UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

FLUID AND THERMODYNAMICS LABORATORY
(CHE 486)

GROUP MEMBERS : NAZRIN BIN MUSTAPHA (2015283858)

NUR AMIRA JASMIN BTE MAT REFIN (2015663662)

NORAFIKAH BINTI ABU SAMAH (2015218542)

NUR AMALINA BINTI MAZUKI (2015429718)
EXPERIMENT : FREE AND FORCED VORTEX
DATE PERFORMED : 19 OKTOBER 2016
SEMESTER : 3
PROGRAMME : EH 220

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims/Objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Procedures 10
7 Result 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 References 5
13 Appendices 5
TOTAL MARKS 100
Remarks:

Checked by:

Date:
1.0 ABSTRACT
In this experiment, the aim is divided into two, free and forced vortex. For free vortex
experiment, orifices with different diameters are used to observed and study the free vortex. It
can be observed that as the radius of the orifice increases, the velocity of water decreases and
bigger orifice will produce greater vortex. For forced vortex, paddle is used at the bottom at
the tank to create forced vortex. from the experiment, it can be observed that as angular
velocity increases, the slope of the curves also increases because of the stream function
formed in the forced vortex is parabolic in nature.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
SOLTEQ Free and Forced Vortex are the main equipment used in this experiment.
This equipment are designed to produce and measure the characteristics of free and forced
vortex. The orifice discharge accessory enable full analysis of the flow through four different
orifices over a range of flow rates.
Vortex is the rotation of fluid elements around a common center. Mostly the fluid
flows in a spinning motion . there are two types of vortex which is free and forced vortex.
The fluid circle around a center in a forced vortex, while in free vortex, the medium spirals
towards the center. In industry sector and real world, the applications of the vortex flow can
be seen in various area like in turbine and natural phenomenon.
Free vortex formed when water flows out of a vessel through a center hole in a base
of a tank in which the degree of rotation being dependent on initial disturbance. The fluid
mass rotates without any external forces. The rotation cause by erither by internal action or
due to some rotation imported previously. Throughout this experiment, free vortex is created
by using rotating plate. Free vortex motion is flow through an opening at the bottom t the
shallow vessel where the speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are the greatest near the
center.
Forced vortex motion is caused by the external forces on the fluid such as the impeller
of a pump. Forced vortex is created by using the rotating plate with the addition of the
paddle. Speed of forced vortex is zero t the center and keeps increasing proportional to the
distance measured from the center. Free and forced vortex exhibit minimum pressure at the
center. However free vortex has lower minimum pressure compare to forced vortex during
the forced vortex motion , the fluid mass is made to rotate by external source of power which
it exerts a constant torque on the fluid mass and caused it to rotate with a constant angular
velocity.

3.0 AIMS/OBJECTIVES
The experiment was conducted in order to fulfill few objectives. They are divided into free
vortex and forced vortex. In free vortex, the objectives are to study the surface profile and
speed of the vortex and also to find the relationship between the surface profile and speed of
the vortex. On the other hand, in forced vortex, the objectives are to study the surface profile
and angular velocity of the vortex and also to find the relationship between surface profile
and total head.

4.0 THEORY

Free Vortex
When water flows out of a vessel through a central hole in the base, a free vortex is
formed, the degree of rotation being dependent in initial disturbance. The water moves
spirally towards the centre with stream line in motion, so that, neglecting losses caused by
viscosity, the energy per unit mass remains constant. If, while the mass is rotating, the central
hole is plugged, the flow of water in the vertical plane ceases and the motion becomes one of
simple rotation in the horizontal plane, and is known as free cylindrical vortex.
The essential characteristic of free vortex in ideal fluid is that it does not require the
application of external energy or any other addition or destruction of energy in the flow field.
In such cases, the absence of friction would make it impossible to create or destroy the vortex
motion. The motion in the fluid might be permanent flow pattern and the velocity of the fluid
element that instantaneously passing through a given point will be constant with the time.
Some of the examples of free vortex are the flow of liquid through a hole at the bottom of the
container, the flow of liquid around a circular bend in pipe and the flow of fluid in a
centrifugal pump casing (Pattison, n.d.).
Some more examples of free vortex flow are flow of liquid through a hole provided at the
bottom of container, flow of liquid around circular bend in a pipe, a whirlpool in a river, and
flow of fluid in a centrifugal pump casing. Under steady conditions, each particle will move
with the same angular velocity and there will not be any relative motion between fluid
particles. Streamlines for such a flow will be concentric circles and the total energy is
constant along a streamline but varies from one streamline to another.
Based on the vortex profile for all diameter of orifice and gradient of the graph can be
calculated using the equation:
K2
X= ( )( r1 )
2g 2
Where,
X = pressure head/depth of the pitot tube
g = gravitational force/acceleration
r = radius
Based on the velocity which can be calculated from the pitot tube reading and the radius
profile:
V =(2 gH )0.5

