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1532 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL.

10, 2011

A Compact Omnidirectional Self-Packaged Patch


Antenna With Complementary Split-Ring Resonator
Loading for Wireless Endoscope Applications
Xiaoyu Cheng, Student Member, IEEE, David E. Senior, Student Member, IEEE, Cheolbok Kim, and
Yong-Kyu Yoon, Member, IEEE

AbstractA patch loaded with a complementary split-ring res- Many wireless capsules have adopted a monopole antenna or
onator (CSRR) is fabricated on a flexible substrate and folded in its variation because of its simplicity of design and fabrication
a cylindrical shape, forming a self-packaged folded patch antenna and its omnidirectional radiation pattern [1]. However, most
with a quasi-omnidirectional radiation pattern. The space inside
the cylindrical cavity is electromagnetically shielded by the ground monopoles require an additional impedance-matching circuit
plane of the patch, and therefore electronic circuits can be accom- resulting in system size increase and poor electromagnetic
modated in it with little electromagnetic interference (EMI) from shielding from other back-end digital circuits and sensors. The
the antenna or other external electronics. The CSRR contributes to issue of electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes more
size reduction. As a test vehicle, a 2.4-GHz ISM-band folded patch critical as the speed of digital circuits approaches the mi-
antenna is designed, fabricated, and characterized for a wireless
capsule endoscope application, where the implemented antenna crowave frequency range [2]. Radiation from the antenna may
has a patch length of 10.5 mm (0.11 ) and a folded cylinder di- introduce unwanted distortion to the digital signal waveform.
ameter of 10 mm. A 74% size reduction is achieved after CSRR High-frequency waves from digital circuits also can affect
loading. The antenna located at the outermost surface not only antenna radiation performance. Therefore, good EMI shielding
functions as an electromagnetic radiator and an EMI shield, but between the antenna and other electronic circuits is one of the
also serve as a mechanical packaging structure.
key requirements.
Index TermsComplementary split-ring-resonator (CSRR), To address those concerns, in this letter, a patch antenna
metamaterial, omnidirectional pattern, patch antenna, wireless
with complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) loading is
endoscope.
designed, fabricated on a flexible substrate, and folded in a
cylindrical shape to form a nonplanar CSRR loaded patch, fea-
I. INTRODUCTION turing compact size, EMI shielding, and quasi-omnidirectional
radiation pattern for a wireless endoscope. Also, the antenna
takes advantage of the slot inherent to the folded patch and

G REAT research efforts have been exerted on wireless


monitoring/diagnostic devices and systems, among
which a wireless endoscope is a capsule-shaped system used
negates the necessity of any external matching circuit. All the
endoscope circuits could be wrapped around by the antenna,
and thus the antenna serves as a packaging layer for the whole
for gastrointestinal monitoring and/or treatment. One of the key system as well.
parts of the wireless endoscope is a high-performance radio
system for real-time data transmission such as a transceiver
II. FOLDED PATCH ANTENNA
and an antenna. Since the motion of the endoscope relies on
the peristaltic movement of intestines, the orientation of the A patch antenna is one of the most popular resonance an-
capsule and the embedded antenna is not quite predictable tennas whose advantages include easy integrability and fabrica-
in the body, and therefore an antenna with omnidirectional tion simplicity. Normally a patch antenna is designed in a two
radiation patterns is desired to minimize blind spots. Other dimensional (2-D) planar shape. The patch antenna length is
requirements for the endoscope antenna include its minimum approximately half a wavelength
interference with the internal digital and analog circuits, i.e.,
good electromagnetic isolation and good impedance matching (1)
with the linked system for high transmission efficiency.
where is the guided wavelength on a certain substrate and can
be expressed as
Manuscript received December 02, 2011; accepted December 14, 2011. Date
of publication December 22, 2011; date of current version January 30, 2012. (2)
This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under CA-
REERECCS 1132413.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical and Computer En- where is the free-space wavelength of the radiation wave
gineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA (e-mail: and is the relative permittivity of the media. A typical patch
xyc@ufl.edu; ykyoon@ece.ufl.edu).
antenna shows a directional radiation pattern.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this letter are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Recently, omnidirectional patch antennas folded in a rect-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2011.2181315 angular waveguide shape have been introduced by the authors

1536-1225/$26.00 2011 IEEE


CHENG et al.: COMPACT OMNIDIRECTIONAL SELF-PACKAGED PATCH ANTENNA WITH CSRR LOADING 1533

Fig. 1. CSRR: (a) planar CSRR; (b) equivalent circuit; (c) folded CSRR. Di-
mensions: mm; mm; mm. Extracted lumped
elements: nH; pF; .

