8/16/2015 DataAcquisition>SignalConditioningNationalInstruments

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TableofContents
SensorMeasurementsandSignal
Conditioning 1. TypesofVibrationSensors
2. DesigningtheRightMeasurementSystemforVibrationSensors
LearnmoreaboutSensor
3. NIMeasurementSystemsforVibrationSensors
Measurements

TypesofVibrationSensors
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FormFactor Figure1.Accelerometersaretransducersformeasuringthedynamicaccelerationofaphysicaldevice.
Accelerometersaretransducersformeasuringthedynamicaccelerationofaphysicaldevice.Themostcommonaccelerometer
CompactDAQ(42) measuresaccelerationonlyalongasingleaxis.Thistypeisoftenusedtomeasuremechanicalvibrationlevels.Thesecondtypeisthe
CompactRIO(23) triaxialaccelerometer.Thisaccelerometerisusedtodeterminethetypeofvibrationorthedirectionofacceleration.

Ethernet(20) Accelerometersdesignedtomeasurevibrationarebasedonthepiezoelectriceffect.Inapiezoelectricaccelerometer,amassapplies
forcetoacrystalcreatingahighimpedancecharge,whichresultsinavoltageacrossthecrystal.Piezoelectricorchargemode
PXIPlatform(17) accelerometersrequireanexternalamplifiertoamplifythechargeandtoprovideanimpedancebuffer.Easiertouseaccelerometers
SCXI(28) recommendedfortypicalmeasurementsincludeanintegratedamplifier.Thesesensorsarereferredtoasintegratedelectronic
piezoelectric(IEPE)sensors.
USB(20)
ReadtheSoundandVibrationTransducersGuide
Wireless(20)
DesigningtheRightMeasurementSystemforVibrationSensors
MeasurementTypes Tomakeaccelerometermeasurements,youwillneedamplification,currentexcitation,ACcoupling,andfiltering.Itisalsoimportantto
considerthedynamicrangeandfrequencyneedsofyourmeasurements.
Accelerometer(8) Amplification
Current(24) Thechargeproducedbypiezoelectricaccelerometersisverysmallyieldingoutputvoltagelevelsinthemillivoltrange.The
Digital(3) piezoelectriccrystalisaveryhighimpedancesourceandthusrequiresahighinputimpedancelownoisedetector.Thus,thesensor
mustbeconnectedtoachargesensitiveamplifiertodecreasenoiseandreducetheoutputimpedance.
Filters(3)
IEPEsensorshaveachargesensitiveamplifierbuiltinsidethemascloseaspossibletothetransducer.Thisamplifieracceptsa
Frequency(1) constantcurrentsourceandvariesitsimpedancewithrespecttoavaryingchargeonthepiezoelectriccrystal.Youcanseethischange
Meer inimpedanceasachangeinvoltageacrosstheinputsoftheaccelerometer.Thus,theaccelerometerusesonlytwowiresperaxisfor
bothsensorexcitation(current)andsignaloutput(voltage).
CurrentExcitation
AnalogInputChannels
Asmentionedinthesectionabove,accelerometersrequireanexternalcurrenttobesuppliedtopowertheamplifier.Inchoosingadata
AnalogOutputChannels acquisitionsystemitisimportanttobeawareoftheexcitationvoltagetheaccelerometerrequires.Dependingonthesensorsome
platformsmaynotprovideanadequateamountofexcitationtoworkwithaparticularsensor.
DigitalI/OChannels
ACCoupling
Triggering
ThesignalacquiredfromthesensorconsistsofbothDCandACcomponents,wheretheDCportionoffsetstheACportionfromzero.
ACcouplingremovestheDCoffsetinthesystembymeansofacapacitorinserieswiththesignal.AnACcoupledsensorsystem
RoHSCompliance
eliminatesthelongtermDCdriftthatsensorshaveduetoageandtemperatureeffect,dramaticallyincreasingtheresolutionandthe
IsolationType usabledynamicrangeofthesystem.
Grounding
OperatingSystem/Target
Vibrationmeasurementsarehighlysusceptibletonoise.Youcanreducethiseffect,however,byproperlygroundingthesystem.You
canavoidimpropergroundingresultingfromgroundloopsorfloatingnodesbyensuringthateitherthesignalconditioninginputorthe
sensorisgroundedbutnotboth.Ifthesensorisgrounded,youmustconnectitdifferentially.Ifthesensorisfloating,youshouldconnect
thesignalconditioningsystemsinvertinginputtoground.
Filtering
Tobesurethatyouaresamplingthecorrectrangeoffrequencies,addalowpassfilterbeforethesamplerandtheADC.Thisensures
thatyouattenuatehigherfrequencynoiseandthatthesealiasingcomponentsabovethesamplingratedonotdistortthemeasurement.
DynamicRange
Dynamicrangeisameasureofhowsmallyoucanmeasureasignalrelativetothemaximuminputsignalthedevicecanmeasure.
Expressedindecibels,thedynamicrangeis20log(Vmax/Vmin).Forexample,adevicewithaninputrangeof10Vandadynamic
rangegreaterthan110dBmayhaveavoltageratioof106.Thus,withamaximumsignalof10V,thesmallestsignalthatyoucansee
onthedeviceis10V.Thus,theinputrangeandthespecifieddynamicrangeareimportantfordeterminingtheneedsofyoursystem.
ViewtheSoundandVibrationMeasurementsHowToGuide
Learn10questionstoaskwhenselectingyoursoundandvibrationmeasurementsystem

NIMeasurementSystemsforVibrationSensors

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8/16/2015 DataAcquisition>SignalConditioningNationalInstruments
PXI

Figure2.ThePXIplatformprovidesacompleterangeoffunctionalityforvibrationmonitoringandanalysiswithhighperformancesignal
conditioningandup272synchronizedchannelsperchassis.
ThePXIplatformprovidesacompleterangeoffunctionalityforvibrationmonitoringandanalysiswithhighperformancesignal
conditioningandup272synchronizedchannelsperchassis.NationalInstrumentsoffersavarietyofPXImodulesthatprovideIEPE
signalconditioning,24bitresolution,antialiasingfilters,upto118dBdynamicrange,andupto204.8kS/ssimultaneouslysampled
channels.Youcanchoosemoduleswithtwoinputsandtwooutputsorinputmoduleswithfour,eight,and16channels.
LearnmoreaboutPXIhardwareforvibrationmeasurements
ShopPXIforvibrationmeasurements
NICompactDAQ

Figure3.NICompactDAQisrecommendedasaruggedandportablelowcostsolutionforvibrationmeasurements.
NICompactDAQisrecommendedasaruggedandportablelowcostsolutionforvibrationmeasurements.CSeriesvibrationmodules
offer24bitresolution,5Vinputrange,upto102dBdynamicrange,andupto51.2kS/ssimultaneouslysampledchannels.NI
CompactDAQincorporatesIEPEsignalconditioningforaccelerometers,antialiasingfilters,andsoftwareselectableAC/DCcoupling.
LearnmoreaboutNICompactDAQ
ShopNICompactDAQforvibrationmeasurements

SoundandVibrationSoftware

NationalInstrumentssoundandvibrationsoftwareprovidesacompletesoftwaresolutionforallacousticelectroacousticnoise,
vibration,andharshness(NVH)andmachineconditionmonitoringapplications.Basedonanopenanalysiscapabilityandaflexible
measurementlibrary,theNISoundandVibrationMeasurementSuiteandNISoundandVibrationToolkitpresentauniquesoftware
basedmeasurementapproachtocreatingcustomizedapplications.
LearnmoreabouttheSoundandVibrationAnalysisSoftware

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