributing to the Autumn 2000 western Europe floods.
November A severe windstorm hit southern and central Finland, causing damage worth 20 million euros.[67] Northerly
Janika 980 hPa
1316, 2001 winds trailing the low pressure were exceptionally gusty,[68] with F2 damage on Fujita scale.
October 25
Jeanett
31, 2002 975 hPa[69] A strong windstorm ripped through the British Isles, killing 24. Winds peaked at 95 mph (153 km/h).[70]

December A storm generating 80 mph (130 km/h) winds hit northern France, including Paris, killing 6 people and
Dagmar 983 hPa[71]
1620, 2004 leaving thousands of homes without power.

Erwin (Gudrun) January 512, 2005. Northern Europe was hit by the storm Erwin (Free University of
Berlin), also called Gudrun by the Norwegian weather service, with sustained wind speeds of
126 km/h and wind gusts of 165 km/h. About 341,000 homes lost power in Sweden and several
thousand of these were out of power for many days and even weeks; about 10,000 homes were still
without power after three weeks. The international death toll was at least 17. The storm caused a lot
of financial damage in Sweden, where the forest industry suffered greatly from damaged trees. In the
south, 75 million m (98 million yd) of trees blew down. In the space of 6 hrs, 250,000,000 trees
were blown down, and after months of hard work, lorries and drivers from across Europe eventually
transported the logs to several sites across the south of Sweden. One huge site was situated on a
disused airfield, stretched for 2 km, 14 metres in height, and 10 piles in width. This was only 2% of
the total logs stored, enough to create a 3 m x 3 m pile all the way to Australia.
January January 5 961 hPa[72]
Gero January 1019, 2005 On the evening of the 11th and early morning of the 12th, a ferocious gale
2005 12, 2005 944 hPa[73] swept across Northern Ireland and northwest Scotland. Wind speeds of 134 mph (equivalent to a
weak Category 4 hurricane) were recorded on North Rona and wind speeds in excess of 110 mph
(180 km/h) measured on South Uist with 105 mph (169 km/h) on Barra in the Hebrides before the
automatic station stopped reporting at 1700 UTC. Surface pressure reached a minimum of 946 mb
(27.9 inHg) to the west of Scotland.[74] Stormy seas combined with high spring tides and caused
flooding in low-lying coastal areas. One fatality occurred in Ireland and six in Scotland, including a
family of five who were swept into the sea after fleeing their house on South Uist. At the height of the
storm, 85,000 households in Scotland were without power. On the 13th, all Caledonian MacBrayne
ferry services and train services in Scotland were suspended, and many roads were closed due to
fallen trees. The Forth Road Bridge was closed for the first time since the 1998 Boxing Day Storm,
and the Tay (Dundee) and Friarton (Perth) bridges were also closed to all traffic.

A powerful storm battered the south west coast of France with gusts of 150 km/h in the coastal areas. The
October 28, storm uprooted many trees, and many homes remained without power for many hours. Two people were
Renate 999 hPa[75]
2006 badly injured in a helicopter crash. One person died in a house fire, which originated from a candle that he
was using for illumination.
In the afternoon of the second and in the night a storm made its way through the North Sea with gusts
October 29
reaching 174 km/h in Denmark and southern Sweden. The countries affected were Denmark, Sweden,
Britta November 979 hPa[76] Norway, Germany and Scotland. The storm killed 15 people and detached an oil rig, which then was
4, 2006
rescued and pulled back to safety.
A strong depression north of Scotland brought high winds to most of the United Kingdom. A strong jet
stream was also present at the time. This system was one of several strong storms to hit the United Kingdom
during the winter of 20062007, linked to the strong North Atlantic Oscillation event taking place at the
time. With a central pressure of 951 hPa, sustained winds exceeded 60 mph (97 km/h) and a gust of 94 mph
(151 km/h) was recorded in Benbecula late on January 10. Additional hurricane-force gusts were recorded
in Scotland. Gale-force winds were recorded in the south of the United Kingdom and in the Midlands, and
gusts of over 50 mph (80 km/h) affected the entire country. Northern areas received gusts of between 60 and
90 mph (140 km/h). The depression was named Franz by the Free University of Berlin.
January 10
Franz 951 hPa[77]
13, 2007 Six fatalities have been confirmed, along with several injuries. Five people were killed when a trawler sank
off the coast near Wexford, in Ireland and another person was killed near Taunton, Somerset when a tree
crushed his car. Another trawler went missing. Two survivors were recovered. One woman went missing
after falling overboard on a ferry near Falmouth. A supermarket in Wales had its roof damaged, and
residents across the United Kingdom reported other minor damage. 80,000 homes lost power in Wales.
Flooding occurred in several areas, with several rivers overflowing. The Environment Agency issued 59
flood warnings.