Where,
V = velocity
g = gravitational force/acceleration
H = pitot tube difference

Therefore, theoretically, the velocity can be calculated using the equation:

K
V=
r

Force Vortex
Forced vortex flow can be generated by rotating a cylinder containing water about its
axis. Under steady conditions, each particle will move with the same angular velocity and
there will not be any relative motion between fluid particles. Streamlines for such a flow will
be concentric circles and the total energy is constant along a streamline but varies from one
streamline to another.
The fluid motion in forced vortex circles around the center where the speed and rate of
rotation of the fluid is the greatest at the center and decrease progressively as it goes away
from the center. Few examples of forced vortex motion are the vertical cylinder containing
liquid rotated about its central axis with constant angular velocity, the flow of liquid inside
the impeller of a centrifugal pump and flow of water through the runner of a turbine
(Pattison, n.d.).
The forced can be created by rotating the body containing the fluid or by the addition of
paddle in the fluid. Streamlines for such flow shall be concentric circles and the total energy
is constant along a streamline. The equation for the forced vortex can be created by applying
Newtons law to a fluid element and assuming there is no shear stress acting on the fluid
which is no relative motion between adjacent particles.
Basically, the resulting equation can be expressed as:
w 2 r2
h=hh0=
2g

Where,
h = initial (non-rotating) surface height of the fluid
h0 = height on the axis
= angular velocity, radian/second
r = radius of the cylinder
g = gravitational acceleration

Figure 1: Free and Forced Vortex Flow

5.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

6.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

General Start-up Procedures

1. The study bench was placed on the hydraulic bench.
2. The inlet and outlet hose was set up.
3. The stand of the equipment was adjusted to reach the horizontal position.

General Shut-down Procedures

1. The valves were closed and the pump was switched off.
2. The orifices, paddle and other accessories were removed from the cylindrical vessel.

Experiment 1: Free Vortex

1 The general start-up procedures were performed.

2 An orifice with a diameter of 24mm was placed on the base of a cylinder tank.

3 The output valve was closed and the inlet 3-way valve was adjusted to let the water
flows into the tank from two pipes with 12.5 mm diameter. The water could flow out
through the orifice.

4 The pump was switched on and the control valve on the hydraulic bench was opened
slowly until it reached the tank limit. The water level was maintained by adjusting the
control valve.

5 The vortex profile was collected once the water level was stable by measuring the
vortex diameter for several planes by using the profile measuring gauge.

6 The profile measuring gauge was pushed down until the both of sharp point touch the
water surface.

7 The measured height, h (from the top of the profile measuring gauge to the bridge)
and the value of a (distance from the bridge to the surface of the water level (bottom
level of the cutout)) were measured.
 8 In order to measure the velocity, pitot tube was used by sinking it into the water at the
depth of 5 mm from the water surface. The depth of the pitot tube in the water, H was
measured.

9 Step 3-8 were repeated for another three orifices with diameter 12 mm, 16 mm and 8
mm respectively.

10 The coordinates of vortex profile for all diameter of orifice was plotted in a graph the
gradient of the graph was calculated by using the formula below :

K
2
1
X=
2g r2

11 Graph of velocity was also plotted which was calculated from the pitot tube reading
versus the radius of the profile.

V = (2gH)0.5

Theoretically, the velocity was calculated by using the following equation:

K
V=
r

Experiment 2: Forced Vortex

1 Perform the general start-up procedures.

2 A closed pump with two pedals was placed on the base of the cylinder tank.

3 The output valve was closed and the inlet 3-way valve was adjusted to let the water
flows into the tank from two pipes with 9.0 mm diameter. The water could flow out
through another two pipes with 12.5mm diameter.

