Sunteți pe pagina 1din 8

Assignment 5.

1. Explain what is QFD, (Quality Function Deployment)?

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a specialized method for making customer


needs/wants important components of the design and production of the product or
service. QFD is designed to help planners focus on characteristics of a new or existing
product or service from the viewpoints of market segments, company, or technology-
development needs. The technique yields charts and matrices. QFD helps
transform customer needs (the voice of the customer into engineering characteristics
(and appropriate test methods) for a product or service, prioritizing each product or
service characteristic while simultaneously setting development targets for product or
service.

2. Explain the WHATs in a QFD matrix.

The following are the WHATS in a QFD matrix:

Gathering Customer Needs Input: The premise of QFD is that before any product or
service is designed, the producer should have a
good understanding of his potential customers needs in order to improve the
likelihood that the product or service will be a market
success. That the producer should be aware of customer needs seems logical, but
it sounds far easier than it is. Before the textbook rework is started, the QFD team
must work diligently to deter- mine what potential customers would like to see in
terms of attributes and features of the product and perhaps what they dont like
about our current product.
Refining the Customer Needs Input: The data must be sorted into a prioritized set of
the most important customer needs. At this point we will call on some QFD Tools,
the first of which is the Affinity Diagram. Refining a large collection of data into
something that
represents the essence of the VOC is done through the analysis techniques of the
affinity diagram, and QFD team discussion.
Using the Affinity Diagram: Affinity diagrams are used most appropriately when the
following conditions exist:
When the issue in question is so complex and/or the known facts so disorganized
that people cant quite get their arms around the situation.When it is necessary to
shake up the thought processes, get past ingrained paradigms, and get rid of
mental bag- gage relating to past solutions that failed. When it is important to build a
consensus for a pro- posed solution.
Using the Tree Diagram: The next tool to be used is the Tree Diagram. Tree
diagrams can be used for countless purposes. It will be
used here simply to refine the affinity diagram results to make the list the customer
needs, or WHATs that will be placed in the HOQ.
Although a tree diagram could go all the way down into the nuts and bolts of a new
design, remember that the objective here is not to
design the new product, but to list the items to be addressed by the design team
once the entire HOQ is completed.
Customer Importance: Also coming out of the analysis is the teams best estimate of
the relative importance of each listed customer need. Customer importance is
usually based on a scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being the highest priority.

3. Explain the HOWs in a QFD matrix

The Technical Requirements room of the HOQ states how the company intends to
respond to each of the Customer Needs. It is sometimes referred to as the voice of the
company. We must state at the outset that the technical requirements are not the design
specifications of the product or service. Rather, they are characteristics and features of
a product that is perceived as meeting the customer needs. They are measurable
in terms of satisfactory achievement. Some may be measured by weight, strength,
speed, and so on. Others by a simple yes or no, for example a desired feature,
appearance, test, or material is or is not incorporated. The other side of the coin is that
the technical requirements must not be limiting, but must be flexible enough to allow the
company to consider every creative possibility in its attempts to satisfy the need. The
technical requirements are generated by the QFD team through discussion and
consultation with the Customer Needs and Planning matrices used as guidance. The
team may use affinity or tree diagrams to develop, sort, and rank the requirements,
similar to the Customer Needs development process. The difference here is that the
input is from within the company rather than from external customers.

4. Explain the 1, or 3, or 9 interrelationship values in a QFD matrix

Now that we have the QFD teams technical requirements (HOWs) in the HOQ, the next
step is to examine how they relate to the WHATs of the Customer Needs. The results
will be shown in the Interrelationships matrix, which links the HOWs and the WHATs. At
each intersection cell of the inter- relationship matrix the team must assess the degree
of relationship between the WHAT and the corresponding HOW. This is usually done
using scales of significance of 1 to 5 or 1 to 9, with the higher number indicating a
stronger relationship. Sometimes these numbers are entered, but often symbols are
used. The symbols used:
5. Explain how you calculate the technical priorities in the design target matrix.

