Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Ridge systems
Subduction zones
Round
Mc Laughlin Mountain
Paradise Peak
hishikart
Lepanto
Kelian
El indio
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SISTEMA
VOLCANICO-HIDROTERMAL
SISTEMA GEOTERMICO 500-900C
Lago en crter
SD, HCI, CO
100 C 200-300 C
Fuentes termales CO, H,S CO, HCI, S
Sericita-adularia
Au, Cu
Prfido cuprfero
Fluido magmtico salino (Cu, Au)
Fluido lquido
Ascenso de vapor
1 km
Escala aprox.
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Caractersticas de los
Alta sulfuracin (AS) Baja sulfuracin (BS)
depsitos epitermales
Predominan las mineralizaciones diseminadas. Los Predominan los filones en fracturas abiertas, las
Forma del yacimiento reemplazamientos son frecuentes. Los stockworks y mineralizaciones tipo stockwork son frecuentes. Los
filones son raros reemplazamientos y los diseminados son raros.
Rocas genticamente relacionadas Principalmente andesita-riodacita. Andesita-riodacita-riolita.
Zonas de alteracin Extensa (varios km2 y visualmente prominente). Restringida y visualmente sutil.
Minerales clave en la alteracin Alunita cristalina; pirofilita a niveles ms profundos. Sericita o illita adularia; roscoelita, asoc. a rocas alcalinas.
Reemplazamiento de las rocas encajonantes, brechas, Filones, relleno de cavidades (minerales bandeados
Texturas
filones. coolofrmicos o en drusa) brechas.
Metales presentes Cu, Au, As (Ag, Pb). Au y/o Ag (Zn, Pb, Cu).
Metales presentes localmente Bi, Sb, Mo, Sn, Zn Te (Hg). Mo, Sb, As (Te, Se, He).
Iwato, La Coipa, El Indio, Lepanto, Rodalquilar, Round Mountain, Hishikari, Waihi, Pajingo.
Ejemplos Summitville.
Caractersticas generales de los yacimientos epitermales. Sillitoe (1993), White (1995) y Hedenquist (2000).
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Au
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Cu, Mo, Au
Au
Ag, Pb, Zn
Pb, Zn
Fe, Cu
F
Sr
C
S
P
Mn
En estudio
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Au-qtz veins in andesite & rhyolite Goldfield type, Au-alunite Lindgren, 1933; Ransome,
Ag-au, Ag, Au-Te, & Au-Se veins 1909
Base-metal veins with Au, Ag
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Table 3. Association of HS and IS epithermal deposits, and affiliation with porphyry deposits
Ore deposit Associated Root, known Relationships References
deposit/prospect porphyry deposit
Lepanto,Philippines Victoria IS veins; Far southeast: 650 Mt HS, IS above and adjacent Hedenquist et
HS: 36.3 Mt @ 3.4 g/t >78 t Au (R). + @ 0.65% Cu. 1.33 g/t to porphyry, within 0.25 myr al, 1998:
Au, 10,8 g/t Ag, 2.9% Ag-Cu-Zn Au (0.7% Cu eq cutoff) period Claveria et al,
Cu (P); 4.4 Mt @ 2.4 g/t (r) 1999
Au. 1.7% Cu (R)
Acupan-Antamok Qtz-alunite Porphyry veins at depth Porphyry veins overprinted by Cooke et al,
Baguio, Philippines, IS; lithocap around older IS veins, area capped by 1996
>700 t Au distric, local Au early qtz-alunite zone
Chinkuashih, Taiwan, Chiufen- Proposed at depth from IS veins 1 km W of HS veins, Tan, 1991
HS; 20 Mt w/ >63 t Au, Wutanshan IS ateration patterns within continuous altered
183 t Ag, 119 kt Cu (P) veins, 29 t Au (P) zone, same age as HS
Kasuga, Japan, HS; 4 Kago qtz veins, Roots of base-metal Qtz veins 5 km N of HS Hedenquist et
Mt @ 2.8 g/t Au (r) 0.6 t Au (P) veins, sericite bodies al, 1994
Landolam, PNG, IS; Porphyry Cu Sector collapse and overprint Sillitoe, 2000
1190 t Au (r) overprinted by IS of ephitermal in low-grade
epithermal breccia porphyry Cu
Emperor, Fiji, alkalic Au- bearing veins Nasivil Porphyry Cu Porphyry prospect 3 km E, Eaton and
apithermal veins; 136 t an caldera margin prospect with qtz- 0.4 myr older than epithermal Setterdield