4 It was ensured that the water flow out from the tank with the siphon effect by raising
the hose to above the water level in the tank.

5 The outlet hose was filled with water before letting the water to flow into the sump
tank in the hydraulic bench

6 The angular speed of the pedals was measured by counting the number of circles in a
certain times.
 7 The surface probe was pushed down until the sharp point touch the water surface.

8 The measured height, h0 (from top of the measuring gauge to bridge) was recorded.

9 Step 4 8 were repeated with different volumetric flow rate.

10 The coordinates of vortex profile for different angular velocity was plotted.

11 The calculated vortex profile was plotted in the same graph as they relate as
2

h = h0 + 2g r2

7.0 RESULTS

1 Experiment I: Free vortex

i Orifice diameter: 24mm @ 2.4cm

Distance from bridge to water surface: a= 25cm

Diameter at Measured Pitot tube head Pressure Velocity, Radius, r2 1/r2
V(cm/s) r (cm) (cm2) (1/cm2)
center,D(cm) height,h(cm) difference,H(cm head/Dept
) h of the
pitot
tube,X(cm)
4.30 5.70 4.00 2.3 88.59 2.15 4.62 0.22

5.00 6.50 5.00 1.5 99.05 2.50 6.25 0.16

5.90 7.10 7.00 0.9 117.19 2.95 8.70 0.11

 Pressure head against 1/r2

f(x) = - 0.7x + 2.97

Graph 1: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for 2.4 cm orifice

diameter

Radius,cm Actual velocity,cm/s Theoretical velocity,cm/s

2.15 88.59 17.24

2.50 99.05 14.82

2.95 117.19 12.56

Table 1: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 2.4 cm orifice diameter
Graph 2: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 2.4 cm
orifice diameter

Velocity against radius

actual velocity theoretical velocity

 ii Orifice diameter: 16mm @ 1.6cm

Distance from bridge to water surface: a= 23.9cm

Diameter at Measured Pitot tube head Pressure Velocity, Radius, r2 1/r2

V(cm/s) r (cm) (cm2) (1/cm2)
center,D(cm) height,h(cm) difference,H(cm head/Dept
) h of the
pitot
tube,X(cm)
4.4 7.70 3.00 1.4 76.72 2.20 4.84 0.21

4.2 7.50 5.00 1.6 99.05 2.10 4.41 0.23

3.6 6.40 6.00 2.7 108.50 1.80 3.24 0.31

Radius,cm Actual velocity,cm/s Theoretical velocity,cm/s

2.20 76.72 16.23

2.10 99.05 17.00

1.80 108.50 19.84

Table 2: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 1.6 cm orifice
diameter
 Graph 3: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for 1.6 cm orifice
diameter

Pressure head against 1/r2

f(x) = 0.65x + 0.6

 Velocity against radius

actual theoretical

Graph 4: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 1.6 cm
orifice diameter
 iii Orifice diameter: 12mm @ 1.2cm

Distance from bridge to water surface: a= 21.4cm

Diameter at Measured Pitot tube head Pressure Velocity, Radius, r2 1/r2

V(cm/s) r (cm) (cm2) (1/cm2)
center,D(cm) height,h(cm) difference,H(cm head/Dept
) h of the
pitot
tube,X(cm)
2.8 7.40 3.00 4.20 76.72 1.40 1.96 0.51

2.5 6.70 4.00 4.90 88.56 1.25 1.56 0.64

2.3 5.60 7.00 6.00 117.19 1.15 1.32 0.76

Pressure head against 1/r2

f(x) = 0.9x + 3.23

Graph 5: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for 1.2 cm orifice

diameter
 Radius,cm Actual velocity,cm/s Theoretical velocity,cm/s

1.40 76.72 30.01

1.25 88.56 33.62

1.15 117.19 36.54

Table 3: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 1.2 cm orifice
diameter
Graph 6: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 1.2 cm
orifice diameter

Velocity against radius

actual theoretical
 iv Orifice diameter: 8mm @ 0.8cm

Distance from bridge to water surface: a= 20.8cm

Diameter at Measured Pitot tube head Pressure Velocity, Radius, r2 1/r2

V(cm/s) r (cm) (cm2) (1/cm2)
center,D(cm) height,h(cm) difference,H(cm head/Dept
) h of the
pitot
tube,X(cm)
2.1 10.60 4.00 1.6 88.59 1.05 1.10 0.91

