WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003

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1 I WHC-SD-W236A-ES- I I 0 Materi a1 Selection f o r 8Q 1

I Oo3 Mu1ti-Function Waste

Tank Faci 1 it y Tanks
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Document Number: WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003, REV. 0

I Document Title: Material Selection for Multi-Function Waste Tank

Fac i1 i ty Tanks

Release Date: October 26, 1994

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 SUPPORTING DOCUMENT 1. Total Pages 40
2. Title

M a t e r i a l S e l e c t i o n for Mu1t i - F u n c t i o n Waste Tank WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003

F a c i l it y Tanks
5. Key Uords 6. Author

MWTF Name: W. C. C a r l o s
Doubl e-She1 1 tanks @b&y /0-26 -q
Carbon
Corrosion
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A-6400-073 (11/91) CEF3 UEF124

 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
MATERIAL SELECTION FOR MULTI-FUNCTION WASTE TANK FACILITY TANKS

W. C. Carlos

ABSTRACT

This report briefly summarizes the history of the materials selection

for the U.S. Department of Energy's high-level waste carbon steel storage
tanks. It also provide an evaluation of the materials for the construction of
new tanks at the Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility.
The evaluation included a materials matrix that summarized the critical
design, fabrication, construct ion, and corrosion resistance requirements;
assessed each requirement; and cataloged the advantages and disadvantages of
each material. This evaluation is based on the mission of the Multi-Function
Waste Tank Faci 7 ity.
On the basis of the compositions of the wastes stored in Hanford waste
tanks, it is recommended that tanks for the Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility
be constructed of normalized ASME SA 516, Grade 70, carbon steel.

i
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0

MATERIAL SELECTION FOR MULTI-FUNCTION WASTE TANK FACILITY TANKS

Contributors:
L. D. $lackburn, Fellow Enqineer
Materqals Engineering (WHCj

W. C. Carlos, Principal Engineer

Materials Engineering (WHC)
\ I d
M. J.JDanielson. Senior Research S c i e n t i s t
Component Analysis Group
Materi a1 s Appl k a t i ons Section (PNL)

W236A TanklFarms Project (ICF KH)

If%&--&5
f 9

a!hateEi -4
P. hauptmaWn, Senior Engineer (Welding)
1 d - 2 - ?y
Date
a1 s En-eeri ng

A T P. L a d i c k , Fellow Enqineer
?/?A+
Date
Waste Treatment Systems Engineering (WHC)
J 9 -29-94
R. E. Westerman, Manager Date
Component Analysis Group
Materials Applications Section (PNL)

Approved by:
W. F. Brehrn, Manager
Materials Erjgineering (WHC)

R. L. Friw Manager
Multi-Function Waste Tank F a c i l i t y (WHC)
&-
A. K. Sharma, Q u a l i t y Assurance Engineer
2&&-
Date
Quali t y Assurance (WHC)

ii
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
.
Rev 0

CONTENTS

1.0 OBJECTIVE ............................. 1

2.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3.0 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
3.1 HISTORY OF DOE CARBON STEEL WASTE STORAGE TANKS . . . . . . . 1
3.1.1 Hanford S i t e . Richland. Washington . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1.2 Savannah R i v e r S i t e . Aiken. South C a r o l i n a . . . . . . 2
3.1.3 West Valley. New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4.1 COMPOSITION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.1 ASME B o i l e r & Pressure Vessel Code Section I11
Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.2 Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.3 Constructability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.4 M a t e r i a l Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.5 Weldability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.6 Post-Weld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.7 B r i t t l e Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.7.1 During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.7.2 During t h e 50-Year Service L i f e . . . . . . . 8
4.1.8 Fatigue P r o p e r t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.9 E f f e c t s o f Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 CORROSION PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1 General Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2.2 Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2.3 Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.3 P i t t i n g Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.3.1 D i l u t i o n o f t h e Meniscus S o l u t i o n by
Condensate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Absorption i n t h e Meniscus
4.2.4
Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crevice Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
10
.
4.2.5 Erosion Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.6 E f f e c t s o f Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.6.1 Vapor Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.6.2 L i q u i d Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.7 E f f e c t s of Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.0 EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1 COMPOSITION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1.1 ASME Section I11 Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1.2 A v a i l a b i l i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1.3 C o n s t r u c t a b i l i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1.4 M a t e r i a l Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1.5 Weldability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.6 Post-Weld Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
17
5.1.7 B r i t t l e Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev . 0
5.1.7.1 During Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.1.7.2 During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1.8 Fatigue Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1.9 Effects of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2 CORROSION PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2.1 General Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2.2 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2.2.1 Tank Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2.2.2 Tank Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2.3 Pitting Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2.3.1. Vapor Zone Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2.3.2 Liquid Zone Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2.3.3 Interface Zone Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2.4 Crevice Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2.5 Erosion Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2.6 Effects of Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2.7 Effects of Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2.8 Corrosion Comparison o f SA 516 and SA 537 Carbon
Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR CONSIDERATION . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.4 ARCHIVE MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.0 CONCLUSIONS ............................ 28

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

8.0 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

TABLES
3.1 . Summary Listing o f DOE Carbon Steel High-Level-Waste Storage
1.4 . Tanks ...............................
Composition of Carbon Steels Being Evaluated . . . . . . . . . . .
3
15
5.1 . MWTF Tank Carbon Steel Material Selection Matrix . . . . . . . . . 26
5

FIGURES
1.4 . MWTF Tank Carbon Steel Plate Thickness .Conceptual ....... 11
4.2 . MWTF Tank Flow Pattern Jet Velocity . . . . . . . . ....... 12
4.3 . Carbon Steel Waste Tank Hydrogen Environments . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. . MWTF Tank Corrosion Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

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 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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GLOSSARY

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
AWS Amer i can We1 di ng Soci ety
AWWA American Water Works Association
B&PV Code ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
Certi fi cate Holder The Certificate Holder has the authorization from the
ASME which indicates the responsibilities assumed by the
Certificate Holder, e.g., design, construction, and other
services. The responsibilities and duties of the
Certificate Holder are listed in the ASME B&PV Code,
Section 111, Division 1 and 2, Article NCA-3000,
"Responsibilities and Duties."
CCTV Closed-circuit television
cs Carbon steel
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOE-RL U.S. Department o f Energy - Richland Field Office
dPa Di spl acements per atom
DST Double-shell tank
FDC Functional design criteria
Hanford A DOE site at Richland, Washington
HAZ Heat-affected zone (of a weld)
Heat number A heat number is assigned to each batch or melt by the
plate mill
HWP Hanford Waste Vitrification Project
ki p Kilopound = 1,000 lb
a
Liner 3/8-in.-thick internal CS tank structure that extends
across the tank basemat of a single-shell tank and up the
cylindrical sides; its purpose is to contain the waste
(Becker 1994)
LST Lowest service temperature
Melt size (product) Oregon Steel - 80 tons is 160,000 lb of plate
Lukens Steel - 120 tons is 240,000 lb of plate
Bethlehem Steel - 225 tons is 450,000 lb of plate
MWTF Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility
NDT Nil-ductil ity transition temperature - the maximum
temperature where a standard drop-weight specimen breaks
when tested according to the provisions of ASTM E 208-91.

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 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
Product anal ys i s As stated i n ASME SA 20, a chemical analysis shall be
made of each p l a t e as rolled. The specimens f o r analysis
shall be taken adjacent t o o r from a broken tension-test
specimen. The chemical composition thus determined, as
t o elements required or r e s t r i c t e d , shall conform t o the
product analysis requirements specified i n the appl icabl e
specification.
PWHT Post-weld heat treatment
S Maximum a1 1owable s t r e s s a t temperature
SCC Stress-corrosion cracking
snl Design stress intensity a t temperature
SRS Savannah River S i t e - DOE s i t e a t Aiken, South Carolina
SST Single-shell tank
Stamped The ASME stamp applied by the pressure vessel
manufacturer t o the pressure vessel and i s defined i n the
1992 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section 111,
D i v i s i o n 1 and 2, Article NCA-8000, "Certificates of
Authorization, Nameplates, Code Symbol Stamping, and Data
Reports. 'I
Defined i n the ASME Code (1992b) Table NC-2311(a)-l notes
as temperature a t o r above NDT temperature (ASTM
E 208-91). T,, i s 10
O F below the temperature a t which
a t l e a s t two specimens show no-break performance.
Savannah River S i t e designation f o r DSTs
Underground storage tank
U1 trasonic t e s t i n g
Ultimate t e n s i l e strength
,' Westinghouse Hanford Company
West Valley S i t e - a DOE s i t e a t West Valley, New York
Yield strength

vi
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to thank the following Panel Members for their outstanding

support in selecting the materials for the Multi-Function Waste Tank Facility
(MWTF) tanks and reviewing this document: Dr. James R. Divine, ChemMet, Ltd.,
P.C., Consultant; Dr. Larry D. Blackburn, Westinghouse Hanford Company (WHC)
Metal1 urgist; James P. Hauptmann, WHC Welding Engineer; Alvin P. tarrick, WHC
MWTF Project Engineer; Gerald M. Foster, ICF Kaiser Hanford ( I C F KH) ASME Code
Engineer; and Dr. Richard E. Westerman, Manager, and Dr. Michael J. Danielson,
Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) Component Analysis Group. I also want to
thank my manager, William F. Brehm, for his guidance and direction in getting
the document completed, Brenda E. Sartoris for her editing expertise, and our
secretary, Karen J. Stamey, for her skill in getting the document into a
readable and presentable condition.
Thanks to all,
William C. Carlos

vi i
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
MATERIAL SELECTION FOR MULTI-FUNCTION WASTE TANK FACILITY TANKS

