ENGLISH HOME WORK

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SYARIFAH AINI PUTRI NATASYA

NHO114236

A3

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN

NANI HASANUDDIN

MAKASSAR

2016
1. An ADVERB is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, determiner, noun
phrase, clause, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree,
level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to
what extent?. This function is called the adverbial function, and may be realised by single words
(adverbs) or by multi-word expressions (adverbial phrases and adverbial clauses).

Adverbs are traditionally regarded as one of the parts of speech. However, modern linguists note
that it has come to be used as a kind of "catch-all" category, used to classify words with various
different types of syntactic behavior, not necessarily having much in common except that they do
not fit into any of the other available categories (noun, adjective, preposition, etc.)

An adverb used in this way may provide information about the manner, place, time, frequency,
certainty, or other circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb or verb phrase. Some
examples:

She sang loudly (loudly modifies the verb sang, indicating the manner of singing)

We left it here (here modifies the verb phrase left it, indicating place)

I worked yesterday (yesterday modifies the verb worked, indicating time)

You often make mistakes (often modifies the verb phrase make mistakes, indicating
frequency)

He undoubtedly did it (undoubtedly modifies the verb phrase did it, indicating certainty)

Adverbs can also be used as modifiers of adjectives, and of other adverbs, often to indicate degree.
Examples:

You are quite right (the adverb quite modifies the adjective right)

She sang very loudly (the adverb very modifies another adverb loudly)
They can also modify noun phrases, prepositional phrases,[1] or whole clauses or sentences, as in the
following examples:

I bought only the fruit (only modifies the noun phrase the fruit)

She drove us almost to the station (almost modifies the prepositional phrase to the station)

Certainly we need to act (certainly modifies the sentence as a whole)

2. a CONJUNCTION (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects words,

sentences, phrases, or clauses. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This
definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction"
must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical
particle, and it may or may not stand between the items in a conjunction.
The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same
function, e.g. "as well as", "didn't provided that
A simple literary example of a conjunction: "the truth of nature, and the power of giving interest"
(Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria)
Conjunctions may be placed at the beginning of sentences: "But some superstition about the
practice persists".

Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or coordinate,
two or more items (such as words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance. In
English, the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are
used, including "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither" ("They don't
gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and
"only" ("I would go, only I don't have time"). Types of coordinating conjunctions include
cumulative conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, alternative conjunctions, and illative
conjunctions.

Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:

For
presents rationale ("They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.")
And
presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")
Nor
presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.")
But
presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")
Or
presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")
Yet
presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")
So
 presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.")
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a
sentence. There are many different pairs of correlative conjunctions:

either...or

not only...but (also)

neither...nor

both...and

whether...or

just as...so

the...the

as...as

as much...as

no sooner...than

rather...than

Examples:

You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)

He is not only handsome, but also brilliant. (Not only A, but also B)

Not only is he handsome, but also he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B)

Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.

Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.

You must decide whether you stay or you go.

3. PREPOSITIONS and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in English,

simply prepositions), are a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under,
towards, before) or marking various semantic roles (of, for).
A preposition or postposition typically combines with a noun or pronoun, or more generally a
noun phrase, this being called its complement, or sometimes object. A preposition comes before
its complement; a postposition comes after its complement. English generally has prepositions
 rather than postpositions words such as in, under and of precede their objects, such as in
England, under the table, of Jane although there are a small handful of exceptions including
"ago" and "notwithstanding", as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding".
Some languages, which use a different word order, have postpositions instead, or have both
types. The phrase formed by a preposition or postposition together with its complement is called
a prepositional phrase (or postpositional phrase, adpositional phrase, etc.) such phrases usually
play an adverbial role in a sentence.
A less common type of adposition is the circumposition, which consists of two parts that appear
on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types of adposition
include ambiposition, inposition and interposition. Some linguists use the word preposition in
place of adposition regardless of the applicable word order.

4. PREPOSITIONS (NOUN + ADJECTIVE + VERB)

An adposition establishes a grammatical relationship that links its complement to another word
or phrase in the context. It also generally establishes a semantic relationship, which may be
spatial (in, on, under, ...), temporal (after, during, ...), or of some other type (of, for, via, ...). The
World Atlas of Language Structures treats a word as an adposition if it takes a noun phrase as
complement and indicates the grammatical or semantic relationship of that phrase to the verb in
the containing clause.

Some examples of the use of English prepositions are given below. In each case, the prepositional
phrase appears in italics, and the preposition within it appears in bold. The word to which the
phrase expresses a relation that is, the word to which the prepositional phrase is an adjunct or
complement is underlined. In some of the examples, the same word has two prepositional phrases
as adjuncts.

As an adjunct to a noun:

o the weather in March

o cheese from France with live bacteria

As a predicative expression (complement of a copula)

o The key is under the stone.

 As an adjunct to a verb:

o sleep throughout the winter

o danced atop the tables for hours

o dispense with the formalities (see Semantic functions, below)

As an adjunct to an adjective:

o happy for them

o sick until recently

5. The term PHRASAL VERB is commonly applied to two or three distinct but related
constructions in English: a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single
semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the
individual parts in isolation, but rather it can be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning is
non-compositional and thus unpredictable. Phrasal verbs that include a preposition are known as
prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs that include a particle are also known as particle verbs.
Additional alternative terms for phrasal verb are compound verb, verb-adverb combination,
verb-particle construction, two-part word/verb, and three-part word/verb (depending on the
number of particles), and multi-word verb.
There are at least three main types of phrasal verb constructions depending on whether the verb
combines with a preposition, a particle, or both. The words constituting the phrasal verb
constructions in the following examples are in bold:

Verb + preposition (prepositional phrasal verbs)

a. Who is looking after the kids? after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional
phrase after the kids.
b. They picked on nobody. on is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase on
nobody.
c. I ran into an old friend. into is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase
into an old friend
d. She takes after her mother. after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional
phrase after her mother.
e. Sam passes for a linguist. for is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase
for a linguist.
f. You should stand by your friend. by is a preposition that introduces the prepositional
phrase by your friend.

Verb + particle (particle phrasal verbs)

a. They brought that up twice. up is a particle, not a preposition.
b. You should think it over. over is a particle, not a preposition.
c. Why does he always dress down? down is a particle, not a preposition.
d. You should not give in so quickly. in is a particle, not a preposition.
e. Where do they want to hang out? out is a particle, not a preposition.
f. She handed it in. in is a particle, not a preposition.

Verb + particle + preposition (particle-prepositional phrasal verbs)

a. Who can put up with that? up is a particle and with is a preposition
b. She is looking forward to a rest. forward is a particle and to is a preposition.
c. The other tanks were bearing down on my panther. down is a particle and on is a
preposition.
d. They were really teeing off on me. off is a particle and on is a preposition.
e. We loaded up on Mountain Dew and Doritos. up is a particle and on is a preposition
f. Susan has been sitting in for me. in is a particle and for is a preposition.