1.5 8.10 6.00 4.1 108.50 0.75 0.56 1.79

1.3 5.70 7.00 6.5 117.19 0.65 0.42 2.38

Radius,cm Actual velocity,cm/s Theoretical velocity,cm/s

1.05 88.59 66.03

0.75 108.50 46.22

0.65 117.19 106.66

Table 4: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 0.8 cm orifice
diameter
 Pressure head against 1/r2

f(x) = 2.45x - 0.83

Graph 7: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for 0.8 cm orifice

diameter

Velocity against radius

actual theoretical

Graph 8:Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 0.8 cm
orifice diameter
Part B: Forced Vortex

Table 9: Data for forced vortex experiment obtained and calculated value
Distance h0 (cm)
st
1 2nd 3rd
from
Theoretica Theoretica Measure
centre Measured Measured Theoretical
l l d
(mm)
0 5.80 5.80 7.34 7.34 8.83 8.83
30 6.10 6.15 7.56 7.62 9.27 9.34
70 6.72 6.97 8.02 8.36 9.59 9.99
110 7.64 8.25 9.09 9.92 10.32 11.29
No of
revolution 30 35 38
s in 60s
Angular
velocity 3.14 3.56 3.56
(rad/s)
LPM 9.21 9.57 10.34
 Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre

f(x) = 0.82x + 4.75

f(x) = 0.61x + 5.03

measured Linear (measured)

Linear (measured) theoretical
Linear (theoretical)

Figure 1: Graph of vortex profile for the 1st trial

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre

f(x) = 0.8x + 7.86

f(x) = 0.48x + 8.31

measured Linear (measured)

theoretical Linear (theoretical)

Figure 2: Graph of vortex profile for the 2st trial

 Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre

f(x) = 0.8x + 7.86

f(x) = 0.48x + 8.31

measured Linear (measured)

theoretical Linear (theoretical)

Figure 3: Graph of vortex profile for the 3st trial

8.0 CALCULATIONS
Orifice diameter = 2.4 cm
Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 25 cm

At D = 4.3 cm and h = 5.7 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.0255.7=2.3 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
4.00 cm=88.59
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =0.22 2
2
r 2.15 2
4.62 cm

At D = 5.0 cm and h = 6.50 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.0256.5=1.5 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
5.00 cm=99.05
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =0.16 2
r 2.50 6.25
2 2
cm
At D = 5.9 cm and h = 7.10 cm,
Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.0257.1=0.9 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
7.00 cm=117.19
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =0.11 2
r 2.95 8.70
2 2
cm

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

X
Gradient , =0.7 cm 3 (neglect negative sign)
1
r2
2
X K
Substitute into equation = ,
1 2g
r2
2
K
=0.70 cm3
2g

K = 0.70 cm3 2 981
cm
s2
=

1373.4
cm 4
ss
=37.06
cm2
s

At D = 4.3 cm, r = 2.15 cm:

cm2
37.06
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =17.24
r 2.15 cm s

At D = 5.0 cm, r = 2.50 cm:

cm2
37.06
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =14.82
r 2.50 cm s

At D = 5.9 cm, r = 2.95 cm:

cm2
37.06
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =12.56
r 2.95 cm s
Orifice diameter = 1.6 cm
Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 23.9 cm

At D = 4.4 cm and h = 7.7 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.023.97.7=1.4 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
3.00 cm=76.72
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= 2= =0.21 2
2
r 2.2 4.84 cm

At D = 4.2 cm and h = 7.50 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.023.97.5=1.6 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
5.00 cm=99.05
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= 2= =0.23 2
2
r 2.1 4.41 cm

At D = 3.6 cm and h = 6.40 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.023.96.4=2.7 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
6.00 cm=108.50
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= 2= =0.31 2
r 1.8 3.24
2
cm

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

X
Gradient , =0.65 cm3 (neglect negative sign)
1
r2
2
X K
Substitute into equation = ,
1 2g
2
r
 2
K
=0.65 cm3
2g