1.0 OBJECTIVE

This report provides an evaluation of cand date materials f o r the

construction of storage tanks a t t h e Multi-Funct on Waste Tank F a c i l i t y (MWTF)
a t t h e U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Hanford S i t e near Richland,
Washington. T h i s report describes the eval uatio of selected carbon steel
p l a t e materials, materials of t h e type t h a t have already shown successful
application in storage of similar high-level radioactive waste a t the
Hanford S i t e and a t t h e Savannah River S i t e (SRS).
The evaluation includes a materials matrix (Table 3-1) summarizing the
c r i t e r i a f o r material design requirements, s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o corrosion, and
strength properties of t h e candidate carbon s t e e l s (CS). This evaluation is
supported by the MWTF tank f a i l u r e mode analysis (Carlos 1994).

2.0 SUMMARY

Several ASME grades of carbon-manganese-si1 icon and carbon-si 1 icon s t e e l

p l a t e s intended f o r fusion-welded pressure vessels (tanks) were evaluated t o
determine their s u i t a b i l i t y for construction and storage of high-level
radioactive wastes f o r the DOE Richland Operations (DOE-RL) s i t e ' s MWTF
project; normalized ASME SA 516, Grade 70, CS p l a t e was selected.

3.0 BACKGROUND

The original mission of the MWTF tanks was f o r waste staging and storage
in s u p p o r t of pretreatment and t h e Hanford Waste V i t r i f i c a t i o n Plant (HWVP)
(Kendall 1991). In 1993, the mission changed t o one of interim storing o f
waste, a mission s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e existing 28 double-shell (DST) high- =
level waste tanks (Groth 1993). This change of mission changed t h e basis for
tank material selection. Because a l l waste t o be stored i n MWTF tanks will
have previously been stored in o r passed through CS DSTs o r will be sent t o
other DSTs, the waste composition would need t o meet t h e Hanford waste tank
corrosion specification (Kirch 1984).

3.1 HISTORY OF DOE CARBON STEEL WASTE STORAGE TANKS

The h i s t o r y of large, radioactive-waste storage tanks begins a t t h e
Hanford S i t e and l a t e r extends t o t h e West Valley (WVS) and SRS s i t e s . The
welded storage tanks a t Hanford date back t o World War 11. I t i s believed
t h a t these were s t a t e of t h e a r t a t the time of t h e i r construction. The large
CS radioactive-waste storage tanks are discussed b r i e f l y below.
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0

3.1.1 Hanford S i t e , Richland, Washington

I n 1943, c o n s t r u c t i o n o f l a r g e storage-tank l i n e r s followed t h e American

Water Works Association (AWWA) p r a c t i c e s and were b u i l t from American Society
f o r Testing and M a t e r i a l s (ASTM) A7 CS (Ryan 1991). A f t e r 1947, s i n g l e - s h e l l
tank (SST) 1i n e r s were made o f ASTM A 283 o r A 285, Grades B or C y and ASTM
A 201, Grade B y CS (Ryan 1991). The DST primary tanks b u i l t i n 1970 were
constructed o f ASTM A 515, Grade 60, CS; a f t e r 1977, such tanks were b u i l t o f
ASTM A 516, Grade 60 o r 65, and a f t e r 1978, o f ASTM A 537, Class 1, CS
' (Ryan 1991). A l l o f t h e Hanford DST primary tanks were s t r e s s r e l i e v e d (post-
weld heat t r e a t e d [PWHT]) (Ryan 1991). A l l 28 Hanford DSTs have a l k a l i n e
waste stored i n them; none have leaked (Hanlon 1994). A complete l i s t o f t h e
Hanford tanks appears i n Table 3-1.

3.1.2 Savannah River S i t e , Aiken, South Carolina

The Savannah River S i t e (SRS) began b u i l d i n g l a r g e ASME-designed storage

tanks i n 1952 f r o m ASTM A 285, Grade B y Firebox Q u a l i t y CS (Donovan 1977).
The SRS s i t e a l s o has ASME VI11 Code-designed Type I11 (SRS designation) DSTs,
b u i l t a f t e r 1967, t h a t were f a b r i c a t e d f r o m ASTM A 516, Grade 70, normalized
CS. Tanks constructed t h e r e since 1974 are o f ASTM A 537, Class 1. A l l o f
t h e SRS Type I11 tanks have been PWHT (Donovan 1977). The SRS Type I11 tanks
s t o r e a l k a l i n e waste and have n o t leaked. The SRS DSTs are l i s t e d i n
Table 3-1.

3.1.3 West Valley, New York

West V a l l e y has two 1,000,000-gal ASME-designed storage tanks t h a t were
b u i l t i n 1964 f r o m ASTM A201, Grade A, PWHT CS. They s t o r e a l k a l i n e waste and
have n o t leaked (Meess 1991). The WVS tanks are l i s t e d i n Table 3-1.

2
 Table 3-1. Summary L i s t i n g o f DOE Carbon Steel High-Level-Waste Storage Tanks.
(Ryan 1991, Caskey 1992, Meess 1991)
(Page I o f 2)

ASTM/ASME Specification Plate PWHT Year S t e e I Was DOE S i t e Year Tank Tank Type Tank Farm Number of
--------
Condi t i on Introduced Was Built (SST or DST) Tanks

A 7-1939 A-R No 1901 Hanford 1943 SST B, C, TI 12 each,

U 48 tanks

A 7-1939 A-R No Hanford 1946 SST BX 12 tanks

A 7 discontinued - replaced by A 36 i n 1960

A 201-1961T8 Grade A A-R No 1949 Hanford 1963 SST AX 4 tanks

A 201-1964, Grade A N Yes West Valley 1964 DST* 2 tanks

A 201 discontinued before 1968 - replaced by A 515 and A 516

A 212-1957T. Grade B I A-R I No I 1937 Savannah River 1961 SST, Type I V H Area 4 tanks
A 212 discontinued before 1968 - replaced by A 515 and A 516 in 1964
G
A 283-1946T, Grade C A-R No 1946 Hanford 1948 SST TX 18 tanks

A 283-1949~. Grade B A-R No Hanford 1948 SST BY 12 tanks

A 283-1946T, Grade B A-R No Hanford 1950 SST S 12 tanks

A 283-19491. Grade B A-R No Hanford 1951 SST TY 6 tanks

A 283-1952T8 Grade A o r B A-R No Hanford 1953 SST sx 15 tanks

A 283 i s c u r r e n t l y not an ASME material - i t was i n the ASME Code i n 1967 and 1971

A 285-1946, Grades B and C A-R No 1946 Hanf ord 1948 SST BY 12 tanks PE
e o
. I
A 285-1950, Grade B A-R No Savannah River 1953 SST, Type I F Area 8 tanks v)
H Area 4 tanks O W
I
1956 SST, Type I I H Area 4 tanks ENw
A 285-1952aT8 Grades B and C A-R

A-R
No

No
Hanford
savannah River
1954
1958
SST

SST, Type I V
A

F Area
7 tanks
4 tanks
?m
A 285-1954T, Grade B v)
I
0
0
w
 ASTM/ASME Specification Plate PUHT Year Steel Was DOE S i t e Year Tank Tank Type Tank Farm Number of
Condition Introduced Was B u i l t (SST or DST) Tanks

