FOUNDATION fieldbus

Physical Layer

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 Objectives
Upon completion of this training module you will be able to define FOUNDATION
fieldbus:
y Electrical characteristics
y Topologies
y H1 distance limitations
y H1 device limitations

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 Physical Layer
User Application

Fieldbus Messages
Communication
Stack
Voltage

Physical Layer Time

Fieldbus Wire
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 Physical Layer
The Physical Layer is defined by approved International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC)1 and International Society of Measurement and Control (ISA)2 standards:
1 IEC 1158-2 (1993) International Physical Layer Standard
2 ISA S50.02-1992 ISA Physical Layer Standard FF-816 31.25 Kbytes/s Physical
Layer Profile Specification
The Physical Layer receives messages from the communication stack, converts them
into physical signals and transmits them on the wire. Conversely the Physical Layer
detects electrical signals on the wire and converts them into messages.
Conversion tasks include adding and removing preambles, start, and end delimiters.

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 Manchester Encoding
1 Bit Time

1
Clock
0

Data 1

Manchester 0 1 1 0 0
Biphase-L +
Encoding

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 Manchester Encoding
Fieldbus signals are encoded using the Manchester Biphase-L technique. The signal is
called synchronous serial because the clock information is embedded in the serial data
stream. The clock and data signals are combined to produce the signal as shown above.
Fieldbus signals are interpreted as a logic 0 when a positive transition occurs in the
middle of a bit time. A logic 1 is interpreted when a negative transition occurs in the
middle of a bit time.

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 Special Characters
1
Clock
0

Preamble 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
+
0
-

Start
Delimiter 1 N+ N- 1 0 N- N+ 0
+
0
-

End
Delimiter 1 N+ N- N+ N- 1 0 1
+
0
-

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 Special Characters
Special characters are defined for the preamble, start delimiter, and end delimiter.
The preamble is used by the receiver to synchronize its internal clock with the incoming
Fieldbus signal.
Special N+ and N- signals do not transition in the middle of a bit time. The receiver uses
the start delimiter to find the beginning of a Fieldbus message. The receiver accepts
data until the special end delimiter is detected.

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 FOUNDATION fieldbus Signal

Voltage 0.75 to 1.0V p-p

Device
Current
15 to 20 mA p-p

Power Fieldbus Signal

9 to 32 Volts

Receiving Transmitting
Time

100 Ohm
Power
Supply
1 mf

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 FOUNDATION fieldbus Signal
The Power Supply provides 9 to 32 Volts DC. The transmitting device delivers
20mA at 31.25 Kbytes/s into a 50 ohm equivalent load to create a 1.0 volt peak-peak
voltage. However, for I.S. applications, the allowed power supply voltage depends on
the barrier rating.

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 Topology
Fieldbus devices may be powered from the Fieldbus (2-wire) or external (4-wire).
Terminators must be installed at each end of the bus.

1900M Max.
16 Devices Max.

Host Device

Terminator Terminator

Fieldbus Power
Supply

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 Topology
Control Room
Equipment

Trunk

Junction
Box

Splices

Devices Per Spur*

Spurs Total Devices 1 Device 2 Devices 3 Devices

1-12 120 m 90 m 60 m

13-14 90 m 60 m 30 m

15-16 60 m 30 m 1m

* Guidelines

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 Topology
Fieldbus allows for splices or spurs. Splices are connections less than one meter from
the main trunk. Spurs are connections in which the distance from the main trunk to the
instrument are 1 to 120 meters.
y The spur length must be reduced by 30 meters for each additional device on a
spur.
y The number of devices possible on the Fieldbus will vary depending on factors
such as the power consumption of each device, the type of cable used, use of
repeaters, etc.
Definitions:
y Trunk Main communication bus acting as a source of main supply to many
other lines (spurs).
y Segment Section of cable that is terminated in its electrical characteristic
impedance by terminators (connects to H1 Fieldbus interface port).
y Network All of the media, connectors, and associated elements by which a
given set of communication devices are connected.

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 Topology

Control Network

Junction
Box

Point-to-Point Bus with Spurs Daisy-Chain Tree

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 Topology
y Point to Point Used for a single instrument to DeltaV.
y Bus with Spurs Used for low density applications, where instruments are
isolated and separated by a significant distance. Spurs may range from 1 to 120
meters.
y Daisy-Chain Used when junction boxes are not available. The bus is
interconnected at the terminals of each device. This topology is not recommended
because disconnecting one device may risk losing communication with multiple
devices.
y Tree Used for high density applications, where a cluster of instruments are
relatively close to each other.
y Bridge Active device used to connect Fieldbus segments of different speeds
together to form a larger network.
y Gateway Active device used to connect Fieldbus segments to other types of
communication protocols; i.e., Ethernet, RS232.

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 Typical Wire Interconnection
Junction Box

To Control Room

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 Cable Requirements
Cable Type and Description Size Max Length

Type A: Shielded, twisted-pair 0.8 mm2 1900 m

(#18 AWG) (6232 ft.)

Type B: Multi-twisted-pair, with shield 0.3 mm2 1200 m

(#22 AWG) (3936 ft.)

Type C: Multi-twisted-pair, without shield 0.15 mm2 400 m

(#26 AWG) (1312 ft.)

Type D: Multi-core, without twisted pairs 1.25 mm2 200 m

and having an overall shield (#16 AWG) (656 ft.)

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 Summary
y List the ISA standard that was used to define the FOUNDATION fieldbus
physical layer.
y List the IEC standard that was used to define the FOUNDATION fieldbus
physical layer.
y List the type of data encoding used by FOUNDATION fieldbus.
y List the voltage range that a FOUNDATION fieldbus power supply must fall
within.
y List the peak to peak voltage of a FOUNDATION fieldbus signal.
y List the number of terminators required on a FOUNDATION fieldbus segment.
y List the maximum number of devices on a PlantWeb fieldbus segment.
y List the maximum distance of a FOUNDATION fieldbus segment, using cable
type A.

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