The powerful storm Per hit south-western Sweden with wind gusts up to about 90 mph (140 km/h). Six
Hanno January 9
(Per) 16, 2007 965 hPa[78] people were reported dead in different storm-related accidents, thousands of trees were blown down, and
thousands of households lost electricity. This storm also caused damage and flooding in Lithuania.
Kyrill January 17 963 hPa[79] In the wake of Kyrill, already regarded as one of the most violent and destructive storms in more than a
23, 2007 century, storm-warnings were given for many countries in western, central and northern Europe with severe
storm-warnings for some areas. Schools in particularly threatened areas had been closed by mid-day, to
allow children to get home safely before the storm reached its full intensity in the late afternoon. At least
53 people were killed in northern and central Europe, causing travel chaos across the region. Britain and
Germany were the worst hit, with eleven people killed as rain and gusts of up to 99 mph (159 km/h) with
sustained windspeeds of up to 73 mph (117 km/h) swept the UK. Thirteen people were killed in Germany,
with the weather station on top of the Brocken in the Saxony-Anhaltian Harz mountain range recording
wind speeds of up to 121 mph (195 km/h). Direct damage in Germany was estimated to amount to
Name
Minimum
(other Dates Meteorological history
pressure
name)
4.7 billion.[80] Five people were killed in the Netherlands and three in France. The gusts reached 151 km/h
at the Cap Gris Nez and 130 km/h in many places in the north of France. In both Germany and the
Netherlands the national railways were closed. At Frankfurt International Airport over 200 flights were
cancelled.
A rather unseasonal weather system brought gale force winds to the UK, but was more memorable for
causing severe flooding, with many areas receiving more than a months' rainfall in a single day. The storm
exacerbated existing flooding problems (caused by violent thunderstorms a week earlier) and areas such as
June 23July Sheffield were worst affected. Over 102 flood warnings were issued, and by June 29, five people were dead,
Uriah 980 hPa[81]
1, 2007 many areas flooded and there was severe damage to the Ulley reservoir, where cracks appeared in the dam
wall, causing fears that it might collapse. 700 people were evacuated from the area. Over 3000 properties
were flooded across the country and more than 3,500 people were evacuated from their homes. See June
2007 United Kingdom floods.
A strong European windstorm struck Northern Scotland. All schools in Orkney were closed and hundreds of
homes lost power. Gusts as high as 90 mph (140 km/h) were reported, along with early snow for the
Scottish highlands. The Northlink ferry company cancelled sailings between Lerwick and Aberdeen. There
were also reports of trees and roofs being blown down, such as in Grampian. The combination of
Tilo November 6 Northwesterly winds exceeding 60 mph (97 km/h), low pressure and high spring tides led authorities to
(Andrea) 11, 2007 974 hPa[82] expect severe flooding in the east of England, to close the Thames Barrier. Many said that these conditions
mirrored the North Sea Flood of 1953. In the Netherlands, the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier and the
gigantic Maeslantkering (sealing off the Rotterdam harbor) were closed. For the first time since 1976, the
entire coastline was put on alert and under round-the-clock surveillance. The tidal surge traveling down the
North Sea turned out to be too weak to cause any significant problems to the strong Dutch coastal defenses.
A strong European windstorm, Paula hit Poland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. At
January 24
Paula
27, 2008 971 hPa[83] least one person died in Poland.[84] The gusts reached 165 km/h in the Eastern Alps, 155 km/h in Poland,
150 km/h in Norway and 140 km/h in Germany.
February 28 A strong European windstorm, Emma hit Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Poland. At least 12 people
Emma March 7, 959 hPa[85] died. The gusts reached 190 km/h in Eastern Alps, 170 km/h in Poland and 140 km/h in Germany and
2008 Czech Republic. The results were catastrophic.
A European windstorm that hit southern France and northern Spain, said to be the most damaging in the
area since that of December 1999. The storm caused widespread damage across the countries, especially in
January 23
Klaus 963 hPa[86] northern Spain. Twelve fatalities have been reported as of January 24, as well as extensive disruptions of
27, 2009
public transport. Many homes lost power, including over a million in southwestern France. The gusts
reached 206 km/h.
February 8 Severe windstorm across France, the Benelux and Germany in early February. Highest winds were recorded
Quinten 975 hPa[87]
13, 2009 at the Feldberg-Mountain (Black Forest), Germany. Here the gusts reached 166 km/h.
Severe European windstorms between 2010 and 2014
 Name (other Minimum
Dates Meteorological history
name) pressure
A severe windstorm which was generated close to Madeira and from there moved across to the
February 26 Canary Islands, then Portugal and much of western and northern Spain, before moving on to hit
Xynthia March 7, 967 hPa[88] western and southwestern France. The highest gust speeds recorded as of midnight were at
2010 approximately 2130 UTC at Alto de Ordua (228 km/h (142 mph)). 50 people have been reported
to have died.[89]
Becky originated from a low pressure area that formed off the southeast coast of Greenland on
November 7, 2010.[91] It moved rapidly towards the United Kingdom, deepening to 960 hPa on
November 8.[92] While Becky was making landfall on Cornwall on November 9,[93] a low pressure
area over Nova Scotia was named Carmen.[93] By November 10, Becky had weakened and become
Becky and November 7 more elongated, Carmen had moved offshore and began strengthening.[94] On November 11, Becky
951 hPa[90]
Carmen 19, 2010 had been absorbed by Cyclone Anneli and Carmen had rapidly deepened to 965 hPa.[95] Carmen
strengthened slightly on November 12, while centred just offshore Aberdeen, Scotland.[96] On
November 13, it was centred over Scandinavia. It had split into two vortexes by that time.[97] It
began moving rapidly to the northeast, and moved out of the Free University of Berlin's tracking
charts on November 16.
A tropical depression formed near the Cape Verde Islands in late-August, and strengthened into a
Category 4 hurricane on September 5. However, it later weakened rapidly to a Category 1 the next
Ex- September 11 day. It later struck the United Kingdom with near hurricane-force winds and moved across the rest
954 hPa[98] of northern Europe in the next few days. The remnants of Katia killed a man when a tree blew
Hurricane Katia 18, 2011
down on his car.[99] A maximum gust of 132 km/h (82 mph) was recorded, and caused widespread
power outages throughout Europe, as far east as Russia.[100]
A tropical wave that developed east of the Lesser Antilles was first noted for a 10% chance of
becoming a tropical or subtropical cyclone by the National Hurricane Center on November 19.[102]
The center then said on November 21 that the wave had a 60% chance of becoming a subtropical
November 22 cyclone, and was also gaining frontal characteristics.[103] The system then acquired extratropical
Berit (Xaver)
29, 2011 944 hPa[101] features and on November 22, it was named Xaver by the Free University of Berlin. Xaver then
began a rapid strengthening phase, and deepened almost 30 millibars to 944 mb (27.9 inHg). Wind
gusts reached 184 km/h (114 mph) in the Faroe Islands causing widespread damage.[104] One
woman died after her car got blown into a loch in Scotland.[105]
The system that would become Friedhelm formed over the Labrador Sea on December 5, 2011
with a central pressure of 997 mb (29.4 inHg).[107] As the system moved into the North Atlantic
Ocean, it was named Friedhelm by the Free University of Berlin. On December 8 at midnight,
Friedhelm was located west of the British Isles with a central pressure of 977 mb (28.9 inHg).[108]
By the next day, December 9, the large system was located over the North Sea with a deep central
pressure of 956 mb (28.2 inHg).[109] Friedhelm then weakened as it moved over Scandinavia.[110]

In preparation for the storm, the Met Office issued a red wind warning for the Scottish Central
Friedhelm December 7
956 hPa[106] Belt.[111] Most schools in Scotland were closed by lunchtime.[112] The Forth, Tay, Erskine and Skye
(Bawbag) 13, 2011
Bridges were all closed due to strong winds.[113] The summit of CairnGorm recorded a gust up to
165 mph (266 km/h), also recording sustained winds up to 105 mph (169 km/h).[114][115] As the
storm moved into Scandinavia, the Swedish Meteorological Institute issued a Class 2 warning.[116]

The storm was named Friedhelm on December 7 by the Free University of Berlin and was named
Bawbag by an unknown person.