A 515-1965, Grade 60 N Yes 1964 Hanford 1970 DST AY 2 tanks

A 515-1969, Grade 60 N Yes Hanford 1977 DST A2 2 tanks

A 516-1964, Grade 70 Before 1974 Yes 1964 Savannah River 1972 DST, Type I11 F Area 2 tanks
A-R

and I 978 4 tanks

A 516-1964, Grade 70 A f t e r 1974 Yes Savannah River 1970 H Area 4 tanks

N
1977 3 tanks
A 516-1972, Grade 65 N Yes Hanford I 978 DST SY 3 tanks

P
A 537-1974a, Class 1 N Yes 1965 Hanford 1979 DST AW 6 tanks
A 537-1975, Class 1 N Yes Hanford 1981 DST AN 7 tanks
A 537-1979, Class 1 N Yes Hanford I 986 DST AP 8 tanks
A 537-1974, Class 1 N Yes Savannah River 1980 DST, Type I11 F Area 4 tanks
A 537-1974, Class 1 N Yes Savannah River I 981 H Area 10 tanks

PWHT = Post-weld heat t r e a t e d

SST = Single-shell tank
DST = Double-shell tank
A-R = As-rolled
N = Normalized
*A SST s i t t i n g i n a s t e e l pan w i t h w a l l s 4 f t h i g h
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

The CS plate specifications considered for selection for the MWTF tanks
included the two most recent specifications, ASTM A 516 and A 537, that have
been successfully used at Hanford and SRS to fabricate tanks for waste storage
(Donovan 1977, Ryan 1991). Because o f the desire to maximize the strength of
the tank material, ASME SA 516, Grades 60 and 65, were eliminated from
consideration in preference to SA 516, Grade 70, and ASME SA 537, Class 1.
The intention is to have the tanks code stamped; therefore, it is important to
use the SA designation (ASME) rather than the A designation (ASTM). The
mechanical properties and chemical compositions of the two materials are quite
similar. Both o f these CS plate material specifications were evaluated to
determine whether they met minimum MWTF project ASME Section I11 tank design
and corrosion-resi stance requirements. To meet the MWTF project technical
requirements, a set of acceptance criteria was developed that focused on
critical material properties, i .e., constructability, weldability,
availability, corrosion, and degradation resistance. The characteristics of
each plate material being considered then were determined and measured against
the acceptance criteria.

4.1 COMPOSITION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Table 4-1 shows the compositions of the alloys considered for the MWTF
tanks. Design, material , and corrosion-resistance properties are summarized
in a matrix in Table 5-1 and discussed in the sections below.
4.1.1 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section I11 Acceptance
The primary MWTF tank will be designed to 1992 Edition with the 1993
Addenda of ASME Section 111, Division 1, Subsection NC, "Rules for
Construction of Nuclear Power P1 ant Components, C1 ass 2 Components"
(ASME 1992b). Article NC-2000, Subarticle NC-2120, "Pressure Retaining
Material ,Ii NC-2121, titled "Permitted Material Specifications," states the
following: "(a) Pressure retaining material shall conform to the requirements
of one of the specifications for materials listed in Table lA, Section 11,
Part D, Subpart I, and to all the requirements of this Article which apply to
the product form in which the material is used." Table 1A lists SA 516,
*
Grades 55, 60, 65, and 70, and SA 537, Class 1.
The ASME Boi7er & Pressure Vesse7 Code (B&PV), Section 11, Materials,
Part A, "Ferrous Material Specifications, 1992 Edition, July 1, 1992," lists
SA 516, "Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate-
and Lower-Temperature Service," and SA 537, "Specification for Pressure Vessel
P1 ates, Heat Treated, Carbon-Manganese-Si 1 icon Steel (ASME 1992a).

'ASTM and ASME specifications are identical. The ASME Code requires
materials to be ordered to an SA specification.
5
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
4.1.2 Avai 1 abi 1 i t y
The tanks are t o be fabricated from CS plates. The t a n k fabricator will
t r y t o maximize the sizes of the plates t o minimize t h e number of welds. The
larger the plate sizes, the less weld length required. The CS plate sizes
available, based on ASME minimum wall thickness calculations plus corrosion
allowances, for construction of the MWTF tanks are between %-I t o 1%-in. thick
(Figure 4-1). The plate widths are up t o 100 in. and the plate lengths are up
t o 1,080 in.
4.1.3 Constructabi 1it y
The plates must be formed in the upper and lower knuckle areas and the
head. These plates must also be rolled t o form the shape o f the t a n k . Some
of this work will be performed in a fabrication shop. Most of the t a n k i s
field welded.
4.1.4 Mater i a1 Strengths
The CS plates must have a strength adequate t o support the applied loads
and contents of the tank. The tank designers want t o maximize the strength of
the steel i f i t s other properties can be maintained in a suitable range a t the
same time. The minimum tensiie strength for both SA 516, Grade 70, and
SA 537, Class 1, i s 70 kip/in . For some design purposes the yield strength
( Y S ) i s use$. The minimum YS a t ambient temperaturezof SA 516, Grade 70, i s
38.0 kip/in and for SA 537, Class 1, i s 50.0 kip/in (ASME 1992a). Both
materials have nearly t h e same tensile strength a t 250 O (121 " C ) .
F

4.1.5 We1 dabi 1 i t y

The plates will be joined by welding. The t a n k fabricator will maxim ze
the fraction of automatic welding t o minimize construction time and labor
costs. Next t o the forming of t h e plate steel, welding i s the largest sing e
fabrication operation in the construction of t h e tanks.
Weld Metal - The arc welds produced with bare electrodes i n the late
1920's and early 1930's exhibited poor mechanical properties. The
advent of flux- and gas-covered electrodes in the 1940's and 1950's
revolutionized t h e welding industry. Today's electrodes are designed t o =
match the base metal chemistry and mechanical properties, improve the
deposition rate, and compensate for the various types of current, joint
designs, and positions of welding. The electrodes used in construction
of t h e MWFT tanks will be primarily spooled continuous wire or tubular
electrodes t o support the automatic welding 'processes.
e Welding Processes - The f i r s t all-welded structures were built in
America in t h e 1940's. The l a t e r addition of flux t o the welding
electrode stabilized the arc and produced stronger, defect-free welds.
Gasses are now used solely or in combination w i t h fluxes t o protect t h e
mol ten weld metal from t h e atmosphere. High-production semi-automatic
and automatic welding processes (submerged arc welding, gas metal arc
welding, flux-cored arc welding) will be used in the MWTF t a n k
construction. The quality o f the welds has improved proportionally t o
the advancement of the welding processes.

6
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
0 Welding Examination - The welding examination process also improved over
the years. For example, the radiographic film used today is much more
I
sensitive than that used on the original Hanford tanks in the 1940's.
U1 trasonic, magnetic-particle, dye-penetrant , acoustic-emission, 1 eak-
detection (vacuum box), and eddy-current weld inspection, all
nondestructive examination techniques, were not available or were seldom
used in the 1 9 4 0 ' ~but
~ are routinely used today for inspecting welds.
The waste tanks at Hanford have always had 100% radiography of
the welds.
4.1.6 Post-We1 d Heat Treatment
Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) (stress relieving) of the CS was
determined, by investigations, to be required at SRS and Hanford to prevent
ni trate-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of the CS storage tanks
(Donovan 1977, Moore 1971).
PWHT of the MWTF primary storage tanks is to be done to satisfy service
conditions (prevent SCC) , not code requirements, as plate thicknesses are
below the minimum required by the ASME B&PV Code for PWHT. The ASME B&PV Code
provides PWHT criteria for stamped vessels, and these criteria will be used.
4.1.7 Brittle Fracture
Brittle fracture has been responsible for some of the most disastrous
storage tank failures in tank history (Mesloh 1988). The two candidate steels
for MWTF tanks, SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537, Class 1, exhibit a change in
fracture mode from ductile to brittle at low temperatures.
At SRS about 1975, there was concern about the possibility of brittle
fast fracture. Brittle fast fracture is a phenomenon that occurs when steels
below their nil-ductility transition temperature (NDT) are stressed and have a
small flaw of critical size and geometry. The SRS nuclear waste storage
tanks, Types I and I1 and half of the Type IVY were built of ASTM A 285-8
steel. Data for this steel show that in less than 1% of the heats produced,
the NDT was as high as 20 "C (68 "F) (Donovan 1977). A temperature of 21 "C
(70 " F ) was chosen for SRS standards as the lowest operating temperature for
ASTM A 285-8 tanks.
Type I11 tanks were built of ASTM A 516, Grade 70; A 516, Grade 70
normalized; and finally A 537, Class 1. Two reasons for the changes in grades
of steel were offered. The first was that early SCC studies had shown that
resistance to SCC increased from ASTM A 285-B to A 516, Grade 70, and to
A 537, Class 1 (Ondrejcin 1979). SCC had been the main problem with SRS waste
tanks at the time. The second reason was the concern over NDT. It was known
that normalized steel had much better fracture toughness. Normalization
lowered the NDT by about 30 "C (54 "F). The result was a reduction of NDT to
a level no longer of any concern for brittle fast fracture in SRS waste tanks.
For these two reasons, more resistance to SCC and reduction in the NDT, the
change was made from ASTM A 285-B to 516, Grade 70, for Type I11 tanks, then
to 516, Grade 70 normalized. To reduce residual stresses, PWHT was also
instituted on Type I11 tanks.