Au (1993 P) alunite-Au HS veins veins 1993
Lahoca, Hungary, HS; Replacement- Reck; 109,4 Mt @ Porphyry- skarn under HS Gatter et al,
3.1 Mz @ 0.63% Cu, 2 veins 36,6 Mt @ 0.96% Cu (0.8% Cu body, replacement adjacent to 1999
g/t Au (P, 5.5 Mt @ 1.4 3.1-3.5% Zn, 1.2, cutoff), skam 36 Mt @ porphyry, IS veins overprint
g/t Au (0,5 g/t cutoff)(r) 2.1% Pb 2.2% Cu, 11.5 Mt @ 5% HS sulfides 3 km SW Lahoca
Zn near adv arg
La Mejicana, Argentina, Nevados del Famatina; Spatial and/or temporal Losada-
HS: 1 Mt @ 11 g/t Au, 300 Mt @ 0.37% cu evolution from porphyry to Caldern and
80 g/t Ag. 3% Cu (P), 0.3 g/t Au, 0.06% Mo (r) peripheral epithermal ores McPhail, 1996
0.25 Mt @ 6.1 g/t Au,
64 g/t Ag. 1.08% Cu (R)
El Indio Chile; HS: 23.2 Tambo HS Au- Porphyry prospects in HS shallow breccia Au Jannas et al.,
Mt @ 6.6 g/t Au, 50 g/t barite, 37.2 Mt @ district, no known deposir 5 km to SEE and Rio 1990
Ag, 0.2 Mt @ 209 g/t 4.2 g/t Au, 42 Mt association del Medio Au-Ag veins 5 km
Au (P) @ 1 g/t Au (P) N of HA deposit
Yanacocha, Per, HS; Porphyry prospect Older porphyry deposits Pyrophyllite on periphery of Harvey et al,.
128 t Au (1998 P), 1395 drilled in late 15+ km E silicic lithocaps 1999
t Au (R, r) 1960s
Chelopech, Bulgaria, Au - base metal Porphyry Cu-Mo Deep drilling encountered Sillitoe, 1999;
HS; 52.1 Mt @ 3.3 g/t veins at basement adjacent, sericitic roots andalusite-diaspore personal
Au. 1.4% Cu (P) contact to HS body observations
Rodalquilar, Spain, HS; IS base-metal Sericitic root to HS Qtz-base metal IS veins Arribas et al,
10 t Au (P) veins body within 2 km of HS body 1995a
Comstock, US, IS, 260 t In district with Hg- Porphyry prospects in Pyrophyllite-alunite halos to Hudson, 1993
Au, 5980 t Ag P rich lithocaps distric, older veins, older than IS event? Vikre, 1998
HS, high sulfidation; IS, intermediate sulfidation; P, production; R, reserve; r, resource
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applicable
TECTONIC ANCHOR
this book,
where
Back arc rifts Intrusion-related polymetallic systems Au, Sn, Mo, Cu, Mo, U, Hg, F 4
Volcanic-hosted massive sulphides (Kuroko and Abitibi Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag,Au 7
types) Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag
Iberian Pyrite Bolt (Rio tinto) Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Au 7
Contact metasomatic W, Au, Sb, Hg, (Mo, Be),F 6
Polymetalic veins Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, PGE, Ca 4
CONVERGENT PLATE
SUBDUCTION
EVIROMENTS
and-Thrust belts
COLUSION
Black smokers/white smokers Ba, Fe, Zn, Cu, Cb, Pb, Au, Ag 7
Gulf of California setting Sediment-volcanic-hosted massive sulphides (Besshi-type) Cu, Zn, Co, Au, Ag
Red Sea type rift Exhalative (sea floor) Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ba-Ag 7
Red Sea type brine pools Fe, Gu, Pb, Zn, Ba 8
ADVANCED
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
Stratform sedimentary rock-hosted (SEDEX) Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, Zn, Se, Ag-av, Ba 6
Shale-sandstone host(Zambia/Kupferschiefer) Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, V, Ba
Evaporites
Unconformity-related (Mid Prot) U, POE, Moe, Co 13
Anorogenic granites Sn, Nb, Ta, W, U 4
Greisen, quartz veins, pipes, disseminations Th, Be, Zn, Cu 4
Breccia pipes, replacement bodies pegmatites Sn, W, Li, Ba 4
A-granitoids (Olympic, Dam-style) Fe, Au, U, REE, Cu, Ba, F 4
Anorthosite massifs Fe-T-V
Komatite (Archaean only) Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, POE, Co
INTRAPLATE
Layered igneous Bushveld-Stillwater, types Cr, PGE, V, Fe, Ti, Cu, Ni, Co
complexes/Flood basalts Continental food basalts, Norilsk-type Ni, Cu, PGE
Voiseys Bay - troctolite Ni, Co, Cu