To determine the relative importance, or priorities, of each of the stated Technical


Requirements (HOWs) in meeting the Customer Needs
(WANTs), the QFD team simply multiplies each of the interrelationship ratings of the
technical requirement (0, 1, 3, or 9) from the
Interrelationship matrix, times the corresponding customer needs Overall Weighting
value in the Planning matrix; and then sums the
columns. All of the data for these calculations are already in the HOQ of the previous
question figure. Starting with the technical requirement for a new and responsive set of
Authoring/Editing Guidelines, we find that its relationship to the customer need for a
Comprehensible Text was indicated in the Interrelationship matrix as a 9. The
calculations which are performed and the values, which originate from the same, are
given below in the figure:
6. Define statistical process control.

Statistical process control (SPC) is a method of quality control which uses statistical
methods. SPC is applied in order to monitor and control a process. Monitoring and
controlling the process ensures that it operates at its full potential. At its full potential,
the process can make as much conforming product as possible with a minimum (if not
an elimination) of waste (rework or scrap). SPC can be applied to any process where
the "conforming product" (product meeting specifications) output can be measured. Key
tools used in SPC include control charts; a focus on continuous improvement; and the
design of experiments. An example of a process where SPC is applied is manufacturing
lines.

7. Explain control charts for variables, with a simple mathematical example.

Consider an example using x-charts and R-charts. These charts are individual, directly
related graphs plotting the mean (average) of samples (x) over time and the variation in
each sample (R) over time. The basic steps for developing a control chart for data with
measured values are these:
1) Determine sampling procedure. Sample size may depend on the kind of
product, production rate, measurement expense, and likely ability to reveal
changes in the process. Sample measurements are taken in subgroups of a
specific size (n), typically from 3 to 10. Sampling frequency should be often
enough that changes in the process are not missed but not so often as to
mask slow drifts. If the object is to set up control charts for a new process, the
number of subgroups for the initial calculations should be 25 or more.
For existing processes that appear stable, that number can be reduced to 10
or so, and sample size (n) can be smaller, say, 3 to 5.
2) Collect initial data of 100 or so individual data points in k subgroups of n
measurements.
3) The process must not be tinkered with during this time let it run.
4) Dont use old datathey may be irrelevant to the current process.
5) Take notes on anything that may have significance.
6) Log data on a data sheet designed for control chart use.
7) Calculate the mean (average) values of the data in each subgroup x.
8) Calculate the data range for each subgroup (R).
9) Calculate the average of the subgroup averages x. This is the process
average and will be the centerline for the x -chart.
10)Calculate the average of the subgroup ranges R. This will be the centerline for
the R-chart.
11) Calculate the process upper and lower control limits, UCL and LCL
respectively. UCL and LCL represent the 3s limits of the process averages and
are drawn as dashed lines on the control charts.
12)Draw the control chart to fit the calculated values.
13)Plot the data on the chart.

8. Explain control charts for attributes, with a simple mathematical example.

P-chart:
Attributes data are concerned not with measurement but with something that can be
counted. For example, the number of defects is attributes data. Whereas the x - and R
-charts are used for certain kinds of variables data, where measurement is involved, the
p -chart is used for certain attributes data. Actually, the p -chart is used when the data
are the fraction defective of some set of process output. It may also be shown as
percentage defective . The points plotted on a p -chart are the fraction (or percentage)
of defective pieces found in the sample of n pieces.

Control charts with attributes is explained below:


9. Explain how can we use control charts for continual quality improvement?

Control charts of all types are fundamental tools for continual improvement. They
provide alerts when special causes are at work in the process, and they prompt
investigation and correction. When the initial special causes have been removed and
the data stay between the control limits, work can begin on process improvement.
As process improvements are implemented, the control charts
will either ratify the improvement or reveal that the anticipated results were not
achieved. Whether the anticipated results were achieved is virtually impossible to know
unless the process is under control. An important thing to remember about control
charts is that once they are established and the process is in statistical control, the
charting does not stop. Having done the initial work of establishing limits and
centerlines, plotting initial data, and eliminating any special causes that were found, we
have arrived at the starting point. Data will have to be continually collected from the
process in the same way they were for the initial chart. The plotting of these data must
be done as they become available (in real time) so that the person managing
the process will be alerted at the first sign of trouble in the process. Such trouble signals
the need to stop the process and immediately investigate to determine what has
changed. Whatever the problem, it must be eliminated before the process is restarted.
This is the essence of statistical process control. The control chart is the statistical
device that enables SPC on the shop floor or in the office. This discussion of control
charts has illustrated only the x -chart, R -chart, p -chart, and c -chart. Figure 1819
lists common control charts and their applications. The methods used in constructing
the other charts are essentially the same as for the four we discussed in detail. Each
chart type is intended for special application. You must determine which best fits your
need.