On December 11, 2012, an area of low pressure emerged over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean
near Newfoundland.[118] By the next day, Hergen intensified rapidly as it sped across the Atlantic,
deepening to 980 mb (29 inHg). Bombing occurred within the center of the storm and he attained
peak itensity on December 13 with a central pressure of 945 mb (27.9 inHg), equivalent to a
December 11
Hergen 946 hPa[117] Category 4 hurricane. Hergen was so strong that it had absorbed the circulation of another low
19, 2011
named 'Gunther'. By this time, the Cairn Gorm weather station had recorded a 111 mph (179 km/h)
wind gust.[118] As Hergen moved northeastwards, it began to weaken while located over the
Shetland Isles on December 14. The storm remained stationary until December 16 offshore the
west coast of Norway. The vortex continued to weaken until it dissipated on December 20.[118]
A low pressure area formed north of Puerto Rico on December 13 and rapidly moved towards
December 15
Joachim
21, 2011 968 hPa[119] Europe. The storm caused power outages and travel disruption in France, Germany, and
Switzerland.[120]
December 24 Formed as secondary low to Cato, affecting central Norway,[122] Sweden[123] and Finland.[124] A F2
Patrick (Dagmar)
27, 2011 964 hPa[121]
tornado was reported in Hellesylt, Norway.
A weak low pressure system formed over the Mid-west of the United States on December 30. This
low moved into the Atlantic Ocean the next day and was named Ulli by the FU-Berlin. On January
December 2, the Met Office began issuing weather warnings for most of the country. Blizzard warnings were
31, 2011 issued for northern Scotland, while a heavy rain advisory was issued for southern England.[126]
Ulli (Emil)
January 6, 952 hPa[125] SkyWarn UK also issued their first Particularly Dangerous Situation warning of the year, along
2012 with a severe weather warning.[127] The storm rapidly deepened 9 millibars in just less than six
hours. One person was killed after an oak tree fell on his car.[128] This storm was described as the
worst in Scotland since the Boxing Day Storm of 1998 by the UK Met Office.[129]
Andrea 966 hPa[130]
 Name (other Minimum
Dates Meteorological history
name) pressure
January 39, Closely following Cyclone Ulli, the first named storm of 2012 formed southwest of Iceland,
2012 moving down into the North Sea affecting UK, Netherlands, Denmark and Germany.[131]
An explosively deepening cyclone from the Atlantic brought high wind to Portugal. The cities of
January 18 [5] Lisbon and Porto registered wind gusts of 29 metres per second (100 km/h) and 32.3 metres per
Gong 968 hPa
24, 2013 second (116 km/h). Widespread fallen trees and power cables left more than 1 million people
without power.[132]
Named after the feast of Saint Jude the Apostle on the 28 October, impact N Europe from 27
Christian (Saint October. The storm was widely reported in the British press on 25 October, with predicted
October 26
Jude Day storm) 965 hPa[134] intensity comparisons made to the Great storm of 1987 and the Burns' Day storm of 1990. It hit the
[133] 31, 2013
UK, and parts of northern Europe with gusts of up to 120 mph recorded in Denmark. More than 10
people were killed in the storm.

A series of storms affected the Nordic Nations during November and December as high pressure
over Europe directed westerly flow over the Atlantic to Northern Europe.

Hilde (Otto/Eino) November 1319, 2013. 971 hPa.[135] The Norwegian meteorological
institute issued an extreme weather warning over Hilde, expecting gusts up to 45 m/s to hit
central Norway on 16 November.
Oskari (Vincenc) November 29December 4, 2013. 976 hPa.[136] Named by the Finnish
Meteorological Institute.
November 13 Ivar (Seija)[137] December 1017, 2013. 977 hPa.[138] With a route and intensity similar to
Nordic Storm Hilde, Ivar once again brought hurricane-force winds to central Norway. In Sweden the
December 971 hPa[135]
Series 2013 storm left 55,000 across Norrland without power.[139] Near record level winds were reported
19, 2013
from Finland, where 200,000 were left without power.[140] Estonia saw winds up to 115 km/h
and 45,000 homes without electricity.[141]
Zaki December 1216, 2013 and Adam December 1419, 2013. 952 hPa.[142] Faroese
authorities measured at Oyndarfjrur on the island of Eysturoy extreme gusts measured at
73.9 metres per second (266 km/h) which, according to official measurements may be a new
record, higher than 66.9 metres per second (241 km/h) recorded at Mykines in March 1997.
[143]
Though local orographic effects may prevent this wind speed reaching the record books.
[143]

