Kevin R.

Salita

5CE-E

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Eye Protection

1. Safety Glasses- to protect eyes from flying particles

2. Safety Goggles- to protect eyes from chemical splashes
3. Laser Safety Goggles- to protect eyes from laser radiation
4. Safety Helmet- to protect head from falling objects
5. Ear Protection- used in noisy areas to avoid hearing loss
6. Single-use earplugs
7. Pre-formed or molded earplugs
8. Earmuffs
9. Respiratory Equipment- to protect from inhaling dust and other contaminants
10. Disposable masks
11. Half-face respirators
12. Safety Gloves-to protect hands from injury
13. Reflective Clothing- used to make sure you are highly visible to other personnel
14. Safety Shoes- to protect feet from falling or rolling objects
Classification of Hard Hats According to Color

White
Managers, foremen, engineers or supervisors usually wear white hats on
site

Brown
Brown hats are worn by welders and other workers with high heat
applications.

Green
Green often signifies a safety inspector but can also be used by new
workers on the site or probationary staff

Yellow
Yellow is the color for general laborers and earth moving operators

Blue
Carpenters and other technical operators including electricians will
normally wear blue hard hats, while orange is worn by road crews

Grey
Grey is the color often worn by site visitors. And if employees forget their
hats or misplace them, there is often a nice bright pink helmet on site they
have to wear in the meantime
Difference between ignition, combustion and flashpoint

Ignition setting something on fire or starting to burn

Combustion chemical process in which a substance react with oxygen to give off
heat
Flashpoint it is the lowest temperature at which vapor of a volatile material will
ignite, when given an ignition source.

Different Types of Fire According to Material

Class A: SOLIDS such as paper, wood, plastic etc.
Class B: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS such as paraffin, petrol, oil etc.
FLAMMABLE GASES such as propane, butane,
Class C:
methane etc.
Class D: METALS such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium etc.
Class E: Fires involving ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
Class F: Cooking OIL & FAT etc.

Different Types of Extinguishers

Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate
the oxygen element from the other elements.
Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on Class
B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid in a Class B
fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away

the oxygen element of the fire triangle and also be removing the heat with a very
cold discharge. Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are
usually ineffective on Class A fires.
 Dry Chemical

Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by interrupting

the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry
chemical that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A
fires.

Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct
extinguisher for the type of fuel. Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite after
apparently being extinguished successfully.

Wet Chemical

Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat of
the fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between
the oxygen and fuel elements.

Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high

efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also be used on Class
A fires in commercial kitchens.
 Clean Agent

Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well as

the newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish the fire
by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Clean agent extinguishers are primarily for Class B & C fires. Some larger clean
agent extinguishers can be used on Class A, B, and C fires.

Dry Powder

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they extinguish the fire by
separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by removing the heat element of the fire
triangle. However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal fires, only.
They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.

Water Mist
Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire by taking away
the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative to the clean agent extinguishers
where contamination is a concern.

Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are safe for use on
Class C fires as well.

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire

primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.

Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry
chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on Class A
fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use the correct
extinguisher for the type of fuel. Using the incorrect agent can allow the fire to re-ignite after
apparently being extinguished successfully.

Different Types of burns

1. First degree burn - affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red,
painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage
is rare and usually consists of an increase or decrease in the skin color.
2. Second degree burn - also known as partial thickness burns, involve the epidermis and
part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen
and painful.
3. Third degree burn - referred to as a full thickness burn. This type of burn destroys the
outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the entire layer beneath (the dermis).

Illnesses Caused by Extreme Temperatures

Cold-related Illnesses
 Hypothermia- decrease in the core body temperature to at least 95F
Frostbite- thermal injury to the skin due to prolonged exposure to moderate cold or
brief exposure to extreme cold
Trench foot (immersion foot)- a painful condition of the feet caused prolonged
exposure of the feet to damp, unsanitary, and cold conditions and marked by
blackening and death of surface tissue
Chilblains- a painful, itching swelling on the skin that occurs when an individual is
exposed to cold and humidity
Raynauds Phenomenon- discoloration of fingers and/or toes brought on by constant
cold or vibration
Cold-induced hives- condition where hives or large red welts form on the skin after
exposure
to a cold stimulus

Heat-related Illnesses

Hyperthermia- overheating of the body

Heat stroke- occurs when the bodys ability to regulate its internal temperature has failed
Heat exhaustion- bodys response to an excessive loss of water and salt contained in
sweat due to heavy physical activities in a hot environment
Heat cramps- caused by low salt level in the muscles, usually after exercising
Heat syncope (fainting)- occurs either during prolonged standing or exercise, or when
rapidly standing from a lying or sitting position
Heat swelling/ Heat rash- skin irritation caused by profuse sweating, which can lead to
the blockage of sweat ducts