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2 3 NOTES
nally set down in writing.[13] small collections and individual traditions into a coher-
ent presentation.[14] It is generally, though not universally,
You are probably familiar with the old agreed that the authors of Matthew and Luke used as
birthday party game telephone. A group of sources the gospel of Mark and a collection of sayings
kids sits in a circle, the rst tells a brief story called the Q source. These two together account for the
to the one sitting next to her, who tells it to bulk of each of Matthew and Luke, with the remainder
the next, and to the next, and so on, until it made up of smaller amounts of source material unique to
comes back full circle to the one who started each, called the M source for Matthew and the L source
it. Invariably, the story has changed so much for Luke, which may have been a mix of written and oral
in the process of retelling that everyone gets a material (see Two-source hypothesis). Most scholars be-
good laugh. Imagine this same activity taking lieve that the author of Johns gospel used oral and written
place, not in a solitary living room with ten sources dierent from those available to the Synoptic au-
kids on one afternoon, but over the expanse of thors a signs source, a revelatory discourse source,
the Roman Empire (some 2,500 miles across), and others although there are indications that a later ed-
with thousands of participantsfrom dierent itor of this gospel may have used Mark and Luke.[15]
backgrounds, with dierent concerns, and in Oral transmission may also be seen as a dierent ap-
dierent contextssome of whom have to proach to understanding the Synoptic Gospels in New
translate the stories into dierent languages Testament scholarship. Current theories attempt to link
(see box 3.1). the three synoptic gospels together through a common
Bart D. Ehrman, The New Testament. A textual tradition. However, many problems arise when
Historical Introduction to the Early Christian linking these three texts together (see the Synoptic prob-
Writings, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 44 lem). This has led many scholars to hypothesize the ex-
istence of a fourth document from which Matthew and
Luke drew upon independently of each other (for exam-
ple, the Q source).[16] The Oral Transmission hypothesis
2 Oral traditions and the forma- based on the oral tradition steps away from this model,
proposing instead that this common, shared tradition was
tion of the gospels transmitted orally rather than through a lost document.[17]
4. In the fourth stage, the authors of our four Gospels [10] Dunn 2013, pp. 55 & 223 & 309, 279280.
drew on these proto-gospels, collections, and still-
circulating oral traditions to produce the gospels of [11] Ehrman 2012, pp. 117.
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.[1] [12] Dunn 2013, pp. 35960 One of the most striking fea-
tures to emerge from this study is the amazing consistency
Mark, Matthew and Luke are known as the Synoptic of the history of the NT tradition, the tradition which gave
Gospels because they have such a high degree of inter- birth to the NT.
dependence. Modern scholars generally agree that Mark [13] Hahn, Scott; Scott, Dave, eds. (1 September 2007). Letter
was the rst of the gospels to be written (see Markan pri- & Spirit, Volume 3: The Hermeneutic of Continuity: Christ,
ority). The author does not seem to have used exten- Kingdom, and Creation. Emmaus Road Publishing. p.
sive written sources, but rather to have woven together 225. ISBN 978-1-931018-46-3.
3
[14] Telford 2011, pp. 1329. Bockmuehl, Markus (2004) [1994]. This Jesus:
Martyr, Lord, Messiah. Continuum International
[15] Scholz 2009, pp. 1668.
Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-08296-1.
[16] Dunn 2003, pp. 192205.
Dunn, James D. G. (2003). The History of the Tra-
[17] Dunn 2003, pp. 23852. dition: New Testament. In Dunn, James D. G.;
Rogerson, John William. Eerdmans Commentary on
the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
4 Bibliography pp. 95071. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.
Ehrman, Bart (2005) [2003]. Lost Christianities:
Burkett, Delbert (2002). An introduction to the New The Battles For Scripture And The Faiths We Never
Testament and the origins of Christianity. Cam- Knew. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-
bridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00720-7. 518249-1.
Casey, Maurice (2010). Jesus of Nazareth: An Inde- Hammann, Konrad (2012). Rudolf Bultmann Eine
pendent Historians Account of His Life and Teach- Biographie. ISBN 978-3-16-152013-6.
ing. Continuum International Publishing Group.
ISBN 978-0-567-64517-3. Kelber, Werner H. (1983). The oral and the written
Gospel: the hermeneutics of speaking and writing in
Dunn, James D. G. (2003). Jesus Remembered: the synoptic tradition, Mark, Paul, and Q. Indiana
Christianity in the Making, Volume 1. Wm. B. University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21097-5.
Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-
3931-2. Wansbrough, Henry (2004) [1991]. Introduc-
tion. In Wansbrough, Henry. Jesus and the Oral
Dunn, James D. G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tra- Gospel Tradition. Continuum International Publish-
dition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-04090-9.
ISBN 978-0-8028-6782-7.
Ehrman, Bart D. (2012). Did Jesus Exist?: The
Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth. Harper- 6 External links
Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-220460-8.
Johnson, David Kyle. Book Review: Bart
Muilenburg, James (March 1969). Form Criticism Ehrmans Jesus Before the Gospels. Psychology
and beyond. Journal of Biblical Literature. 88 (1): Today. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
118. doi:10.2307/3262829. JSTOR 3262829.
Scholz, Daniel J. (2009). Jesus in the Gospels and
Acts. St Marys Press. ISBN 978-0-88489-955-6.
Telford, William R. (2011). Marks Portrait of Je-
sus. In Burkett, Delbert. The Blackwell Companion
to Jesus. WileyBlackwell. pp. 1329. ISBN 978-
1-4051-9362-7.
Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus outside the New
Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence
Studying the Historical Jesus. Wm. B. Eerdmans
Publishing,. ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5.
5 Further reading
Aune, David E. (2004). Oral Tradition in the Hel-
lenistic World. In Wansbrough, Henry. Jesus and
the Oral Gospel Tradition. Continuum International
Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-567-04090-9.
Aune, David E. (2010). Form Criticism. In Aune,
David E. The Blackwell Companion to The New Tes-
tament. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-
1894-4.
4 7 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
7.2 Images
File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Ycv0BE0wFr4/TU8WRXJmxYI/AAAAAAAAAgI/2QjVrd4bEHo/
s1600/Sermon_on_the_Mount_Carl_Bloch.jpg and Carl Bloch, p. 313, ISBN 9788798746591 Original artist: Carl Heinrich Bloch