Alkaline igneous rocks Carbonatites Nb, Fe, Ti, Cu, REE, P.F.U
Kimberlites, Laproite Diamond
Perakaline complexes (breccia pipes) Nb, Fe, Ci, Cu, Co, REE, P.U.F 4
Weathering environment Laterite, karst, reworked sedimentary bauxite Al
Weathered ultramafics - Laterite Ni
Calcrete-host U
DURPCIAL
DEPOSITS
Au
INTERIOR
Regolth
BASINS
Sandstone-hosted/roll front U 13
Evaporite-related deposits Salts
Placer
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INTRAPLATE INTERPLATE
TRANSFORM
FAULTS
CONVERGENT PLATE
Placer
Oceanic transform
Leaky transforms
Collision-granitoids
Passive margins
Magamatic Arc
Mid-ocean ridges
Ocean floor
Ophiolites
Obducted oceanic crust
and-Thrust bells
Accreted terranes- Fold
Weahtering enviroment
Intraoceanic. continental
Foreland basins
TECTONIC AND/OR
ENVIROMENT
GEOLOGICAL
Fuente: Tomada de Pirajno (2009).
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applicable
TECTONIC ANCHOR
this book,
where
Back arc rifts Intrusion-related polymetallic systems Au, Sn, Mo, Cu, Mo, U, Hg, F 4
Volcanic-hosted massive sulphides (Kuroko and Abitibi Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag,Au 7
types) Zn, Cu, Pb, Ag
Iberian Pyrite Bolt (Rio tinto) Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Au 7
Contact metasomatic W, Au, Sb, Hg, (Mo, Be),F 6
Polymetalic veins Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, PGE, Ca 4
CONVERGENT PLATE
SUBDUCTION
EVIROMENTS
and-Thrust belts
COLUSION
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ADVANCED
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
STAGES
Passive margins Chemical Sediment Basinal brines Fe, Mn 8
Iron formation (Superior-type; Precambrian only) Fe, Mn, P 8
Black shales Au, Mn, ni, PGE 9
Carbonate rocks-hosted (Mississippi, Valley-type, eg Zn, Pb, Cu, Ba, F 9
Lennard Shelf)
Breccia pipes, fissure lodes, veins Cu, Au, ag-Co-Ni-As 4
CONTINENTAL
AULACOGENS
RA-reladed pophyry-apithermal systems Mo, Au 5
RIFTING
EARLY
Stratform sedimentary rock-hosted (SEDEX) Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, Zn, Se, Ag-av, Ba 6
Shale-sandstone host(Zambia/Kupferschiefer) Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, V, Ba
Evaporites
Unconformity-related (Mid Prot) U, POE, Moe, Co 13
Anorogenic granites Sn, Nb, Ta, W, U 4
Greisen, quartz veins, pipes, disseminations Th, Be, Zn, Cu 4
Breccia pipes, replacement bodies pegmatites Sn, W, Li, Ba 4
A-granitoids (Olympic, Dam-style) Fe, Au, U, REE, Cu, Ba, F 4
Anorthosite massifs Fe-T-V
Komatite (Archaean only) Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, POE, Co
Layered igneous Bushveld-Stillwater, types Cr, PGE, V, Fe, Ti, Cu, Ni, Co
complexes/Flood basalts Continental food basalts, Norilsk-type Ni, Cu, PGE
Voiseys Bay - troctolite Ni, Co, Cu
Alkaline igneous rocks Carbonatites Nb, Fe, Ti, Cu, REE, P.F.U
Kimberlites, Laproite Diamond
Perakaline complexes (breccia pipes) Nb, Fe, Ci, Cu, Co, REE, P.U.F 4
Weathering environment Laterite, karst, reworked sedimentary bauxite Al
Weathered ultramafics - Laterite Ni
Calcrete-host U
DURPCIAL
Au
DEPOSITS
INTERIOR
Regolth
BASINS
Sandstone-hosted/roll front U 13
Evaporite-related deposits Salts
Placer Mechanicall concentration od heavy minerals Au, sn Diamons, ilmenite, rrutile
zircon
Palaeoplacers Witwaters and, Late Archacan conglomerates Au, U
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Granito
Sistema Litofilo
Greisenizacin
Oxidacin --------------- Reduccin
Sn, W, Be
Mo, F, Zn
Cu-Mo, W,
Pb, Ag
Cu(Au-Mo),
Cu, Zn, Au, Fe
Mo, F, (W), Zn, F, Ag
Au
Cu. (Au.Fe)
Sistema Alcalino
Monzodiorita Monzonita Granito alcalino
Fuente: Tomada de Franco Pirajno (2009) y modificada, antes Barton (1996), Thompson et l. (1999) y Lang y Baker
(2001).