December 4 Force 12 winds were forecast over the North Sea on December 5. The system impacted densely
Xaver (Bodil)[144] 11, 2013 962 hPa[145] populated areas in the UK, Denmark, Sweden, Germany and Poland.
20132014 December 927 hPa
Atlantic winter 17, 2013 Bernd (Emily)[146] December 1721, 2013. 941 hPa.[147] An area of low pressure from the
storms in Europe February Atlantic brought wind gusts to the west of Ireland of 133 kilometres per hour (83 mph)
20, 2014 causing power outages to 22,000 homes, and widespread disruption. Eight people were
injured with one fatality reported in the country. The low also brought strong winds across
Scotland and areas of England where one person was reported missing after falling from a
cargo ship into the river Trent. Flood warnings were also raised across Scotland and
Southwest England.[148]
Dirk December 2128, 2013. 927 hPa.[149][150] The UK Met Office issued national severe
weather warnings for wind and rain across southwest and northern areas of the UK for the 23
and 24 December.[151]
Erich December 25, 2013 January 1, 2014. 945 hPa.[147]
Weather fronts associated with the lows Felix and Gerhard passed over the UK (December
3031 and January 2), which brought further rainfall and some stormy conditions.
Anne January 16, 2014. 949 hPa.[147] Anne was a winter storm that affected western
Europe bringing storm surges along the coasts of France and the United Kingdom on high
spring tides a month after Cyclone Xaver brought surges during the previous peak tides to
northern Europe.
Christina January 310, 2014. 934 hPa.[147] An area of low pressure responsible for a
winter storm in the USA and Canada moved over the Atlantic and was named Christina by
the Free University Berlin on January 3.
Nadja (Brigid) January 29February 5, 2014. 945 hPa.[152] Coastal flooding and damaging
seas from Scotland to Spain, reports of a missing teenager in northern Spain[153] and woman
washed away on the south coast of the UK.
Petra February 38, 2014. 950 hPa.[154] Another coastal event with high seas washing away
the railway line at Dawlish, Devon closing the Exeter to Plymouth line. Coastal flooding and
high waves from Ireland to Spain, with Cork flooded again. The Cargo ship Luno is washed
ashore and breaks in two near Bayonne, France raising fears of a pollution incident.
Qumaira February 48, 2014. 975 hPa.[155] 36 French departments were placed on orange
alert, with further flooding across Brittany, a wind gust of 128 kilometres per hour (80 mph)
was recorded at I'lle d'Yeu, Vende.[156]
Ruth (Charlie) February 611, 2014. 945 hPa.[157] Mumbles, near Swansea recorded a high
wind of 78 miles per hour (126 km/h), Ciloerwent in Powys recorded a rainfall total of
32 mm over 12 hours.[158]
Stephanie February 815, 2014. 981 hPa.[159] Taking a more southerly track than most
recent areas of low pressure, impacting the Iberian Peninsula and southern France before
heading across the Mediterranean towards Italy. The Portuguese weather institute put the
 Name (other Minimum
Dates Meteorological history
name) pressure
entire coast of Portugal on red alert on account of expected high seas and gale force winds.
[160]

Tini (Darwin) February 1017, 2014. 960 hPa.[161] The UK Met Office issued a rare red
warning of wind for North Wales and north western England. Met Eireann issued a red alert
for southwest Ireland in counties Cork and Kerry.
Ulla February 1220, 2014. 960 hPa.[162] In the UK the winds from Ulla were weaker than
from Tini.[163] Thirty people were evacuated from a waterfront restaurant in Milford during a
Valentine's Day meal after the windows were smashed down by high seas and winds.[163]
140,000 without power in the wake of the storm in the UK.[163]

The first three weeks of March 2014 saw areas of low pressure repeatedly cross Norway from the
North Atlantic, coming in from the Norwegian Sea across to the Barents Sea. These storms
brought with them warm and humid/moist air from the south west.[164]

Jorun (Norway) (unnamed by FUB) In early March high pressure built over UK and
western Europe for first time in months (since December), directing the Atlantic storm path
to the north.[165] An area of low pressure designated extreme weather and named Jorun by
Norwegian Meteorological Institute on 8 March 2014 brought hurricane-force winds to
northern Norway.
Kyrre (Norway) Another extreme weather event named by Norwegian Meteorological
Institute as Kyrre affected north (Nordland and Troms) Norway on 1314 March with
extreme precipitation and wind. Up to 90 mm fell in 24 hours, flooding, landslides and
Nordic Spring March 824,
closing roads in Nordland and Troms.[164]
Storms 2014
Carl (DMI) Ev (FUB) 1415 March. An intense low pressure brought high winds which
damaged buildings and forestry in southern Norway on the 14 March, with Hordaland
recording the strongest winds in 20 years.[164] though the low didn't reach hurricane strength
in Denmark.[166] Investigated by Perils AG and non-qualifying (losses less than 200
million).
Pentti (FMI) Hannelore III (FUB) On 2122 March, an area of low pressure drew across
western Norway. In Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane many places saw more than 100 mm
of precipitation in 24 hours, resulting in several landslides, which among other things led to
five homes being evacuated in Nordheimsund. From the 24 March an area of high pressure
began to build across southern and mid Norway.[164] The low passed over Finland leaving
20,000 without power.[167]

An unusually powerful area of low pressure for the time of year brought record winds to the west
August 711,
Lena (Ursula) 985 hPa of Norway ahead of Ex-hurricane Bertha, the highest gust of 42.0 metres per second (151 km/h)
2014
was recorded at Krkenes Lighthouse.[168][169]

Explosive cyclogenesis over North Atlantic brought severe winds, flooding and
thunderstorms to the northwestern parts of the UK. More than 30 000 households were left
Alexandra & December 7 950 hPa[170] without power.[172]
Billie 15, 2014 975 hPa[171] A secondary low to Alexandra named Billie by FUB was named by SMHI as Alexander
formed over southern England and developed en route to the Baltic region.[173] Two people
were killed in Germany.[174]
Severe European windstorms since 2015

Name
Minimum
(other Dates Meteorological history
pressure
name)

Elon (Dagmar)[178] A gust of 113 miles per hour (182 km/h) was recorded in Stornoway, Isle of
970 hPa[175]
Elon, Felix January 719, Lewis the strongest gust since the station first began recording in 1970.[179]
955 hPa[176]
& Hermann 2015 Felix (Egon)[180] Also named as extreme weather Nina in Norway.[181]
950 hPa[177]
Hermann, named Rachel by a private UK forecaster, which was used in some news media.[182]

February 69, Ole named by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (Othmar FUB, Laina Finland) brought record
Ole 965 hPa
2015 breaking winds to some locations in Northern Norway and Swedish Lapland.[183][184]
Niklas is believed to be one of the strongest storms in Germany in recent years,[186] preceded by the
March 29 low Mike which also brought hurricane strength winds to Europe. also named Lentestorm (spring
[185]
Niklas
April 3, 2015 971.4 hPa storm) by KNMI, affected areas of western and central Europe with widespread disruption to air,
shipping and road transport at the end of March 2015. The storm also caused forestry and property
damage, power outages, and led to the loss of several lives.
July 2230, An unusually strong storm developed over the North Sea for the time of year, which according to
Zeljko 995 hPa
2015 KNMI is the strongest storm of its type witnessed in the Netherlands during summer.[187](NL)

201516 Named storms table see also: 201516 UK and Ireland windstorm season

Unnamed (FUB) Roar (Nor) Valio (Fin), 34 October.