Fig. 2. Patch antenna folded in a cylindrical shape: (a) schematic; (b) equiv-
in [3] and [4], where the reported three-dimensional (3-D) alent circuit. Dimensions: mm; mm; mm.
Extracted lumped elements: nH; nH; pF;
folded antennas have nearly the same vertical length as their .
planar counterpart, but have shown an additional advantage of
omnidirectional electromagnetic radiation [3].
Different from earlier work, here a folded patch antenna with 1.81 GHz is used for the desired antenna radiation frequency of
CSRR loading is designed on a flexible substrate, RT/Duroid 2.4 GHz.
5880 (Rogers Inc.) with a dielectric thickness of 10 mil
(0.254 mm), a clad copper thickness of 17 m, a dielectric con- IV. FOLDED PATCH ANTENNA WITH CSRR LOADING ON THE
stant of 2.2, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. By accommodating PATCH SURFACE
the flexible substrate, the folded shape can be much diversi-
A. Operation Principle
fied, e.g., a cylindrical shape, which is more ideal for capsule
applications, is feasible. Also, the CSRR structure is patterned Some antennas have employed CSRRs on the ground plane
in the patch to reduce the size of the antenna. Because of the to reduce the antenna size [4], [5], [11]. However, such slots
folded architecture, the resultant CSRR is in a nonplanar shape. in the ground plane cause electromagnetic leakage through it,
Its design and analysis is performed using circuit modeling and resulting in increased EMI with any circuits located on the other
the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS, Ansys Inc.). side of the ground.
On the other hand, the CSRR in this letter loaded on the patch
III. CSRR eliminates the leakage through the ground plane. The opera-
tion mechanism is explained using equivalent circuit models de-
A split-ring resonator (SRR) is one of the metamaterial scribed in what follows.
particles that offers negative permeability [6], while CSRR, A patch antenna folded in a 3-D cylindrical shape [Fig. 2(a)]
the duality of SRR, interacts with the electric field and in- is modeled as an resonator tank as shown in Fig. 2(b). The
troduces negative permittivity [7]. A schematic diagram is dimensions and the extracted lumped element values are given
shown in Fig. 1(a). The electrical length of a metamaterial in the caption of Fig. 2.
unit cell is much smaller than the wavelength of the operating stands for the inductance value of the feeding line, and
wave, making it an ideal candidate for microwave component the resonance tank represents the patch. It should be
miniaturization. noticed that after folding, there is a gap (or slot) between the
A CSRR can be modeled as a parallel - tank as shown in two edges of the patch on the opposite side of the feeding line,
Fig. 1(b). whose dimension is denoted as in Fig. 2(a). This slot can
The resonance frequency of the CSRR is determined by be used for impedance matching, and therefore no external
matching circuit is necessary. HFSS simulation for the structure
(3) of Fig. 2(a) shows its resonance frequency of 9.16 GHz, and the
equivalent circuit of Fig. 2(b) presents a resonance frequency
where and are the equivalent inductance and capacitance of 9.155 GHz.
of the CSRR, respectively [7]. accounts for both dielec- The resonance frequency of the simple patch is much higher
tric and conductor losses. We use a numerical analysis tool for than the targeted frequency of 2.4 GHz. To shift down the
precise CSRR design. The dimension and extracted equivalent resonance frequency of the plane patch of 9.16 to 2.4 GHz, the
lumped element values of the designed CSRR are given in the CSRR with a resonance frequency of 1.81 GHz designed in
caption of Fig. 1. Here, the CSRRs in both a 2-D planar and 3-D Section III (Fig. 1) is loaded. The resultant CSRR loaded patch
folded shape are studied. The resonant frequency of the planar [Fig. 3(a)] presents a resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz. The
CSRR is 1.81 GHz, and that of the folded one is 1.84 GHz with frequency compensation procedure [10] has been referenced.
very little shift from 1.81 GHz. The same dimensions of this The equivalent circuit model of the CSRR loaded patch is
CSRR will be used for the 2.4-GHz CSRR loaded patch as dis- drawn in Fig. 3(b), where the CSRR is modeled as another
cussed later. Note that to compensate mutual coupling between tank [7], [8], [10]. The coupling between the CSRR and
the CSRR and the patch, a resonant frequency of the CSRR of microstrip components including the patch and feeding line
1534 IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 10, 2011