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70W
A) B)
Raul-Condestable
500 km
Macora PERU
D) Pampa de
C) Arequipa
Pongo
20S
E)
Pacific
Ocean
BOLIVIA
CHILE
Antofagasta
Pegatite Host granite
Greisen Tourmalinisation of
country rocks
Albised granite Vein system
Sediments
High Silica Rock
Pegmatite Manto Verde
Lens USTs
Candelaria-Punta del Cobre
Miarolitic
Cavities
IOCG
ARGENTINA
Iron oxide (apatite)
Santiago
Tipos de sistemas Greisen, asociados a cpulas granticas de alto nivel. A) Provincia Central Andina porfdica-IOCG. Se extiende
y B) antes Pollard et l. (1988), C) y D) antes Taylor y Pollard (1988), E) del sur de Per al sur de Chile. Tomado de Franco
antes Pirajno y Bentley (1985) con el descubrimiento de texturas Pirajno (2009), antes Sillitoe, (2003), y Williams et l.
unidireccionales de solidificacin (UTS) y cavidades miarolticas en una (2005).
cpula grantica (antes Kirwin, 2005). Tomado de Franco Pirajno (2009).
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Informacin tomada de
http://www.osinerg.gob.pe/osinerg/investigacion
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PERU
Pas minero
Se desarrollan actividades mineras desde tiempos
inmemoriales.
Gente dedicada a la minera, con operaciones por ms de
100 aos, particularmente en la zona central del Per.
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Ecuador
Per Brasil
Bolivia
Chile Paraguay
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Extensin (superficie)
128 millones (100%)
rea total del Per (100%)
de hectreas
19.04
reas naturales
millones de (14.80%)
protegidas
hectreas
reas concedidas
13 455,080.35
a la actividad minera (10.51%)
hectreas
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Potencial geolgico
Presencia de la cordillera de los
Andes a lo largo del territorio,
principal fuente de recursos
minerales.
Existe una vasta y variada riqueza
geolgica reconocida por la
comunidad internacional, la mayor
parte an por explorar y explotar.
El Per tambin cuenta con un alto
potencial en minera no metlica:
boratos, diatomita, bentonita, roca
fosfrica y travertino, entre otros.
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Alienta la inversin 76 76 74 70 68 59 54 52 46
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Prenca Antes de 1550: Se observa la tradicin minera del poblador de la regin en sus
restos arqueolgicos: cermica, orfebrera, tintes, ciudadelas y templos.
Inca
1991 hasta la actualidad: Los niveles metlicos (oro, cobre, estao, plomo, zinc
y hierro) y los no metlicos (fosfato, yeso, bentonita, baritina, mrmol, calizas y
diatomitas) constituyen los principales productos de exportacin nacional, y
representan el 50% del total de nuestras exportaciones.
Elaboracin: Osinergmin
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Elaboracin: Osinergmin
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VARIEDAD DE MINERALES
Grupo Minerales
Incluyen los siguientes:
Preciosos (oro, plata y metales del grupo del platino)
Siderrgicos (hierro, nquel, cobalto, titanio, vanadio, cromo)
Metales Bsicos (cobre, plomo, estao y zinc)
Ligeros (magnesio y aluminio)
Nucleares (uranio, radio y torio)
Especiales (litio, germanio, galio o arsnico)
Minerales Incluyen los de potasio y azufre, el cuarzo, la trona, la sal comn, el amianto, el
industriales talco, el feldespato y los fosfatos.
Incluyen la arena, la grava, los ridos, las arcillas para ladrillos, la caliza y los
Materiales de esquistos para la fabricacin de cemento. En este grupo tambin se incluyen la
construccin pizarra para tejados y las piedras pulidas (granito, travertino o mrmol).
Gemas Incluyen los diamantes, los rubes, los zafiros y las esmeraldas.
