Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
10, 2011
AbstractA patch loaded with a complementary split-ring res- Many wireless capsules have adopted a monopole antenna or
onator (CSRR) is fabricated on a flexible substrate and folded in its variation because of its simplicity of design and fabrication
a cylindrical shape, forming a self-packaged folded patch antenna and its omnidirectional radiation pattern [1]. However, most
with a quasi-omnidirectional radiation pattern. The space inside
the cylindrical cavity is electromagnetically shielded by the ground monopoles require an additional impedance-matching circuit
plane of the patch, and therefore electronic circuits can be accom- resulting in system size increase and poor electromagnetic
modated in it with little electromagnetic interference (EMI) from shielding from other back-end digital circuits and sensors. The
the antenna or other external electronics. The CSRR contributes to issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes more
size reduction. As a test vehicle, a 2.4-GHz ISM-band folded patch critical as the speed of digital circuits approaches the mi-
antenna is designed, fabricated, and characterized for a wireless
capsule endoscope application, where the implemented antenna crowave frequency range [2]. Radiation from the antenna may
has a patch length of 10.5 mm (0.11 ) and a folded cylinder di- introduce unwanted distortion to the digital signal waveform.
ameter of 10 mm. A 74% size reduction is achieved after CSRR High-frequency waves from digital circuits also can affect
loading. The antenna located at the outermost surface not only antenna radiation performance. Therefore, good EMI shielding
functions as an electromagnetic radiator and an EMI shield, but between the antenna and other electronic circuits is one of the
also serve as a mechanical packaging structure.
key requirements.
Index TermsComplementary split-ring-resonator (CSRR), To address those concerns, in this letter, a patch antenna
metamaterial, omnidirectional pattern, patch antenna, wireless
with complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) loading is
endoscope.
designed, fabricated on a flexible substrate, and folded in a
cylindrical shape to form a nonplanar CSRR loaded patch, fea-
I. INTRODUCTION turing compact size, EMI shielding, and quasi-omnidirectional
radiation pattern for a wireless endoscope. Also, the antenna
takes advantage of the slot inherent to the folded patch and
Fig. 1. CSRR: (a) planar CSRR; (b) equivalent circuit; (c) folded CSRR. Di-
mensions: mm; mm; mm. Extracted lumped
elements: nH; pF; .
Fig. 2. Patch antenna folded in a cylindrical shape: (a) schematic; (b) equiv-
in [3] and [4], where the reported three-dimensional (3-D) alent circuit. Dimensions: mm; mm; mm.
Extracted lumped elements: nH; nH; pF;
folded antennas have nearly the same vertical length as their .
planar counterpart, but have shown an additional advantage of
omnidirectional electromagnetic radiation [3].
Different from earlier work, here a folded patch antenna with 1.81 GHz is used for the desired antenna radiation frequency of
CSRR loading is designed on a flexible substrate, RT/Duroid 2.4 GHz.
5880 (Rogers Inc.) with a dielectric thickness of 10 mil
(0.254 mm), a clad copper thickness of 17 m, a dielectric con- IV. FOLDED PATCH ANTENNA WITH CSRR LOADING ON THE
stant of 2.2, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. By accommodating PATCH SURFACE
the flexible substrate, the folded shape can be much diversi-
A. Operation Principle
fied, e.g., a cylindrical shape, which is more ideal for capsule
applications, is feasible. Also, the CSRR structure is patterned Some antennas have employed CSRRs on the ground plane
in the patch to reduce the size of the antenna. Because of the to reduce the antenna size [4], [5], [11]. However, such slots
folded architecture, the resultant CSRR is in a nonplanar shape. in the ground plane cause electromagnetic leakage through it,
Its design and analysis is performed using circuit modeling and resulting in increased EMI with any circuits located on the other
the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS, Ansys Inc.). side of the ground.
On the other hand, the CSRR in this letter loaded on the patch
III. CSRR eliminates the leakage through the ground plane. The opera-
tion mechanism is explained using equivalent circuit models de-
A split-ring resonator (SRR) is one of the metamaterial scribed in what follows.
particles that offers negative permeability [6], while CSRR, A patch antenna folded in a 3-D cylindrical shape [Fig. 2(a)]
the duality of SRR, interacts with the electric field and in- is modeled as an resonator tank as shown in Fig. 2(b). The
troduces negative permittivity [7]. A schematic diagram is dimensions and the extracted lumped element values are given
shown in Fig. 1(a). The electrical length of a metamaterial in the caption of Fig. 2.
unit cell is much smaller than the wavelength of the operating stands for the inductance value of the feeding line, and
wave, making it an ideal candidate for microwave component the resonance tank represents the patch. It should be
miniaturization. noticed that after folding, there is a gap (or slot) between the
A CSRR can be modeled as a parallel - tank as shown in two edges of the patch on the opposite side of the feeding line,
Fig. 1(b). whose dimension is denoted as in Fig. 2(a). This slot can
The resonance frequency of the CSRR is determined by be used for impedance matching, and therefore no external
matching circuit is necessary. HFSS simulation for the structure
(3) of Fig. 2(a) shows its resonance frequency of 9.16 GHz, and the
equivalent circuit of Fig. 2(b) presents a resonance frequency
where and are the equivalent inductance and capacitance of 9.155 GHz.
of the CSRR, respectively [7]. accounts for both dielec- The resonance frequency of the simple patch is much higher
tric and conductor losses. We use a numerical analysis tool for than the targeted frequency of 2.4 GHz. To shift down the
precise CSRR design. The dimension and extracted equivalent resonance frequency of the plane patch of 9.16 to 2.4 GHz, the
lumped element values of the designed CSRR are given in the CSRR with a resonance frequency of 1.81 GHz designed in
caption of Fig. 1. Here, the CSRRs in both a 2-D planar and 3-D Section III (Fig. 1) is loaded. The resultant CSRR loaded patch
folded shape are studied. The resonant frequency of the planar [Fig. 3(a)] presents a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. The
CSRR is 1.81 GHz, and that of the folded one is 1.84 GHz with frequency compensation procedure [10] has been referenced.
very little shift from 1.81 GHz. The same dimensions of this The equivalent circuit model of the CSRR loaded patch is
CSRR will be used for the 2.4-GHz CSRR loaded patch as dis- drawn in Fig. 3(b), where the CSRR is modeled as another
cussed later. Note that to compensate mutual coupling between tank [7], [8], [10]. The coupling between the CSRR and
the CSRR and the patch, a resonant frequency of the CSRR of microstrip components including the patch and feeding line
1534 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 10, 2011
Fig. 6. Normalized radiation pattern on (a) -plane and (b) -plane. Solid
Fig. 4. Fabricated patch antenna with CSRR loading. trace: simulated. Dashed trace: measured.
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