Fig. 3. CSRR loaded patch antenna: (a) schematic; (b) comprehensive


equivalent circuit model. Extracted lumped elements: nH;
pF; nH; pF; nH;
pF; ; nH; pF;
.

Fig. 5. Simulated and measured antenna return loss.

Fig. 6. Normalized radiation pattern on (a) -plane and (b) -plane. Solid
Fig. 4. Fabricated patch antenna with CSRR loading. trace: simulated. Dashed trace: measured.

are represented with capacitive and inductive parameters and


modeled as tanks [8], [10]. Extracted lumped element
values are given in the caption of Fig. 3.
The patch antenna shown in Fig. 3(a) is the combination of the
CSRR of Fig. 1(a) and the patch antenna of Fig. 2(a) with the
same dimensional parameters except two additional matching
slots at the base of the patch that have a size of 2.99 4 mm .
The CSRR is loaded on the top portion of the patch antenna.
The overall system is represented with two resonator tanks (one
from the plane patch and the other from CSRR) connected by Fig. 7. RSSI measurements with CC2510 development kits.
couplings as shown in Fig. 3(b), and the whole system radi-
ates at a balanced frequency of 2.4 GHz. The antenna length
is 10.5 mm (0.11 at 2.4 GHz) on the substrate used. This corre- one has 15 dB at 2.38 GHz. The slight frequency shift is at-
sponds to a 74% size reduction compared to its traditional patch tributed in part to the fabrication imperfection associated with
counterpart without CSRR loading. The simulated antenna has a the milling machine resolution.
front-to-back ratio as low as 0.5 dB, which indicates a quasi-om- Fig. 6 shows the measured radiation patterns, where good om-
nidirectional pattern. Since the antenna is electrically small, it nidirectionality is observed.
shows a relatively low gain of 5.2 dB. The antenna radiation Later, a sponge with a dimension of 75 75 50 mm is
efficiency is 21%, whose results agree well with [10]. damped with 30 mL water, and it wraps around the antenna
The antenna is fabricated using an LPKF milling machine under test. The damped sponge is to mimic the lossy human
S100 on a planar substrate, and it is rolled up to form a cylin- body environment where a wireless endoscope is supposed to
drical shape as shown in Fig. 4. Measurement is performed work. We can see a shift of radiation frequency in Fig. 5.
using an Agilent E5071C VNA between 1 and 3 GHz after
short-open-load-thru (SOLT) calibration. The measurement and B. Transmission Test
simulation results are plotted in Fig. 5. They show good agree- The fabricated antenna is mounted on a CC2510 development
ment within an approximately 1% tolerance. transmitter kit from Texas Instruments, Inc., and a monopole
HFSS and circuit simulation show a return loss of antenna (B4844-01, Antenova Inc.) is used as the transmitting
11.7 and 10.7 dB at 2.4 GHz, respectively, while the measured antenna. The testing setup is shown in Fig. 7.
CHENG et al.: COMPACT OMNIDIRECTIONAL SELF-PACKAGED PATCH ANTENNA WITH CSRR LOADING 1535

large enclosed space would be available for placing digital


controllers, EMI sensitive sensors, cameras, batteries, or drug
delivery systems.
Future work includes antenna optimization with a more re-
alistic human body model, for which the patch dimensions and
matching slots need to be modified.

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