Binrasheed (FUB) Freja(da wiki) (DMI), 710 November.
Frank (FUB) Abigail (UK/IE), 1117 November.
Heini (FUB) Barney (UK/IE), 1619 November.
Nils II (FUB) Clodagh (UK/IE) Gorm (da wiki)(DMI), 2930 November.
201516 Rudi (FUB) Helga(da wiki) (DMI), 34 December.
Named Ted (FUB) Desmond (UK/IE) Synne (Nor), 38 December.
storms Uwe (FUB) Didd (Isl), 7 December.
Chuck (FUB) Eva (UK/IE) Staffan (SMHI), 2426 December.
Eckard (FUB) Frank (UK/IE), 2930 December.
Marita (FUB), Gertrude (UK/IE), Tor (Nor), 2930 January.
Norkys (FUB), Henry (UK/IE), 12 February.
RuzicaSusanna (FUB), Imogen (UK/IE), 78 February.
Aloisia II (FUB), Jake (UK/IE), 23 March.
Jeanne (FUB), Katie (UK/IE), 28 March.

Heini &
November 16
Iwan
23, 2015
(Barney)
Gorm November 29
(Clodagh, December 2, 970 hPa Intense windstorm reached hurricane-force sustained winds in Denmark on November 29.[188]
Nils II) 2015
[189]
A severe storm affected Iceland, and was given the local name Didd on Twitter.[190][191] The
December 6 storm brought maximum wind gusts of 72.6 m/s (over 160 mph) to the East Iceland weather station at
Uwe 944 hPa
11, 2015 Hallormsstaahls, with hurricane-force winds reported from 33 weather stations in the country, and
was the worst storm to affect Iceland since 1991.[190][192]

201617 Named storms table see also: 201617 UK and Ireland windstorm season

Rauli (Fin) Janett (FUB), 27 August.

201617 Angus (UK/IE) Nannette (FUB), 20 November.
Named Barbara (UK/IE) Antje (FUB), 24 December.
storms Conor (UK/IE) Barbara (FUB), Urd (NO)[193] (DK),[194] 26 December.
Axel (FUB), 45 January 2017.[195]
Egon (FUB), 1213 January.