7
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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Concern was expressed that 516, Grade 70 normalized, might be shipped to
SRS in the non-normalized state by mill or jobber error, as normalization is a
special treatment and must be requested for this alloy. This possibility of
error, coupled with resistance to SCC, led to the change from ASTM A 516,
Grade 70 normalized, to ASTM A 537, Class 1. The latter alloy can only be
supplied in the normalized condition; it has essentially the same materials
properties as ASTM A 516, Grade 70 normalized, and has stricter specifications
on the amounts of impurities.
4.1.7.1 During Construction. Brittle fracture can occur during construction
when the tank sections, plates, domes, or bottoms are lifted during
fabrication, especially if such activities occur on a cold day. Construction
activities should consider brittle fracture prevention; 1 ifting must be
restricted during very cold weather.
4.1.7.2 During the 50-Year Service Life. The design code for the tanks
(ASME B&PV Code, Section 111, Subsection NC) provides protection against
brittle fracture by imposing rules ensuring that materials of construction
exhibit an adequate toughness. Brittle fracture during the construction
period and service periods are discussed in Section 5.0.
4.1.8 Fatigue Properties
Appendix X I V of the ASME Code, Section 111, Division 1, provides rules
for the fatigue analysis for Class 2 vessels designed per NC-3200. However,
the rules for determining whether or not a fatigue analysis is required are
given in NC-3219. These rules are evaluated in Section 5.0.
4.1.9 Effects of Radiation
The CS waste-storage tanks at Hanford and at other DOE sites are exposed
to high levels of alpha, beta, or gamma radiation, but low levels of neutron
radiation. The inherent characteristics of CS make it well suited for use in
hi gh-1 eve1 -radi at i on fields because it has 1 ow neutron absorption and produces
isotopes that have relatively short half-1 ives (Eaton 1966).
Savannah River Site (SRS) tanks and wastes are similar to those at
Hanford. Although the radiation levels in the MWTF tanks are expected to be
lower than the levels used in the SRS study, the SRS radiation levels will be =
used in this study because they are documented.
Large high-level radioactive CS storage tanks have been evaluated by
G. R. Caskey (1992). His findings are cited in Section 5.0.

4.2 CORROSION PROPERTIES

Several methods are available to rate or compare the corrosion
resistance of carbon steels. The discussion below considers the corrosion or
material degradation modes affecting the 50-year design life of the MWTF
tanks. Each type of corrosion will be evaluated in Section 5.2 for
its effects.

8
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
4.2.1 General Corrosion
General or uniform corrosion of metal occurs in the liquid waste. The
control of general corrosion to less than 1 mil/year is evaluated in
Section 5.2.1.
4.2.2 Stress-Corrosi on Cracking
SCC is caused by the sjmultaneous presence of a sensitive material,
tensile stress, and a specific corrosion medium (Fontana 1978). SCC of CS can
occur in the presence of caustic and in nitrate solutions. Failure of some
SRS SSTs was determined to have been caused by nitrate-assisted SCC
(Costas 1966, Donovan 1977). A similar conclusion has been reached about the
failures of Hanford SSTs (Maness 1966, Moore 1971, Carlos 1993b, Anantatmula
1994). SCC prevention methods have been developed and must be implemented on
the MWTF tanks to ensure a 50-year design life.
4.2.2.1 Materials. Both candidate MWTF tank materials are susceptible to
nitrate and hydroxide SCC.
4.2.2.2 Environments. The MWTF primary tanks will contain both nitrate
solutions and hydroxide solutions.
4.2.2.3 Stresses. The as-fabricated MWTF primary tank, because o f external
loads and residual stress from welding, especially in the knuckle area, will
experience stress levels that can produce SCC. The prevention and control of
SCC is discussed and evaluated in Section 5.2.2.
4.2.3 Pitting Corrosion
It has been suggested that pitting corrosion in the interface zone
is the most serious corrosion form presently occurring in the high-level
storage tanks (Escalante 1994). At least two mechanisms are contributing to
this type of corrosion; dilution of the bulk waste solution (pH) by condensate
and hydroxide depletion by carbon dioxide absorption in the meniscus area.
4.2.3.1 Dilution o f the Meniscus Solution by Condensate. Closed-circuit
television (CCTV) video of the interiors of some SSTs, DSTs and other
underground storage tanks (UST) show condensate collecting on the domes of the
tanks and running down the tank walls to the waste/air interface. The
condensate, when it flows into the meniscus, will dilute the meniscus solution
lowering its hydroxide level. The hydroxide in the solution is the corrosion
inhibiting agent and diluting it allows corrosion to take place on the tank
wall (called interface corrosion).
4.2.3.2 Carbon Dioxide Absorption in the Meniscus Solution. Absorption of
atmospheric carbon dioxide has been experimentally confirmed to cause
depletion of free hydroxide in the dilute alkaline solutions stored in SRS
waste tanks. Absorption of the carbon dioxide will continual until the bulk
solution in the meniscus i s at a pH equilibrium of 9.5. A waste sample from a
tank at SRS after twenty months of storage confirmed the prediction and was
found to have a pH of 9.5 (Hobbs 1985, Hobbs 1987).
The control and prevention of pitting corrosion in the MWTF tanks is
evaluated and addressed in Section 5.2.3.
9
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
4.2.4 Crevice Corrosion
Crevice corrosion, similar to pitting corrosion, will occur in any
crevice or crevice-l'ike features due to deposits and weld fractures on the
internal surfaces of the MWTF tank.
Prevention of crevice corrosion is evaluated in Section 5.2.4.
4.2.5 Erosion Corrosion
A mixing pump will be installed in each MWTF tank to keep waste solids
in suspension (see Figure 4-2). Because the pump will eject waste at high
velocities toward the walls and bottom of the tank, concern has been expressed
that the walls and bottom will experience excessive wear during their service
lifetime. A recommended erosion allowance is presented in Section 5.2.5.
4.2.6 Effects o f Hydrogen
All DSTs at Hanford contain some hydrogen (Garfield 1975). Hydrogen, if
absorbed by the metal , is known to be detrimental to CS (Smialowski 1962).
Hydrogen in the MWTF will occur in two environments, the vapor zone and the
liquid zone (see Figure 4-3). Its effects in each zone are addressed
separately.
Hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) of CS has induced failures of tanks and
chemical equipment. HIC-resistant SA 516, Grade 60, and SA 516, Grade 70, CS
is supplied in the United States by three suppliers. The price difference
between SA 537, Class 1, which is normalized, and HIC resistant SA 516,
Grade 60, in the normalized condition, vacuum degassed, and calcium treated
for sulfur inclusion shape control, an extremely clean steel is about 30%.
This 30% includes about 5% for HIC testing. With normalizing only, SA 516,
Grade 70, is about 5% less expensive than SA 537, Class 1.
4.2.6.1 Vapor Zone. The hydrogen in the vapor zone is molecular hydrogen,
gaseous HZ, which is not a form detrimental to CS at low temperatures. This
hydrogen i s the same as that which can be properly and safely stored in CS
tanks for use in welding. The hydrogen in the vapor zone is not a concern.
4.2.6.2 Liquid Zone. The hydrogen in the liquid zone can be monatomic or
molecular hydrogen. When CS corrodes or when water dissociates, monatomic
hydrogen (H) is produced. This form of hydrogen, if it reaches sufficiently
high concentrations, can be detrimental to CS. The effect of hydrogen on the
CS in the liquid zone of the MWTF tanks has been evaluated and is presented in
Section 5.2.6 (Divine 1994b).
4.2.7 Effects of Lead
Parkins (1966) has published technical articles indicating that lead in
solution affects CS corrosion. Some SSTs at Hanford have been identified as
containing lead (Hanlon 1994). The effect of lead on the MWTF tank CS has
been examined and the results presented in Section 5.2.7.

10
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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Figure 4-1. MWTF Tank Carbon Steel Plate Thickness - Conceptual.

-
112' (1.27 cm) Carbon Steel Plate

Maximum Fill

314'
(1.9 cm)
Waste Level

75' (22.9 m)
t 314'
(1.9 cm)
- L

I 7ic1'-
.4-718'

cc 1'
&/I
(2.2 cm)

(2.54 cm)
118'
1' (2.54 cm)
(2.2 cm)
I'
(2.54 cm)
-
(2.86 cml
-
L

Wall thicknesses-include:
.*
0.050 inch (0.13 cm) (0.001inchlyear (0.025 mrnlyr)) general corrosion allowance
.. around entire tank interior.
-.,
L.