10. Explain the way control charts could be used for quality improvements.

Continual improvement is fundamental to success in the global marketplace. A company


that is just maintaining the status quo in such key areas as quality, new product
development, adoption of new technologies, and process performance is like a runner
who is standing still in a race. Competing in the global marketplace is like competing
in the Olympics. Last years records are sure to be broken this year.
Athletes who dont improve continually are not likely to remain long in the winners
circle. The same is true of companies that must compete globally. Customer needs are
not static; they change continually. A special product feature that is considered
innovative today will be considered just routine tomorrow. A product cost that is
considered a bargain today will be too high to compete tomorrow. A good case in point
in this regard is the ever-falling price for each new feature introduced in the
personal computer. The only way a company can hope to compete in the
modern marketplace is to improve continually.

Social Networking Articles


1. Tesla Plans To Build Entire City, Possibly Hundreds Of #TeslaCities

Summary: This article describes the concept of the city of the future that will be
possible because of Elon Musks brilliant ideas. According to this concept, the city (and
cities in future) will be powered by renewable sources of energy (solar panels on the
buildings, wind farms, hydro power). Electric cars, as well as self-driving mini buses will
be available for the residents. A lot of work is supposed to be done by robots, such as
deliveries. The biggest question, which is if TeslaCity will use hyperloops, is still open
though. All the enthusiasts are welcome to sign up, and the first TeslaCity will be located
in Cambridge, England.

My view: Elon Musk doesnt stop to surprise us. Lots of the things that once were just a
concept and seemed impossible to bring to life in a short period of time are reality now.
Tesla car, SpaceX program with the first stage landing and relaunching, Hyperloops
those once were just idea we could meet in the books of the sci-fi writers of the last
century. TeslaCity is a brilliant idea and even though it seems to have a lot of obstacles
(whats the need in building a completely new city? Will there be enough solar energy in
foggy Britain to provide the city with power? How the existing laws will work in these
new futuristic cities, will they have to be changed?), I am sure that Elon Musk will make
another dream a reality.

Discussion link: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sonetw/CFirx-ivbMI

2. Hyper loop Transportation Technologies Begins Building Full-Scale Passenger


Hyper loop Capsule

Summary: This article states that Hyper loop Transportation Technologies (HTT) is
getting closer to become reality. According to the article after 3 years of research and
development, one company is trying to build a full-scale passenger hyper loop capsule
which will transport passengers from Dubai to Abu Dhabi in just 12 minutes. The
company is trying to unveil this system sometime in early 2018. The capsule will have
the following specs; Length: 30 meters, (98.5 feet), Diameter: 2.7 meters (9 feet),
Weight: 20 tons, Passenger capacity: 28-40, Speed: Up to 1223 km/h (760 mph).

My view: Personally I think that it is a great idea. For years it remained just a concept
and I am glad to hear that HTT has started to build a full-scale capsule. I see hyperloop
as a great alternative for public transport in huge cities (such as LA where the distances
are large and everyone has to drive), or for travelling between the cities. It is definitely
cleaner pollution-wise than cars, but to be honest I do not think that they will ever be
efficient enough to replace maglev trains

Discussion link: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sonetw/vcYTnwAfi8U

3. Total US Energy Production Falls For 1st Time In 6 Years


Summary: this article briefly describes the recent report from Energy Information
Administration (EIA). According to it, the total energy production in 2016 decreased by
4% from the 2015 level. Most importantly, the fossil fuel production fell by 7%, mostly by
decrease in coal sector (18% and it was on the lowest level since 1978). Petroleum and
natural gas both declined as well, while the renewable energy production increased by
7%. At the same period of time the net import of energy has grown by 6%. Even though
there was a decrease in production, the total energy export rose 7.

My view: In my opinion, this is a great initiative by the French government. .I think that
initiative like this should be introduced in many countries because it has a lot of benefits
to it. It could potentially lead to the reduction of pollution caused by usage of cars, and
decrease in petrol consumption, as well as less traffic on the roads. Moreover, travelling
on a bike on a daily basis can be considered an exercise and is good for health.

Discussion link: https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sonetw/s0DiueCeD1I

S-ar putea să vă placă și