See also
European windstorm
Extratropical cyclone
Tropical cyclone effects in Europe
UK and Ireland windstorms season 2015-16
References
1. Sweeney, John (January 2000). "A three-century storm climatology for
Dublin 17152000". Irish Geography. 33 (1): 114.
doi:10.1080/00750770009478595. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
2. Lamb, Hubert (1991). Historic storms of the North Sea, British Isles and
Northwest Europe (1. publ. ed.). Cambridge u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press.
ISBN 0-521-37522-3.
3. Brian Fagan, The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 13001850,.
New York: Basic Books, 2000
4. Guttesen, Rolf (1992). "New Geographical and Historical Information from
Lucas Janz Waghenaer's Faroe-chart". Geografisk Tidsskrift. Retrieved
18 May 2015.
5. Liberato, Margarida L.R. "The 19 January 2013 windstorm over the north
Atlantic: Large-scale dynamics and impacts on Iberia". Weather and
Climate Extremes. doi:10.1016/j.wace.2014.06.002.
6. Domnguez-Castro, F.; Trigo, R. M.; Vaquero, J. M. (21 November 2012).
"The first meteorological measurements in the Iberian Peninsula:
evaluating the storm of November 1724". Climatic Change. 118 (2): 443
455. doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0628-9.
7. Pfister, Christian (2010). "The meteorological framework and the cultural
memory of three severe winter-storms in early eighteenth-century Europe".
Climatic Change. doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9784-y. Retrieved 18 June
2015.
8. "Yrvderstisdagen 1850" (in Swedish). SMHI. 11 December 2012.
Retrieved 18 January 2015.
9. "1850-1899". booty.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
10. Merseyside Maritime Museum site
(http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/collections/emigration/royalcharter/)accessed 2011-03-25
11. Ancient Destructions website
(http://www.ancientdestructions.com.au/site/destructions/goldglam.php)
12. "Severe weather events in the late 19th century and their potential impact
on insurance today Winter storms in Europe: messages from forgotten
catastrophes" (PDF). Swiss Re. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
13. "The Tay Bridge Disaster". Retrieved September 3, 2007.
14. Hardlng, Charles (6 July 2007). "The great storm of November 16th-20th,
1893". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 20 (89): 43
58. doi:10.1002/qj.4970208903.
15. Cappelen, John (11 December 2013). "Bodil og det beskidte dusin". DMI
(in Danish). Retrieved 16 December 2013.
16. "Exceptional weather events" (PDF). Met ireann. Retrieved 23 February
2012.
17. "Exceptional weather events: October 1927 storm" (PDF). Met Eireann.
Retrieved 6 February 2012.
18. Hammond, John M. (December 1990). "STORM IN A TEACUP OR
WINDS OF CHANGE?". Weather. 45 (12): 443448.
Bibcode:1990Wthr...45..443H. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1990.tb05582.x.
19. "Dead In Gale Sweeping Europe". Daily Boston Globe. 18 November
1928. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
20. "38 KILLED IN STORM IN CENTRAL EUROPE; 20 Die in Austria,
Where Wind Wrecks Buildings and Hail Damages Crops. 10 DROWN IN
YUGOSLAVIA Entire Train Toppled From Rails in Czeehoalovakia--
Wide Damage In Southern Germany". The New York Times. 6 July 1929.
Retrieved 21 February 2012.
21. Muir-Wood, Robert (2011). "The 1941 February 15th Windstorm in the
Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). RMS Risk Management Solutions. Retrieved
31 May 2013.
22. Freitas, J. G.; Dias, J. A. (2013). "1941 windstorm effects on the
Portuguese Coast". Journal of Coastal Research (Special Issue 65): 714
719. ISSN 0749-0208.
23. "Gales Sweep Britain". Adelaide Advertiser. Australian Associated Press.
26 October 1945. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
24. "Monthly Weather Report: October 1945" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved
11 May 2015.
25. Corkan, R. H. (4 July 1950). "The Levels in the North Sea Associated with
the Storm Disturbance of 8 January 1949". Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.
242 (853): 493525. Bibcode:1950RSPTA.242..493C.
doi:10.1098/rsta.1950.0008.
26. "1961 Hurricane/Tropical Data for Atlantic". Retrieved September 3, 2007.
27. Eden, Philip (2012). "The Sheffield Gale of 1962" (PDF). History of
Meteorology and Physical Oceanography Special Interest Group;
Newsletter 1. Royal Meteorological Society. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
28. Eden, Philip. Change in the Weather. A&C Black. ISBN 9780826480293.
Retrieved 5 May 2016.
29. Shellard, H. C. "COLLAPSE OF COOLING TOWERS IN A GALE,
FERRYBRIDGE, 1 NOVEMBER 1965". Weather. 22 (6): 232240.
Bibcode:1967Wthr...22..232S. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1967.tb02927.x.
30. Petroski, edited by Neil Schlager ; foreword by Henry (1993). When
technology fails : significant technological disasters, accidents, and
failures of the twentieth century. (PDF). [U.S.?]: Gale Research.
ISBN 0-8103-8908-8. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
31. "Orkanen Lena 1967" (in Swedish). myndigheten fr samhllsskydd och
beredskap. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
32. "Den svra oktoberstormen 1967" (in Swedish). SMHI. 23 April 2014.
Retrieved 26 August 2014.
33. "The Glasgow 'hurricane' ". Weatheronline. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
34. "European Wind Storm Kills 28". The Palm Beach Post. November 14,
1972. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
35. "Storms Of January 1974" (PDF). Met ireann. Retrieved 31 December
2011.
36. "Windstorm Kills 19 In Coastal Europe". The Pittsburgh Press. 12
February 1974. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
37. "Jan 1976 Storm" (PDF). Met Eireann. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
38. "REPORTAGE. Ruisbroek, dertig jaar later" (in Flemish). De Standaard.
Retrieved 9 May 2012.
39. "Hoe is het Sigmaplan ontstaan?" (in Flemish). Sigmaplan. Retrieved
9 May 2012.
40. "I dag for 30 r siden: Danmark ramt af voldsom storm" (in Danish).
tv2.dk. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
41. Rowe, M. W.; Meaden, G. T. (August 1985). "BRITAIN'S GREATEST
TORNADO OUTBREAK". Weather. 40 (8): 230235.
Bibcode:1985Wthr...40..230R. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1985.tb06883.x.
Retrieved 11 May 2015.
42. Storm surge prediction in the Bristol Channel--the floods of 13 December
1981 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBJ-4894SJT-
4V/2/3d135aea22b108843b09741dbba9350a) R. Proctor, R.A. Flather,
Continental Shelf Research, Volume 9, Issue 10, October 1989, Pages 889-
918, ISSN 0278-4343, doi:10.1016/0278-4343(89)90064-2
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-4343%2889%2990064-2), accessed
2011-03-25
43. 1981 Storm in photos December 13th 1981 (http://www.burnham-on-
sea.com/1981-storm.shtml) Burnham-On-Sea.com published 2006-12-13,
44. Inondations gnralises sur le Sud-Ouest
(http://pluiesextremes.meteo.fr/1981-12-13/inondations-generalisees-sur-
le-sud-ouest.html) Mto-France, accessed 2011-03-25
45. "Storm event: 13TH DECEMBER 1981 Severe coastal floods in
Somerset". www.surgewatch.org. Surgewatch.org. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
46. Kirby, Robert (2010). "Hinkley Point sediment transport, potential impacts
of and on new structures" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2015.
47. Steen Jacobsen. "Christiansborg, Accident at Christiansborg". Europeana.
Retrieved 2013-12-16.
48. larslowinski (20 September 2016). "Some places in W #Germany such as
#Mnster and #Cologne Airport had record #October wind speeds,
comparable to the "big" ones in 1990" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 September
2016 via Twitter.
49. larslowinski (20 September 2016). "A closer look at the model profiles
shows that a #stingjet may well have been responsible for the most intense
#winds in the late afternoon" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 September 2016 via
Twitter.
50. larslowinski (20 September 2016). "30 years ago today: one of the less well
known #windstorms in W #Europe: WRF #reanalysis showing simulated
IR, SLP + 600m #winds >60-80 kts" (Tweet). Retrieved 20 September
2016 via Twitter.
51. Knox, J. A., Frye, J. D., Durkee, J. D. and Fuhrmann, C. M. (2011), Non-
Convective High Winds Associated with Extratropical Cyclones.
Geography Compass, 5: 6389. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00395.x
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8198.2010.00395.x)
52. "Looking back at the Towyn floods of February 1990". BBC. Retrieved
8 May 2012.
53. Schepp, M.; Schiesser, H. H.; Huntrieser, H.; Scherrer, H. U.; Schmidtke,
H. (1994). "The winterstorm "Vivian" of 27 February 1990: About the
meteorological development, wind forces and damage situation in the
forests of Switzerland". Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 49 (3): 183
200. Bibcode:1994ThApC..49..183S. doi:10.1007/BF00865533.
Retrieved 18 January 2015.
54. "The top 10 worst UK storms". Telegraph. 23 January 2014. Retrieved
18 January 2015.
55. Hogsholt, Danny (8 December 2015). "Uhyggelig voldsom: Island ramt af
den vrste orkan i 25 r i nat" (in Danish). TV2. Retrieved 8 December
2015.
56. Hafstad, Vala (7 December 2015). "How Bad Was the Weather 25 Years
Ago?". Iceland Review. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
57. KRISTJANSSON, JON EGILL; THORSTEINSSON, SIGURDUR
(October 1995). "The structure and evolution of an explosive cyclone near
Iceland". Tellus A. 47 (5): 656670. doi:10.1034/j.1600-
0870.1995.00111.x. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
58. "Braer Storm 10 January 1993" (PDF). Met Office. Retrieved 2 December
2011.
59. " "Jan Heweliusz" spoczywa na dnie Batyku ju 15 lat" (in Polish).
Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
60. "Der Orkan "Verena" " (in German). Wetteronline. 14 January 1993.
Retrieved 21 November 2015.
61. Hofherr, T; Kunz, M (17 March 2010). "Extreme wind climatology of
winter storms in Germany" (PDF). Climate Research. 41: 105123.
doi:10.3354/cr00844. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
62. "Lore". Extreme Wind Storms Catalogue. Met Office, University of
Reading and University of Exeter. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
63. "Storm-hit homes still without power". BBC. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
64. "1990-1999". Booty.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
 65. "Xylia". Extreme Wind Storms Catalogue. Met Office, University of
Reading and University of Exeter. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
66. Hewson, Tim (2001). "The North Sea storm of 30 October 2000". Weather.
56 (3): 115. Bibcode:2001Wthr...56..115H. doi:10.1002/j.1477-
8696.2001.tb06547.x.
67. "Storm damages may rise to millions of euros". YLE. Retrieved
30 November 2015.
68. "Weather in Finland in 2001". Finnish Meteorological Institute. Retrieved
1 December 2015.
69. "October 27, 2002 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 21 February
2012.
70. "Powerful Windstorm In Europe Kills At Least 24". Southeast Missourian.
28 October 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
71. "December 20, 2004 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
72. "January 9, 2005 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
73. "January 12, 2005 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
74. "Eastern North Atlantic Storm of January 1012". Mariners Weather Log.
NOAA. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
75. "October 4, 2006 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
76. "November 1, 2006 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
77. "January 11, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
78. "January 14, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 13 February
2012.
79. "January 19, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 13 February
2012.
80. "EUSF". Retrieved November 4, 2008.
81. "June 27, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
82. "November 9, 2007 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February
2012.
83. "January 25, 2008 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February
2012.
84. "Wind storm causes outages across Europe". MSNBC. Retrieved 9 July
2012.
85. "March 1, 2008 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
86. "January 24, 2009 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February
2012.
87. "February 10, 2009 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 18 February
2012.
88. "February 28, 2010 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
89. "At least 50 dead in western Europe storms". BBC. 28 February 2009.