0.f50 inch (0.38 cm) (0.003inchlyear(0.075 rndyr)) erosion - corrosion

allowance on tank bottom.

11
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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Figure 4-2. MWTF Tank Flow Pattern J e t V e l o c i t y .

75' (22.9m)
a-24.5' d-
(7.5 rn)
G

t
a,
Tank Wall c

w
0
Plate N J F
Z'
.- Pump
Tank Bottom
Plate -, -5
5_
I
Nozzle
7

12
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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Figure 4-3. Carbon Steel Waste Tank Hydrogen Environments.

Vapor Zone H2
H2
H2 H2

Interface Zone
H
H H2
H2 HZ
Liquid Zone H
H

H2 H2
H H

H
H H H H H H H

13
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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Figure 4-4. MWTF Tank Corrosion Zones.

Va por Zo n e \

Interface Zone

Liquid Zone

14
 Table 4-1. Composition o f Carbon S t e e l s Being Evaluated.
-~

a l ,,
I Materi
M a t e r i a1
Grade R&
CrariP
C1 ass
I C
I
Mn
I
P
1
S
I
Siii
Composi t ion w t
I
cu I
Ni
I
Cr
I
Mo
I
V
I
Nb
I
0
I I I
Y I U Y I

rnax max
max max
max I max max max max max max max
A 516-1986/1992, Grade 70, Latest
Under %I1 0.27 0.79/1.30 0.035 0.040 0.13/0.45 0.43* 0.43* 0.34* 0.13* 0.04* 0.03* NS*

'lo" to 2" 0.28 0.79/1.30 0.035 0.040 0.13/0.45 0.43* 0.43* 0.34* 0.13* 0.04* 0.03* NS'

Special HIC-Resistant A 316 with inclusion shape control

A 516, Grade 70, Class A

Under Y P 0.27 0.79/1.3 0.008 0.001 0.13/0.45 0.43* 0.43* 0.34* 0.13* 0.04* 0.03* 0.002

Y to 2" 0.28 0.79/1.3 0.008 0.001 0.13/0.45 0.43* 0.43* 0.34* 0.13* 0.04* 0.03* 0.002

A 516, Grade 70, Class 9'

Under %I1 0.27 0.79/1.3 0.010 0.002 0.13/0.45 0.43* 0.43* 0.34* 0.13* 0.04* 0.03* 0.003
Y to 2" 0.28 0.79/1.3 0.010 0.002 0.13/0.45 0.43* 0.43* 0 * 34* 0.13* 0.04* 0.03* 0.003

A 537-1986/1992, Class 1
Under 0.24 0.64/1.46 0.040 0.040 0.13/0 -55 0.38 0.28 0.29 0.09 0.04* 0.03* NS

1 * STM A20 specified

2Product analysis
Luken Steel Company classification for HIC-resistant steels 4s = Not specified

c = carbon Mn = manganese P phosphorus s = sulfur Si = silicon cu = copper

Ni = nickel Cr = chromium Mo = molybdenum V = vanadium Nb = niobium o = oxygen
(columbium)
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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5.0 EVALUATION

5 . 1 COMPOSITION AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Two types of CS have been evaluated for selection of the construction

material for t h e MWTF tanks. Each material was evaluated separately f o r each
MWTF tank requirement and corrosion or degradation mechanism. The evaluations
are presented bel ow.
5.1.1 ASME Section I11 Acceptance
The CS materials being considered, ASME SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537,
Class 1, a r e a l l ASME Section I 1 1 acceptable.
5.1.2 Avai 1abi 1 it y
The CS materials being considered, SA 516 and SA 537, a r e available in
%-, +-,8 - ,1-, and lfh-in. p l a t e thicknesses. Both materials can be obtained
in t h e normalized condition.
5.1.3 Constructability
The CS materials SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537, Class 1, " r e l a t i v e
d i f f i c u l t y t o f a b r i c a t e , " are considered t o be equal. Of the world's tanks,
85% a r e made of SA 516.
5.1.4 Material Strengths
The carbon s t e e l s ASME SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537, Class 1, have
ultimate t e n s i l e strength (UTS) l e v e l s of 702kip/in2 (483 MPa). The y i e l d
strength of SA 516, Grade 70, i s 3p.O kip/in (262 MPa) and the y i e l d strength
of SA 537, Class 1, i s 50.0 kip/in (345 MPa). Both materials have acceptable
y i e l d strength l e v e l s , even though t h a t of SA 537, Class 1, i s higher. A t the
design temperature of the MWTF tanks (250 O F [121 " C ] ) , S and S, are nearly
equal f o r the two s t e e l s .
5.1.5 We1 dabi 1i t y
The pressure vessel p l a t e materials SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537,
C1 ass 1, a r e considered readily we1 dab1 e with the processes normally employed
i n tank construction. Submerged a r c welding, flux-cored a r c welding, and
shielded metal a r c welding a r e t h e most common welding processes used. For
welding procedure q u a l i f i c a t i o n purposes, both SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537,
C1 ass 1, a r e 1 i s t e d in ASME Section I X as a P-No. 1, Group No. 2 , material.
The group number c l a s s i f i e s the metal for the purpose of procedure
qual i f i c a t i o n where notch-toughness requirements are specified (ASME 1 9 9 2 ~ ) .
Because t h e tanks are PWHT ( s t r e s s relieved), the welding procedures must be
q u a l i f i e d in t h e PWHT condition. American Wflding Society (AWS) c l a s s i f i e d '
f i l l e r metals a r e available in t h e 70 kip/in range for the various welding
processes. The welding position, i.e., f l a t , v e r t i c a l , horizontal, o r
overhead, will d i c t a t e t h e selection of welding process, f i l l e r metal, and
number o f weld passes t h a t a r e required f o r a given thickness o f material. A
50 O F (9.9 "C) minimum preheat temperature i s suggested. A 200 (93 "C)
O F

preheat i s recommended when the ambient temperature i s below 32 ( 0 "C) o r

O F

16
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
t h e base metal thickness i s greater than 1-in. The low carbon chemical
composition of SA 516, Grade 70, suggests t h a t weld cracking should n o t be
a problem.
The joining of CS plates by arc welding i s responsible for the modern
storage t a n k . Before the advent of welding, tanks were riveted together.
Widespread use of arc welding t o join CS plates began during World War 11.
5.1.6 Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Two different approaches t o PWHT for t h e MWTF tanks have been advanced.
One i s the so-called "lift-and-set" method where PWHT i s done remotely from
the support pad and items are lifted and placed on the support pad by crane.
The second approach i s t o PWHT "in-place," i.e., on the support pad.
Each approach can be accomplished in several different ways. ICF Kaiser
Hanford Company (ICF KH) has identified an "in-place" PWHT method as the best
method and as a baseline for evaluating other methods. The concrete support
pad will be placed in two different pours. The f i r s t pour will be made before
PWHT t o a 33- t o 35-ft radius. The second will be made after PWHT and extend
o u t t o a radius of approximately 37.5 f t . During construction, the weight of
the walls, head, and lower knuckles will be supported by appropriately placed
"A" frames mounted on trunnions.
This approach will allow the floor plates t o "float" on t h a t portion of
the support pad in place during the PWHT cycle, thus reducing the possibility
for local warpage of t h e floor plates. Pouring the l a s t 4 t o 5 f t of the
support pad after the PWHT cycle will place a ring of normal-strength concrete
around the pad t o carry loads from the t a n k wall and dome. Whatever method i s
used, PWHT will be properly performed on the primary t a n k .
5.1.7 Brittle Fracture
The selection of f e r r i t i c steel for the tanks means t h a t consideration
must be given t o protection against b r i t t l e fracture, both during service and
during construction.
5.1.7.1 During Service. The design code for the tanks i s t h e ASME B&PV Code,
Section 111, Subsection NC. This code provides protection against b r i t t l e 5

fracture by imposing rules t h a t ensure t h a t materials of construction exhibit

a ductile failure mode a t the lowest service temperature (LST). Work in
progress t o develop a design specification for the tanks has identified a LST
of +40 O F( 4 "C). Either SA 516, Grade 70, o r SA'537, Class 1, will meet the
design code requirements without special provisions i n the procurement
ordering d a t a specifying NDT temperature or impact tests. If subsequent work
leads t o a lower value of LST in the final design specification, i t would be
expected t h a t either steel could satisfy code requirements by including a
specific NDT temperature limit in the ordering data.