K = 0.65 cm 3 2 981
cm
s2
=
1275.3
cm 4
ss
=35.71
cm2
s

At D = 4.4 cm, r = 2.20 cm:

cm2
35.71
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =16.23
r 2.2 cm s

At D = 4.2 cm, r = 2.10 cm:

cm2
35.71
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =17.00
r 2.10 cm s

At D = 3.6 cm, r = 1.80 cm:

2
cm
35.71
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =19.84
r 1.80 cm s

Orifice diameter = 1.2 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 21.4 cm

At D = 2.8 cm and h = 7.4 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.021.47.4=4.2 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
3.00 cm=76.72
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= 2= =0.51 2
r 1.4 1.96
2
cm

At D = 2.5 cm and h = 6.7 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.021.46.7=4.9 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
4.00 cm=88.59
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =0.64 2
r 1.25 1.56
2 2
cm
At D = 2.3 cm and h = 5.60 cm,
Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.021.45.6=6.00 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
7.00 cm=117.19
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =0.76 2
r 1.15 1.32
2 2
cm

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

X
Gradient , =0.9 cm 3 (neglect negative sign)
1
r2
2
X K
Substitute into equation = ,
1 2g
r2
2
K
=0.9 cm 3
2g

K = 0.9 cm3 2 981
cm
s2
= 1765.8
cm4
ss
=42.02
cm2
s

At D = 2.8 cm, r = 1.40 cm:

cm2
42.02
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =30.01
r 1.4 cm s

At D = 2.5 cm, r = 1.25 cm:

cm 2
42.02
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =33.62
r 1.25 cm s

At D = 2.3 cm, r = 1.15 cm:

cm2
42.02
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =36.54
r 1.15 cm s
Orifice diameter = 0.8 cm
Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 20.8 cm

At D = 2.1 cm and h = 10.6 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.020.810.6=1.6 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
4.00 cm=88.59
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =0.91 2
2
r 1.05
2
1.10 cm

At D = 1.5 cm and h = 8.1 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.020.88.1=4.1 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
6.00 cm=108.50
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =1.79 2
r 0.75 0.56
2 2
cm

At D = 1.3 cm and h = 5.70 cm,

Pressurehead , X =33.0ah=33.020.85.7=6.50 cm

0.5

Velocity , V =( 2 gH ) = 2 981
cm
s 2
7.00 cm=117.19
cm
s

1 1 1 1
= = =2.38 2
r 0.65 0.42
2 2
cm

From the graph of pressure head against 1/r2,

X
Gradient , =2.45 cm3 (neglect negative sign)
1
r2
2
X K
Substitute into equation = ,
1 2g
r2
 K2
=2.45 cm3
2g

K = 2.45 cm3 2 981
cm
s2
=

4806.9
cm 4
ss
=69.33
cm 2
s

At D = 2.1 cm, r = 1.05 cm:

cm2
69.33
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =66.03
r 1.05 cm s

At D = 1.5 cm, r = 0.75 cm:

cm2
69.33
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =46.22
r 1.5 cm s

At D = 1.3 cm, r = 0.65 cm:

2
cm
69.33
K s cm
Theoretical velocity ,V = = =106.66
r 0.65 cm s

Part B: Forced Vortex

a) Using the data from the 1st trial:
No. of revolution 30
Angular velocity=2 =2 =3.14 rad /s
60 s 60 s

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge:

1) Distance from centre = 30 mm = 3 cm
2 2 3.14 2
h=h0 + r =6.1+ 32=6.15 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)

2) Distance from centre = 70 mm = 7 cm

2 2 3.14 2
h=h0 + r =6.72+ 72=6.97 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)

3) Distance from centre = 110 mm = 11 cm

2 2 3.142
h=h0 + r =7.64+ 112 =8.25 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)
b) Using the data from the 2nd trial:
No. of revolution 35
Angular velocity=2 =2 =3.67 rad / s
60 s 60 s

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge:

1) Distance from centre = 30 mm = 3 cm
2 2 3.672
h=h0 + r =7.56+ 32=7.62 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)

2) Distance from centre = 70 mm = 7 cm

2 2 3.67 2
h=h0 + r =8.02+ 72=8.36 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)

3) Distance from centre = 110 mm = 11 cm

2 2 3.672
h=h0 + r =9.09+ 112=9.92 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)

c) Using the data from the 3rd trial:

No. of revolution 38
Angular velocity=2 =2 =3.98 rad / s
60 s 60 s

Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge:

1) Distance from centre = 30 mm = 3 cm
2 2 3.982
h=h0 + r =9.27+ 32 =9.34 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)

2) Distance from centre = 70 mm = 7 cm

2 2 3.982
h=h0 + r =9.59+ 72=9.99 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)

3) Distance from centre = 110 mm = 11 cm

2 2
2 3.98
h=h0 + r =10.32+ 112=11.29 cm
2g 2(9.81 100)
9.0 DISCUSSION

This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between the velocity
and angular velocity for free vortex and forced vortex respectively, with the vortex surface
profile. For the free vortex, the fluid mass rotates only through internal action or some
rotation previously imported to it without eternal force. Meanwhile, forced vortex rotates by a
constant torque exerted by some external source onto the fluid mass.
For the first part of the experiment, different diameters of orifices were used to study
free vortex and a few observations were concluded. All the orifices show common trends
whereby the velocity decreases as the radius increases. Since pressure is the same on the free
surface, and the H is constant, it resulted a drop in the elevation. Based on the tabulation in
the results, it is proven that each orifice displayed this very property. There is also a
comparison made between orifices to show that the bigger the orifice diameter, the greater
vortex yielded.
Based on the result made from experiment 1, we can also observe that the gradient for
pressure head against 1/r2 is almost constant for every orifice diameter. The profile between
velocity and radius was plotted and the velocity obtained from the data of the experiment is
slightly different from the theoretical value of velocity which was supposed to be constant.
The product between velocity and radius is supposed to be fixed due to the axial vorticity
component which is zero.
The second part of the experiment involved the use of paddle at the bottom of tank to
create the force vortex. From the results obtained in this part of experiment, it shows that the
value of slope for the measured data deviates slightly from the theoretical value. Only for the
distance of 0 mm from the centre are the measured values obtained are exactly the same as
the theoretical values which are 5.80, 7.34, and 8.83 cm. For the second distance of 30 mm
from the centre, the measured values obtained for ho is 6.10, 7.56, and 9.27 cm while the
theoretical values for this distance are 6.15, 7.62, and 9.34cm respectively.

Next, we obtained 6.72, 8.02, and 9.59 cm for h o form the distance of 70 mm from the
centre differs from the theoretical value of 6.97, 8.36, and 9.99cm respectively. Last but not
least, for the distance of 110 mm, we obtained 7.64, 9.09, and 10.32 cm while the
theoretically values are 8.25, 9.92, and 10.32 respectively. Eventhough there is a difference in
value, the deviation is very small that we concluded the data to be acceptable. Furthermore,
the pressure in a vortex flow increases with the increase in the radius from the centre of the
vortex. As a result of superimposition of a plane circular vortex flow with a purely radial
flow, spiral vortex flows are obtained.

10.0 CONCLUSION

From the findings of this experiment, it can be concluded for the first experiment that
as the radius of the orifice increases, the velocity also decreases. Plus, bigger orifice diameter
will yield greater vortex. However, the obtained values for the product of velocity multiplied
by radius is not constant due to the human error. As for the second experiment, as the angular
velocity at the height from the top of the measuring gauge to bridge increases, the values of
ho also increases. Due to the stream function formed in force vortex is parabolic in nature, the
slope of the curve increases as angular velocity increases. In conclusion, the objective of this
experiment is achieved which is to determine the relationship between the velocity for free
vortex and force vortex respectively.

11.0 RECOMMENDATION

Make sure the flow and level of water is stable when all he measurement is taken. Secondly.
Make sure to locate the centerline of the flow field accurately. Finally, to have more accurate
results, the available range of diameter of orifices should be expanded.

12.0 REFERENCE

1. Forced vortex. (n.d.) Retrieved October 24. 2016 from

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/forced-vortex
2. Singh .S (2012). Experiments in Fluid Mechanics: PHI Learning
3. Pattison. M. J. (n.d.) Fundamental Vorticess. Retrieved October 24, 2016. From
https://www.thermopedia.com/content/1248

4. Theory of a Vortex - Explore with Fouzan. (n.d.). Retrieved April 5, 2015, from
http://fouzan.weebly.com/theory-of-a-vortex.html

5. Vortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex
13.0 APPENDICES