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ELECTRO- REFINACION
EXPLOTACION CONCENTRACION TOSTACION LIXIVIACION
DEPOSICION
Convertidor
Bessemer
Carbn Caliza
HIERRO Siemens
Martin ACERO
Pellet feed PELETIZADO
CONCENTRACION ALTO
EXPLOTACION Horno
HORNO
Sinter feed elctrico
SINTERIZADO
Ferroaleaciones
Mineral de hierro
Caliza
Fuente: A. Dammert (1981)- Economia Minera. Chatarra
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PRINCIPALES
PROYECTOS
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Fuente: U.S.Geological Survey-USGS-, The Silver Institute-SI-; Gold Fields Minerals Services-GFMS; International Copper
Study Group -ICSG-; International Lead and Zinc Study Group-ILZSG; International Tin Research Institute - ITRI-;
International Molybdenum Association-IMOA; Instituto Latinoamericano del Hierro y el Acero (ILAFA).
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Aos Var. %
Metales
Unidad 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/2001
Cobre US$/Ib 65.2 62.7 72.6 119.6 160 280 329.4%
Zinc US$/Ib 20.7 17.2 20.3 25.3 33.5 84.9 310.1%
Plata refinada US$/oz. tr 4.4 4.6 4.9 6.7 7.3 11.5 161.4%
Plomo US$/Ib 35.1 34.9 35.3 62.7 69 85.6 143.9% Tabla con la evolucin de los
Oro US$/oz. tr. 271.5 315.9 363.8 407.1 450.2 604.1 122.5%
precios de los metales
Estao US$/Ib 189.6 187.7 244.7 390.3 326.9 394.6 108.1%
Hierro US$/t 19.4 19.0 15.9 21.5 32.7 38.3 97.4%
400
350
300
INDICE DE PRECIOS
250
200
150
100
Grfico con ndice de precios de los 50
metales (ao base 1993 = 100) 0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Cobre Estao Hierro Oro Plata refinada Plomo Zinc
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Fuente: BCRP
Elaboracin: OSINERGMIN
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XI. APLICACIONES
EN GEOMETALURGIA
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TRITURACION SECUNDARIA
TRITURACION PRIMARIA
SOLUCION CLARIFICACION
RICA
PILETA CONTINGENCIAS
CIANURO
FILTRO
PRENSA TORRE DE
PRECIPITACION
DESOXIGENACION
CON Zn
REACTIVOS
FUNDENTES
RETORTA DORE
PRECIPITADO
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CONTAMINACION
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Mezcla de
Arcillas Mezcla de arenas
Arenas finas Arcillas Arenas Arenas
finas y
arcillas
finas y finas
arcillas
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SULFUROS
Pirita
Pirrotita
Calcopirita
Arsenopirita
Marcasita
Enargirita
Esfalerita
Galena
11 Aos Capacitando a la Comunidad Minera Global 250
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CONTAMINACION
Procesos microbiolgicos
Procesos hidrolgicos
Procesos mineralgicos
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INTERACCION
Zona de
oxidacin
Precipitacin
Infiltracin
Evaporacin
Slido
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APLICACIONES EN
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Celdas de flotacin
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115 110
SONOYTA
PUERTO NACO
PENASCO Quitovae
AGUA
NOGALES
La Choya PRIETA
CANANEA
Lluvia de Oro
La Herradura Fronteras
MAGDALENA IMURES
CABORCA DE KINOI Bacoachi
ALTAR Santa
Gertrudis
Nacorari
San Francisco Cucurpe
Benjamin La Caridad
Hill
G Puerto de Banamichi
Cumpas 30
U Libertad Huepac
LF Baviacora
Aconchi
Moctezuma
O
F
C Mazocahui
A Mulatos
LI
FO HERMOSILLO
R
N Bahia
IA de Kino
La Colarada
San Javier
Santa Rosa
GUAYMAS 28
Los Hornos
CIUDAD
OBREGON
USA
500 KM NAVOJOA
Alamos
N SCALE
0 50 100
KILOMETERS
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TRITURACION SECUNDARIA
TRITURACION PRIMARIA
SOLUCION CLARIFICACION
RICA
PILETA CONTINGENCIAS
CIANURO
FILTRO
PRENSA TORRE DE
PRECIPITACION DESOXIGENACION
CON Zn
REACTIVOS
FUNDENTES
RETORTA
DORE
PRECIPITADO
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Lluvia de Oro
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