17
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
5.1.7.2 During Construction. Work in progress to develop a design
specification for the tanks has identified a requirement that the contractor
shall establish controls to prevent brittle fracture during field
construction. A general review of expected conditions during construction,
including applied and residual stresses, loading rate, and sources and sizes
of flaws, led to the judgement that the contractor should be able to preclude
fracture during construction with either of the candidate steels.
5.1.8 Fatigue Resistance
The maximum temperature o f the liquid waste in the tank will be about
200 O F(93 "C); the tanks will undergo a total of 200 fill and drain cycles
during their design life of 50 years. Assuming one temperature cycle per
fill, the number o f temperature cycles is also 200. Conservatively, the
factor to be applied for calculating the effective number of cycles is assumed
equal to the number of changes in temperature between two adjacent points.
Such a large temperature difference is not expected as the operation of the
mixer pumps will keep the temperature of the liquid nearly uniform. This
conservative factor yields 400 as the effective number of changes in the metal
temperature between two adjacent points. Therefore, the total number of
cycles is 600. As this number is smaller than the 1,000 cycles allowed by the
Code, no fatigue analysis for the tank is required provided the material
selected for the tank goes not have a specified minimum tensile strength
greater than 80 kip/in . All of2the materials being considered have a minimum
tensile strength below 80 kip/in (Weiner 1993).
Condition A of NC-3219.2 is used here to demonstrate that no fatigue
analysis is required for the primary tanks. Thus, neither SA 516, Grade 70,
nor SA 537 will be affected by fatigue during the.50-year design service life
(Weiner 1993).
5.1.9 Effects o f Radiation
The waste stored in the SRS tanks (like that stored at Hanford) contains
radionuclides that decay with the release of alpha, beta, or gamma radiation,
or which are spontaneous neutron sources. These products o f radioactive decay
interact with solid materials and may displace,atoms from their normal sites,
thus generating vacancies and interstitials that alter the mechanical I

properties of the steel (Caskey 1992).

e Alpha Radiation - Displacement damage from alpha radiation (energies of
4.0 to 5.8 MeV) would be limited to a depth of 5 to 15 pm into the steel
surface that faces the waste (Caskey 1992).
0 Beta Radiation - Any displacement damage from beta emission would be
limited to a depth of less than one millimeter and can result only from
beta emissions with an energy greater than approximately 0.5 MeV that
originate within 1 cm of the tank wall (Caskey 1992).
e Gamma Radiation - Hanford tanks are exposed primarily to gamma radiation
at levels usually less than 1,000 R/hr.

18
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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General Corrosion - Corrosion rates of A 216 CS specirgns at
150 "C (302 and a radiation level of 2,000 R/hr ( Co) showed
O F )

no significant increase in general corrosion above those rates

obtained under non-radiation conditions after three months of
exposure in concentrated chloride brine (Westerman 1986).
SCC - After seven months of exposure both to radiation and
simulated waste, there is no evidence that American Iron and Steel
Institute (AISI) 1025 CS is susceptible to SCC (Westerman 1986).
AISI 1025 is similar to SA 516 and SA 537 CS.
NDT, Ductility, and Strength - The major effects of displacement
damage on carbon steels are an increase in the temperature that
separates low-temperature brittle fracture from ductile failure at
higher temperatures, a lowering of the energy of ductile failure,
and an increase in the strength. The.transition from ductile to
brittle behavior is indicated by NDT. The estimated displacement
damage caused by gamma radiation from high-level waste is below
the lower limit, < 1.OE-5 dpa (displacements per atom), o f the
experimental data for effects of radiation on the NDT o f CS
(Caskey 1992). An estimate of the effect of the displacement
damage on the NDT of the waste tank steel is an increase of about
6.4 O F(3.6 "C) (Caskey 1992).
Based on the findings of Caskey (1992) and Carlos (1993a) and the
successful operation of 53 DOE CS waste tanks, none which have been identified
as having been affected by radiation, as well as the evidence provided by
hundreds of CS nuclear reactor vessels, which operate at much higher levels of
radiation, the conclusion is that neither SA 516, Grade 70, nor SA 537 CS will
be affected by radiation during the 50-year design life of the tanks.

5.2 CORROSION PROPERTIES

The high-level radioactive waste must be compatible with the CS plates
from which the MWTF tanks are constructed. The several kinds o f corrosion
will be evaluated below.
5.2.1 General Corrosion
General corrosion of the CS in Hanford wastes has been studied
extensively and can be controlled to remain below the 1 mil/year general
corrosion acceptance criterion stated in the functional design criteria
(Divine 1985). The waste in the MWTF tanks must be inhibited per the Hanford
Waste Tank Corrosion Specification (Kirch 1984).
5.2.2 Stress-Corrosion Cracking
There is substantial evidence that both the SRS and Hanford CS SSTs
failed by nitrate-assisted SCC. In contrast, since 1968, SRS, Hanford, and
WVS CS DSTs have stored nitrate wastes successfully (Ryan 1991, Donovan 1977,
Meess 1991, Hanlon 1994). The reasons are discussed below.

19
 WHC-SD- W 236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
For SCC to occur, three conditions must come into play simultaneously:
SCC-producing environments, SCC-sensitive materials, and stresses. Removing
any one of these three can control SCC. The Hanford tank environment
comprises the waste, the tank materi al--carbon steel--and the stresses, mainly
residual stresses from welding. The loading stresses, by design, are low
except during a seismic event. The most highly stressed area of the tank is
the knuckle section, the section joining the tank-walls to the tank bottom.
Tools and other components shall not be dropped into or allowed to
impact the primary tank after PWHT to prevent stress formation.
5.2.2.1 Tank Materials. Tanks are fabricated from CS plates joined together
by welding. Residual stresses are reduced after fabrication by PWHT as
discussed in Section 5 . 1 . 6 .
Plate Material - Tank plate materials have improved significantly since
1944 and even more over the last 20 years because of modern plate mill melting
practices and advances in plate metallurgy. The MWTF tanks will be made from
CS plates produced in modern plate mills with advanced metallurgical and
process technology far better than that used in the past.
5.2.2.2 Tank Environment. Because of the SST leaks, SRS did a "post mortem"
on Tank 16 and performed several corrosion tests to develop a method to
control nitrate-assisted SCC (Ondrejcin 1979). Zapp (1992) continued this
work into higher temperatures. Hanford adapted most of this SCC control
program (Kirch 1984) and confirmed its validity by corrosion tests performed
by Divine (1985).
With modern materials, PWHT, and chemical inhibiting, SCC can be
prevented in the MWTF tanks.
5.2.3 Pitting Corrosion
Pitting corrosion also can be prevented or controlled. Each type of
corrosion will have to be controlled differently because each will occur in a
different environment. These are addressed separately.
5.2.3.1 Vapor Zone Corrosion. The MWTF project will address vapor zone
corrosion by adding a 1 mpy general corrosion allowance and injecting gaseous
ammonia into the inlet air. The injection of ammonia at a very low level
(ppm) would be only when vapor zone corrosion i s detected by the vapor zone
corrosion monitoring probes and/or when the tank's relative humidity (dew
point control) is above 50%. The subject of MWTF-tank vapor zone corrosion is
specifically addressed by Larrick (1994).
5.2.3.2 Liquid Zone Corrosion. In the liquid zone, nitrate wastes properly
inhibited with nitrites or hydroxides per the Hanford waste tank corrosion
technical specification (Kirch 1984) will control the pitting corrosion of the
wetted (immersed) sections of the tanks, i.e., those portions of the tank
bottom and the walls in contact with the waste. Inhibiting the wastes
properly will control pitting (Ondrejcin 1979, .Divine 1985).

