4.

11 SPRAY DRYER
where: PA = mass of pectin-ethanol suspension, kg

PD = mass of spray dried pectin, kg

RA = mass of vaporized ethanol-citric acid aqueous solution, kg

Table _. Mass of each component per stream, kg

PA PD RA

water 4974.498429 2.97 4971.528429

citric acid 2.210191948 0 2.210192

protein 14.77014 14.77014 0

total
68.4992 68.4992 0
carbohydrates
soluble
10.06082 10.06082 0
phenolics
others 13.69984 13.69984 0

ethanol 1946.597192 0 1946.597192

total mass of 7030.343256 110 6920.3358
the stream

Table _. Percent composition of each component per stream

PA PD RA

water 70.75754694 2.7 71.83941

citric acid 0.031437895 62.272 0.031938

protein 0.210091307 13.4274 0

 total
0.974336494 9.1462 0
carbohydrates
soluble
0.143105673 12.4544 0
phenolics
others 0.194867299 0 0

ethanol 27.68850853 0 28.12865

4.11 ETHANOL RECOVERY TOWER

where: RA = mass of vaporized ethanol-citric acid aqueous solution, kg

RE = mass of recovered desired ethanol solution, kg

WA = mass of acidic wastewater, kg

RA RE WA

water 4971.528429 102.4524838 4869.075946

citric acid 2.210192 0 2.210192

ethanol 1946.597192 1946.597192 0

total mass of 6920.335813 2049.049676 4871.286137
the stream

Table _. Percent composition of each component per stream

RA RE WA

water 71.83941 5.00 99.95463

citric acid 0.031938 0 0.045372

 ethanol 28.12865 95.00 0

A.10 Spray dryer

Figure A.10. Material flow diagram around the spray dryer

Basis: 7030.343256 kg PA

Computations:

Overall material balance around the spray dryer:

In = Out

PA = PD+RA

Calculation for the mass of PD:

From the desired composition of the final product pectin, the mass fraction of total
carbohydrates is:

PD
X total carb = 0.62272

Using this as the inert material, the balance around the dryer for total carbohydrates is:

PA PD
X total carb PA= X total carb PD

It is also calculated that the mass of total carbohydrates in PA is:

PA
X total carb PA =68.4992 kg

Thus,
 68.4992 kg= (0.62272) PD

PD = 110 kg

Calculation for the mass of RA:

From the overall material balance around the spray dryer,

PA = PD+RA

RA = PA-PD

RA = 7030.343256 kg 110 kg

RA= 6920.335813 kg

Calculations for the components of PD:

The desired percentage composition of the final product PD is assumed to have followed
of what was presented by Vriesmann et al. (2011). Thus, the mass of moisture in the final product
is:

PD
X water PD= ( 0.027 ) (110 kg )

PD
X water PD=2.97 kg

Similar process was used in obtaining the mass of other components.

Calculations for the components of RA:

RA PA PD
X i RA=X i PA X i PD

RA
RA =X PA PD
X water water PAX water PD

RA
X water RA=4974.498429 kg2.97 kg

RA
X water RA=4971.528429 kg
 Calculations were repeated for other components and their respective percentages were
also calculated and tabulated on tables__.

A.10 Ethanol recovery tower

Figure A.11. Material flow diagram around the spray dryer

Basis: 6920.335813 kg RA

Computations:

Overall material balance around the ethanol recovery tower:

In = Out

RA = RE+WA

Calculation for the mass of RE:

Ethanol is an expensive reagent, thus it is desirable to recover most of it. According to

Brown and Roark (2016), typical recovery for recycling ethanol is usually 70%. This percentage
recovery is utilized in this recovery tower. Also, the recovered ethanol solution is assumed to
have the same composition as the ethanol used for the precipitation of pectin. Thus,

X RA E
EtOH RA (0.70)= X EtOH

1946.597192 kg (0.70) = 0.95 RE

RE = 1434.334773 kg
Calculation for the mass of WA:

From the overall balance around the ethanol recovery tower:

RA = RE+WA

WA = RA RE
 WA = 6920.335813 kg - 1434.334773 kg

WA = 5486.00104 kg
Calculations for the components of RE:

X water =0.05

X water =0.05 1434.334773 kg)

X water = 71.716739 kg

Determining the recovered ethanol in RE stream can also be obtained in a similar way.
Calculations for the components of WA:

WA RA
X i WA =X i RAX i

X WA RA
water WA= X water RAX water

WA
X water WA=4971.528429 kg71.716739 kg

X WA
water WA= 4899.811691 kg