Retrieved 15 January 2012.
90. "November 11, 2010 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
91. "November 7, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free
University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
92. "November 8, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free
University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
93. "November 9, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free
University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
94. "November 10, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free
University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
95. "November 11, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free
University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
96. "November 12, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free
University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
97. "November 13, 2010 surface analysis". Institute of Meteorology. Free
University of Berlin. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
98. "Hurricane Katia Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane
Center. NOAA. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
99. "Driver killed as hurricane winds batter parts of UK". BBC. 12 September
2011. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
100. " : , vindstd". TV2 (in Danish). Retrieved 18 December 2013.
". NR2. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 144. "Stormen "Bodil" rammer Danmark og gr i land over Vestjylland torsdag
15 January 2012.
101. "November 25, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
102. "November 17, 2011 Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook". National
Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
103. "November 21, 2011 Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook". National
Hurricane Center. NOAA. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
104. "Massive damage as Faroe Islands battered by hurricane-force storm".
IceNews. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
105. "Severe winds and snow expected across Scotland". STV. 25 November
2011. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
106. "December 9, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
107. "Met Office December 5, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved
29 January 2012.
108. "Met Office December 8, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved
29 January 2012.
109. "Met Office December 9, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved
29 January 2012.
110. "Met Office December 10, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved
29 January 2012.
111. "Red alert as weather warning issued for Lothians". The Scotsman. 7
December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
112. "Scottish Government asks schools to close for severe gales". The Courier.
8 December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
113. "Stormy winds disrupt schools and transport". The Independent. 8
December 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
114. "Scotland storm blackout hitting thousands". BBC. 8 December 2011.
Retrieved 29 January 2012.
115. "Scotland hammered by severe wind storm". 3news. 9 December 2011.
Retrieved 29 January 2012.
116. "Warnings as winter storm heads toward Sweden". The Local. 8 December
2011. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
117. "December 13, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
118. Jasmin Krummel. "Windstorm Hergen analysis". Institute of Meteorology
(in German). Free University of Berlin.
119. "December 17, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
120. "Alert Worldwide Extratropical Cyclone Joachim". Retrieved 24 December
2011.
121. "December 26, 2011 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
122. "Norway counts cost of Christmas hurricane". Retrieved 29 December
2011.
123. "Storm Dagmar leaves 'chaos' in its wake". Retrieved 28 December 2011.
124. "Storm Dagmar cuts power, causes damage across Nordic region".
Business Week. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
125. "Windstorm Ulli". RMS. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
126. Salkeld, Luke (2 January 2012). "Here come the gales! Britain to be
battered by storms as temperatures plummet after balmy New Year". Daily
Mail. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
127. "SkyWarn UK weather warning". SkyWarn UK. Archived from the original
on January 2, 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
128. "Man killed by falling tree as violent storms batter Britain". Guardian. 3
January 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
129. "Winter storms, early January 2012". Met Office. Retrieved 26 December
2012.
130. "January 5, 2012 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 12 February
2012.
131. "Extratropical Cyclone Andrea Summary". Air-worldwide. Retrieved
30 January 2012.
132. "Europe and the Middle East". Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society: State of the Climate in 2013: S189. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
133. Rao, Nathan (24 October 2013). "Lightning strikes as biggest storm since
1987 sweeps in". Daily Express. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
134. "October 29, 2013 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
5 December 2013.
135. "November 17, 2013 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
29 December 2013.
136. "December 1, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 December
2013.
137. "Stormen mattas av fre tio". Hufudstadsbladet. Retrieved 13 December
2013.
138. "December 13, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 December
2013.
139. "Storm Ivar leaves thousands without power". The Local (se). 13 December
2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
140. "Storm brings near-record high winds". YLE. 13 December 2013. Retrieved
13 December 2013.
141. "Storm Damage: 45,000 Households Without Power". Estonian Public
Broadcasting. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
142. "December 16, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 29 December
2013.
143. Brandt, Anders (15 December 2013). "Frerne ramt af rekordvoldsomt
middag". Danish Meteorological Institute (in Danish). Retrieved
4 December 2013.
145. "December 6, 2013 surface analysis". Met Office. Retrieved 6 December
2013.
146. "Christmas will be a washout as storms continue". AOL Travel. 19
December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
147. Burt, Stephen (March 2014). "Britain's lowest barometric pressure since
1886". Weather. 69 (3): 7981. doi:10.1002/wea.2285.
148. "19 Dec 2013: Ireland, UK, Brazil Severe Weather" (PDF). EU European
Response Centre, ECHO Daily Map. 19 December 2013. Retrieved
19 December 2013.
149. "Analysis 24/12/2013". NOAA. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
150. "Winter storms, December 2013 to January 2014". Met Office. 12 February
2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
151. "Another December storm and the chance of a White Christmas". Met
Office. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
152. "February 1, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
5 February 2014.
153. "Teenager missing as fierce storms lash Spain". The Local es. 3 February
2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
154. "February 5, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
5 February 2014.
155. "February 7, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
15 February 2014.
156. "La tempte Qumeira menace le tiers nord-ouest, 36 dpartements en
vigilance orange". Liberation (in French). 6 February 2014. Retrieved
13 February 2014.
157. "February 8, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
15 February 2014.
158. Mainwaring, Rachel (9 February 2014). "Wales weather: Storm Ruth
batters the country, causing flooding, power delays and traffic chaos".
Wales Online. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
159. "February 10, 2014 surface analysis". NOAA Ocean Prediction Center.
Retrieved 26 April 2016.
160. "The Day's Best". News Observer. 10 February 2014. Retrieved
11 February 2014.
161. "February 13, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
15 February 2014.
162. "February 15, 2014 surface analysis". Free University Berlin. Retrieved
15 February 2014.
163. "Dpression Ulla tempte et inondations en Bretagne". Meteo-Paris.com
(in French). 16 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
164. Toppe, Ronald (3 April 2014). "Mars var mild og vt". TV2. Retrieved
4 April 2014.
165. Schafernaker, Tomasz (7 March 2014). "High times for the UK". BBC
Weather. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
166. "Stormen Carl er blst videre efter et kort visit". Politiken (in Danish). 15
March 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
167. "Shkkatkot Pentti-myrskyn jljilt posin korjattu" (in Finnish). YLE.
22 March 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
168. "Ekstremvret Lena har blst fra seg" (in Norwegian). Norwegian
Meteorological Institute. 10 August 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
169. Sundfjord Otterlei, Simen; Hjetland, Geir Bjarte (10 August 2014).
" "Lena" satte over 40 vindrekorder" (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved
10 August 2014.
170. "December 9, 2014 surface analysis". 9 December 2014. Retrieved
14 December 2014.
171. "December 13, 2014 surface analysis". 13 December 2014. Retrieved
14 December 2014.
172. "Power restored as 'weather bomb' storm subsides". BBC. 10 December
2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
173. "Stormen Alexander har dragit frbi" (in Swedish). SMHI. 13 December
2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
174. "Zwei Tote nach Sturm "Billie" in Deutschland". 14 December 2014.
Retrieved 14 December 2014.
175. "January 9, 2015 surface analysis". 9 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January
2015.
176. "January 10, 2015 surface analysis". 9 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January
2015.
177. "January 15, 2015 surface analysis". 15 January 2015. Retrieved
23 January 2015.
178. Siewertsen, Bjarne (8 January 2015). "Stormen hedder Dagmar" (in
Danish). DMI. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
179. Duffy, Owen (9 January 2015). "Engineers battle to reopen Scotland's
railways after 110mph winds". Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
180. "Weekendens anden storm hedder Egon" (in Danish). DMI. 9 January
2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
181. Bkken, Trond Ivar (9 January 2015). "Lrdag kommer "Nina" " (in
Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
182. Ahlstrom, Dick (15 January 2015). "Storm-naming system yet to be put in
place as Rachel peters out". Irish Times. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
183. "Ole gav ngra nya vindrekord i norr" (in Swedish). SMHI. 9 February
2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
184. "Her blste det mest under ekstremvret Ole" (in Norwegian). Norwegian
Meteorological Institute. 9 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
185. Haeseler, Susanne; Lefebvre, Christiana (1 April 2015). "Orkantief
NIKLAS wtet am 31.Mrz 2015 ber Deutschland" (PDF) (in German).
Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
186. "Storm Niklas kills at least three, stops trains". The Local (de). 31 March
2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
187. "Weeralarm voor zware zomerstorm" (in Dutch). KMNI. 26 July 2015.
Retrieved 26 July 2015.
188. "Grusomme Gorm blev til orkan: Brager gennem Sjlland" (in Danish).
Ekstrabladet. 29 November 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
189. Finsson, Luna (7 December 2015). "Extreme Storm to Hit Iceland: Stay
Inside!". Icenews. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
190. Sigurjonsdottir, Sol (7 December 2015). "Voldsomt uvr herjer p Island -
myndighetene har erklrt unntakstilstand" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten.
Retrieved 8 December 2015.
191. "Storm Didd has passed but who is Didd?". Iceland Monitor. 9
December 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
192. "Iceland sees double hurricane force winds". Iceland Monitor. 8 December
2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
193. Rommetveit, Astrid (25 December 2016). "Ekstremvret Urd treffer Sr-
Norge mandag" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
194. "The Copenhagen Post - Danish News in English". cphpost.dk (in DK).
Retrieved 2016-12-26.
195. "Satellitenfilm Orkantief Axel Januar 2017". DWD via Youtube. 5 January
2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.