20
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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Extensive testing of the corrosion effects of high-level radioactive
wastes on CS at SRS led to the development of chemistry ranges within which
waste should be maintained to minimize corrosion (Ondrejcin 1979). SRS also
developed inhib ting programs to prevent and/or control corrosion within these
ranges (Ondrejcin 1979). These inhibiting programs have been adapted at the
Hanford Site (Kirch 1984) and confirmed as a safe operating practice
(Divine 1985).
5.2.3.3 Interface Zone Corrosion. The MWTF project will address tank
interface zone corrosion by preventing the condensate collecting on the tank
dome from running down the wall of the tank and diluting the meniscus
hydroxide ion in the interface zone by installing a drip ring on and near the
outer diameter of the dome. The condensate will then run down the dome until
it hits the drip ring where it will drip back into the waste and not end up in
the meniscus area where it can cause corrosion. Furthermore, the mixing pumps
will intermittently operate in the MWTF tanks. This pump action will
replenish the hydroxide ion in the meniscus area, preventing severe depletion
of the hydroxide ion in the interface zone. Both these solutions are
independent of material selection. The subject of MWTF tank interface zone
corrosion is specifically addressed by Larrick (Larrick 1994).
Retrieval and pretreatment of Hanford wastes may significantly dilute
the waste (Elmore 1992). Interface corrosion may take place on the tank walls
in the area where the liquid zone meets the vapor zone in the meniscus
(Pitzer 1952). Because of surface tension, the liquid waste rises up the wall
above the waste level and wets the walls of the tank. This wetting of the
wall area at the waste surface can also be caused by intermittent wave action
in the waste caused by mixer pumps. Because carbon dioxide from the
ventilating (cooling) air in the tank may react with the hydroxide ions in the
meniscus, the pH, > 13 in the bulk waste, approaches 9.5 pH in the meniscus.
Data at SRS suggest that this situation could contribute to pitting of the CS
in the meniscus (Zapp 1992). Escalante (1994) has suggested that condensate
collecting on the dome of the tank may run down the walls of the tank,
diluting the meniscus and dropping its pH further.
5.2.4 Crevi ce Corrosion
Butt welding (joining) o f the plates will eliminate most crevices. No =
fillet welds are allowed inside the tanks. Nevertheless, conditions such as
those described below will lead to crevices on the MWTF tank surfaces during
their 50-year service life.
Precipitates from the waste, similar to the crust in tank 241SY101, will
float on the waste and create a "bathtub ring" on the tank wall at the
interface of the waste and the vapor zone. These coatings prevent
access of oxygen under the coating and act as crevices.
Objects may be dropped into a tank. The'space between the object and
the bottom of the tank becomes a crevice.
The crown edges of welds sometimes act as crevices. There are thousands
of linear feet of welds in the MWTF tank. The weld crowns will not be
ground flat to the inner surface of the tank plate. The point at which
a vertical weld meets a horizontal weld can become a crevice.

21
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
The prevention of crevice corrosion will be'addressed administratively
and during the flushing and cleaning of the tank between service cycles.
e Objects must not be dropped or allowed to fall into the tank. When the
tank is empty, any objects on the bottom must be removed.
0 Precipitates or coatings on the side of the tank ("bathtub ring") should
be removed when the tank is emptied, flushed, and cleaned. At
Idaho Falls, the in-tank light-duty utility arm (LDUA) has a "water
blast" cleaning attachment, which could be used to remove the "bathtub
ring" in the MWTF tanks. Hanford plans to purchase two in-tank LDUAs.
Like pitting, crevices in the liquid waste zone can be prevented or
controlled by proper inhibition with nitrites or hydroxides per the
Hanford waste tank corrosion technical specification (Kirch 1984); such
inhibitors will control the pitting corrosion of the wetted (immersed)
sections of the tanks, i.e., the tank bottom and the walls in contact
with the waste.
5.2.5 Erosion Corrosion
Divine (1994a) has assessed erosion-corrosion effects on CS tanks.
Factoring in the effects of the impact of the waste on the CS bottom plates
caused by the mixing pumps resulted in an erosion-corrosion allowance of
3 mil/year. Divine recommends adding an erosion-corrosion allowance of
3 mil/year x 50 years (0.150 in.) of material to the bottom of the tank. This
erosion-corrosi on a1 1 owance is in addition to the.1 mi 1 /year general corrosion
allowance. Thus, an erosion-corrosion allowance of 3 millyear plus a
1 mil/year general corrosion allowance would equal 4 mil/year x 50 years, or
0.200 in., to be added to the ASME minimum wall thickness calculations. The
walls of the tank require no erosion-corrosion allowance.
Based on the erosion-corrosion allowance recommended for addition to the
ASME-designed minimum wall thickness for the CS bottom plates, the conclusion
is that erosion corrosion will not affect the integrity of the MWTF tanks
(Divine 1994a).
In his review of erosion-corrosion, Divine (1994a) references data
showing that as little as 0.2% chromium in a mild steel reduces the wear rate
by 80% under selected conditions. Specifying a minimum chromium limit of
0.2%, which is within the material composition range of either SA 516 or
SA 537, may provide extra assurance of minimizing erosion-corrosion. A 0.10%
range is normally defined, e.g., a range of 0.20 to 0.30% would allow for
chemistry and analytical tolerances.
5.2.6 Effects o f Hydrogen

Divine (1994b) also has addressed the effects of hydrogen on the MWTF-
tank carbon steel. His conclusions, presented below, are separated into
hydrogen effects during construction and those that will occur during the
50-year service life o f the tanks.

22
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
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Because the CS plates will be normalized a t the steel mill and the
primary tank will be PWHT after fabrication, there should be l i t t l e residual
hydroqen in the CS and i t should have l i t t l e or no effect on the CS in the
finished primary tanks (Divine 1994b).
The hydrogen in the liquid zone can be monatomic or molecular hydrogen.
The molecular hydrogen i s n o t a concern. Because of the small amounts of
monatomic hydrogen, Divine (1994b) determ ned t h a t i t will n o t affect the MWTF
t a n k CS during the 50-year design l i f e .
Evaluation a t SRS af five mild stee "pillow" specimens l e f t in t a n k 15
for 13.3 years for hydrogen embrittlement indicated no swelling as a result of
hydrogen permeation (Donovan 1974).
5.2.7 Effects of Lead
Divine (1994~)has addressed t h e effects of lead on the MWTF CS tanks.
He concluded t h a t while MWTF will be operating a t temperatures far below those
i n which cracking can occur and the waste will have other components including
inhibitors, there i s a possibility t h a t the lead concentrations in some source
tanks will exceed those concentrations found earlier t o cause cracking.
However, no immediate action is required and further laboratory work can
be performed.
5.2.8 Corrosion Comparison o f SA 516 and SA 537 Carbon Steels
Other than the work performed from 1980 t o 1984 (Divine 1985), there are
no studies comparing the corrosion behavior of SA 516 and SA 537 carbon steels
in caustic nitrate/nitrite solutions. Divine (1985) states t h a t "except for
very dil Ute and high temperature concentrated conditions, the corrosion rates
of SA 516 and SA 537 steels were low, less than 1 mpy (25 pm/y) and generally
less than 0.5 mpy."
The conclusion i s t h a t as long as the t a n k contents are maintained
within the limits defined by the Hanford Tank Corrosion Specifications
(Kirch 1984), there will be no significant difference of corrosion between the
two alloys. There i s some difference in the response of each alloy t o the
various components b u t , within the operating limits, i t i s of no importance.
5

5.3 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR CONSIDERATION

Another aspect of historical development that affects the SA 516 and
SA 537 CS plate i s the significant improvement in steel making over the l a s t
24 years. The SA 516 CS plate produced today i s n o t the same as t h a t produced
in 1970. Today's SA 516 CS plate i s much "cleaner" because i t i s produced by
electric-arc melting. Twenty years ago, the steel was produced from pig iron
in open-hearth furnaces or by the "Bessemer Process." Today, CS plate i s
made, n o t from pig iron, b u t from old steel, prinqipally from old cars and
railroad r a i l s . Old steel i s much purer t h a n pig iron. The electric-arc
melter process i s more accurate t h a n t h e open-hearth process. Because the
electric-arc melter can be t i l t e d , slags can be removed quickly, and
oxidizable elements, such as chromium and manganese, can be recovered more
efficiently. Slag control minimizes ladle deoxidation; thus the steel has
fewer sulfide and oxide inclusions. Control of the elemental composition by
23
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
means of metal additives is now very precise. The melt can be vacuum-
degassed, argon-blown, and magnetically mixed. Because the plate is cleaner,
it is less susceptible to hydrogen degradation.
Supplemental requirements to the ASME SA 516, Grade 70, material
specification needed for design and/or fabrication to meet ASME Code
requirements will be identified by the certificate holder(s) contracted to
perform the work. In the preparation of this report, all the supplementary
requirements 1 isted for SA 20, "Specification for General Requirements for
Steel Plate for Pressure Vessels, Clad Steel Plates," were reviewed to
identify those requirements that should be invoked as a result of special
features of the MWTF tank operations that might not be known to the ASME
certificate holder. If supplementary requirements are invoked, exactly what
they will do to improve the performance of the tanks must be shown. In many
cases, making the material "better," "cleaner," or "more forgiving," does not
directly affect performance and may not be cost effective. Additional
requirements identified in this review are given below.
0 Chromium A d d i t i o n - Chromium will be added to the ASME SA 516 plate
material melt specification for erosion control or prevention. Addition
of a small amount of chromium, between 0.2% and 0.3%, will increase
erosion corrosion resistance by a factor of 3 (Kupinski 1993). To
ensure adequate chromium in the steel for erosion control, limits on
chromium content shall be a minimum of 0.2%, with the maximum to be that
given in SA 20.
Mechanical test data (e.g., Charpy test, drop-weight test, fracture-
toughness test), grain size, or other metallurgical information may be
required at some future time for operational considerations. The required
information can be obtained from tests or examinations of archived tank plate
materials that are being supplied by the certificate holder to the owner.

5.4 ARCHIVE MATERIAL

The prime contractor and/or tank fabricator shall provide to the owner
not less than 200 lb per tank of ASME SA 516, Grade 70, normalized plate
material. The following recommendations for the archive material to be
supplied is provided.
0 Archive plate locations - The archive plate samples should be taken from
sheared and cropped plate ends, nozzle dropouts, and/or from extra plate
materi a1 .
Sample plate size - between 6-8 ft2, at least 1 ft wide, for the
thickest plate.
Plate heats and thicknesses - Archive samples for each tank will be
uniformly represented from all heats and thicknesses of plates used
in each.
Plate condition - The archive materials shall be PWHT with the
primary tanks.

24
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
0 Archive p l a t e marking - The archive material must be c l e a r l y marked f o r
project i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , material i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , tank number, heat
number, and s l a b number. Marking f o r the above information shall be
w i t h interrupted d o t low s t r e s s d i e s or equivalent.
The archive p l a t e material shall be inspected f o r compliance t o the same
QC requirements as the tank p l a t e material.

25
 Table 5-1. MWTF Tank Carbon S t e e l Material S e l e c t i o n Matrix.
(Page I o f 2)

Document I MWTF Tank Requirements I ASME SA 516-86 ASME SA 537-86 Comments o r

Section I
I
I Grade 70 Class 1 References
f i l l I ASME Section I 1 approved material? I Yes Yes ASME 1992b

5.1.2 A v a i l a b i l i t y i n p l a t e thicknesses produced Yes Yes ,

between %I1and I W ?

Heat treatment: Material can be provided i n Yes Yes

the normalized condition?

5.1.3 Constructability Acceptable Acceptable

5.1.4 Acceptable ftrength levels?

(I kip/in2
Yes
38.0
Yes
50.0
ASME 1992a

oy k i p / i n 70.0 70.0
Su a t 250 O F kip/in2 17.5 17.35
S, a t 250 O F kip/in2 22.8 23.05

5.1.5 Ueldability?
P number and G number
Acceptable
P-1 6-2
Acceptable ASME 1992c
P-1 6-2
N
5.1.6
I I
Q, Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) Yes Yes Donovan 1977
Stress r e l i e f acceptable Moore 1971
Impact o f PWHT (stress r e l i e f ) on the strength Acceptable Acceptable
(1 cycle)

5.1.7 Acceptable b r i t t l e fracture during the 50-year

design l i f e ?

During the construction period?

I Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes
N i l - d u c t i l i t y t r a n s i t i o n temperature TNDT * 0 "F -30 "F ASME 1992b
(-18 "C) ( - 3 4 "C) Table NC-2311(a)-I

5.1.8 Has material acceptable fatigue properties? Yes Yes Weiner 1993

5.1.9 Resistant t o expected radiation levels f o r

50 years?
Yes Yes Caskey 1992

Price r a t i o 1.o 1.05

Hydrogen-induced cracking ( H I C ) resistant l.l.to 1.5 N/A Depends on s u l f u r
content
I
Table 5-1. MWTF Tank Carbon Steel Material Selection Matrix.
(Page 2 o f 2)
~~

-1 ~ ~ I I I

Document MWTF Tank Requ irement s ASME SA 516-86 ASME SA 537-86 Comments or
Section Grade 70 Class 1 References
Material Corrosion Properties
5.2. Has material performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n Yes, since 1974 Yes, since 1980 Ryan 1991
U.S. Department o f Energy (DOE) double-shell Hanlon 1994
tanks (DST)?

5.2.1 Meets functional design c r i t e r i a (FDC) general Yes Yes Divine 1985
corrosion r a t e c r i t e r i a of 4 mil/year?

5.2.2 Resists stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) with Yes Yes Ondrejcin 1979
proper i n h i b i t i n g per Hanford waste tank Kirch 1984
corrosion specifications? Divine 1985

5.2.3 Resists p i t t i n g with proper i n h i b i t i n g per Yes Yes Divine 1985

Hanford waste tank corrosion specifications?

5.2.4 Vapor zone corrosion Requires control Requires control L a r r i c k 1994

i n s t a l l a t i o n o f drip r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n of. drip r i n g

N 5.2.5 Has material acceptable erosion corrosion Corrosion allowance Corrosion allowance Divine 1994a
v rates? required required
5.2.6 Is material produced H I C resistant? Yes No

Does hydrogen a f f e c t selection of the CS? No No Divine 1994b

5.2.7 Does lead a f f e c t s e l e c t i o n o f CS f o r these No No Divine 1994c

tanks?

72%
e o
. I
v)

O?
E
l-0
w
u
i
?=
m
v)
I
0
0
W
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
6.0 CONCLUSIONS

ASME SA 516, Grades 60 and 65, are eliminated from the selection process
in favor of Grade 70 because the higher ultimate strength of the Grade 70 is
preferred for design purposes. The choice is clearly between the remaining
two candidates, SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537, Class 1.
ASME SA 537, Class 1, CS is normalized as a part o f the specification.
ASME SA 516, Grade 70, CS can be obtained either normalized or not normalized.
Because normalized material is the choice, given the size of the order for the
MWTF tanks, there is little likelihood that a mill or jobber error would occur
that would result in shipment of non-normal ized material , so there is no
reason to select SA 537 on the basis of this concern.
The chemical composition data in.Table 4-1 do not provide clear reasons
for either a yield or an NDT difference between the two candidate alloys. The
code specifies the minimum values for each steel for use in design, and the
mill must guarantee material that will meet the minimum requirements.
However, the purchaser will receive material better than the minimurn, so that
for the actual material used there probably will be no distinction between one
material and the other.
The corrosion resistance of both alloys considered is very similar for
each of the types of corrosion reviewed. The SA 537 alloy may be slightly
more resistant to SCC than the SA 516 alloy, but this conclusion is not
substantiated by all the data.
ASME SA 537, Class 1, CS has slightly better (lower) NDT properties than
ASME SA 516, Grade 70. However, both steels are acceptable for MWTF
fabrication and operation in regards to NDT properties; the selection of the
preferred steel is not influenced by this property.
Both ASME SA 516, Grade 70, and SA 537, Class 1, materials have
performed satisfactorily in the Hanford and/or SRS DSTs for the past 24 years.
Materials today are metallurgically much better than those used at Hanford or
SRS 20 years ago.

ASME SA 537, Class 1, typically costs about 5% more than SA 516,

Grade 70, normalized CS.

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Evaluation o f all of the above design requirements, material properties,

corrosion considerations, and costs indicates that ASME SA 516, Grade 70,
meets minimum technical requirements; it should be the material of choice. .

28
 WHC-SD-W236A-ES-003
Rev. 0
8.0 REFERENCES

Anantatmula, R. P., E. B. Schwenk, and M. J. Danielson 1994, Characterization

o f the Corrosion Behavior o f the Carbon Stee7 liner in Hanford Site
Single-She7 7 Tanks, WHC-EP-0772, Rev. 0, Westinghouse Hanford Company,
Richl and, Washington.
ASME, 1992a, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code, Section 11, American Society o f Mechanical Engineers,
New York, New York.
ASME, 1992b, American Society of Mechanica7 Engineers Boiler & Pressure Vesse7
Code, Section 111, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, New York.
ASME, 1992c, American Society of Mechanica7 Engineers Boi7er & Pressure Vessel
Code, Section IX, QW 422, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, New York.
AWWA, 1979, AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage,
ANSI/AWWA D100-79, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado.
Becker, D. L. , 1994, Acce7erated Safety Analysis Structura7 Ana7ysis Phase I
Structura7 Sensitivity Eva7uation of SST and DST Storage Tanks,
WHC-SD-WM-SARR-012, Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richl and, Washington.
Carlos, W. C. , 1993a, PUREX Dangerous Waste Tank Radiation Compatibi7ity
Assessment, WHC-SD-CP-EV-015, Westinghouse Hanford Company,
Richland, Washington.
Carlos, W. C., and J. P. Hauptmann, 1993b, Comparison o f Design, Materia7s,
Fabrication and Waste Environments of the Hanford Site and River P7ant
Sing7e She7 7 Tanks, WHC-SD-WM-SMSL-015, Westinghouse Hanford Company,
Richl and, Washington.
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