External links
Free University Berlin Adopt a Vortex (http://www.met.fu-berlin.de/adopt-a-vortex/tief)
Met Office, University of Exeter & University of Reading: Extreme Wind Storms Catalogue (http://www.europeanwindstorms.org/)
Mto-France: Notable storms in France (http://www.meteofrance.fr/prevoir-le-temps/phenomenes-meteo/les-tempetes) (French)
Graph of notable storms in France since 1980 (http://www.meteofrance.fr/documents/10192/263648/Graphe+Temp%C3%
AAtes+remarquables+depuis+1980.png/92ce383e-9790-4b6e-baad-62c55f26bedc?t=1392904357826)
Mto-France Historic Storms (in French) (http://tempetes.meteofrance.fr/-Tempetes-historiques-.html)
KNMI list of severe storms (https://www.knmi.nl/nederland-nu/klimatologie/lijsten/zwarestorm)
List of extreme weather events named by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute
(http://met.no/Meteorologi/A_varsle_varet/Varsling_av_farlig_var/Norske_ekstremvar_far_navn/Norske+ekstremvr+fr+navn.9UFRjO2L.ips)
(Norwegian)
Stormar i Sverige (Storms in Sweden) (http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/stormar-i-sverige-1.5770) (Swedish)
DMI; Storms in Denmark Since 1891 (continuously updated) (http://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/Stormlisten/storme-2.pdf)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_European_windstorms&oldid=762714800"

Categories: Extratropical cyclones Weather hazards European windstorms

This page was last modified on 30 January 2017, at 09:39.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the
Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.