Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition White Solution Manual

Chapter 2 Pressure Distribution
in a Fluid
2.1For the twodimensional stress field
inFig.P2.1,let Fig.P2.1
xx 3000psf yy 2000psf
xy 500psf
Findtheshearandnormalstressesonplane
AAcuttingthroughat30.
Solution:MakecutAAsothatitjust
hitsthebottomrightcorneroftheelement.
This gives the freebody shown at right.
Nowsumforcesnormalandtangentialto
sideAA.DenotesidelengthAAasL.
Fn,AA 0 AA L
(3000 sin 30 500 cos30)L sin 30
(2000
Solvefor AA cos30 500 sin
2683lbf/ft 2 30)L cos 30
Ans.(a)
Ft,AA 0 AA L (3000 cos30 500 sin 30)L sin 30 (500 cos30 2000 sin 30)L cos30
Solvefor AA 683lbf/ft 2 Ans.(b)
2.2ForthestressfieldofFig.P2.1,changetheknowndatato xx2000psf,yy3000
psf,andn(AA)2500psf.ComputexyandtheshearstressonplaneAA.
Solution:SumforcesnormaltoandtangentialtoAAintheelementfreebodyabove,
withn(AA)knownandxyunknown:
Fn,AA 2500L ( xy cos30 2000 sin 30)L sin 30
( xy sin 30 3000 cos30)L cos30 0
Solvefor xy (2500 500 2250)/0.866 289lbf/ft 2 Ans.(a)
2 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
Inlikemanner,solvefortheshearstressonplaneAA,usingourresultforxy:
Ft,AA AA L (2000 cos30 289sin 30)L sin 30
(289 cos30 3000 sin 30)L cos30 0
Solvefor AA 938 1515 577lbf/ft 2 Ans.(b)
ThisproblemandProb.2.1canalsobesolvedusingMohrscircle.
2.3Averticalcleanglasspiezometertubehasaninsidediameterof1mm.Whena
pressure is applied, water at 20C rises into the tube to a height of 25 cm. After
correctingforsurfacetension,estimatetheappliedpressureinPa.
3
Solution:Forwater,letY0.073N/m,contactangle0,and9790N/m .The
capillaryriseinthetube,fromExample1.9ofthetext,is
2Y cos 2(0.073N /m)cos(0)
hcap 0.030m
R (9790N /m3 )(0.0005m)
Thentheriseduetoappliedpressureislessbythatamount:hpress0.25m0.03m0.22m.
3
Theappliedpressureisestimatedtobephpress(9790N/m )(0.22m)2160PaAns.
? Bourdon
P2.4 Pressuregages,suchastheBourdongage W gage
in Fig. P2.4, are calibrated with a deadweight piston.
IftheBourdongageisdesignedtorotatethepointer 2cm
diameter
10 degrees for every 2 psig of internal pressure, how
manydegreesdoesthepointerrotateifthepistonand
Fig. P2.4
weighttogethertotal44newtons?
Solution: The deadweight, divided by the piston area, should equal the pressure applied
to the Bourdon gage. Stay in SI units for the moment:
F 44 N lbf
pBourdon 2
140, 060 Pa 6894.8 20.3 2
A piston ( / 4)(0.02m) in
Chapter 2Pressure Distribution in a Fluid 3
At 10 degrees for every 2 psig, the pointer should move approximately 100 degrees. Ans.
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2.5Denver,Colorado,hasanaveragealtitudeof5300ft.OnaU.S.standardday,pres
suregageAreads83kPaandgageBreads105kPa.Expressthesereadingsingageor
vacuumpressure,whicheverisappropriate.
Solution:WecanfindatmosphericpressurebyeitherinterpolatinginAppendixTableA.6
or,moreaccurately,evaluateEq.(2.27)at5300ft1615m:
g/RB 5.26
Bz (0.0065 K/m)(1615 m)
pa po 1 (101.35 kPa) 1 83.4 kPa
To 288.16 K
Therefore:
Gage A 83 kPa 83.4 kPa 0.4 kPa (gage) .4 kPa (vacuum)
Gage B 105 kPa 83.4 kPa 21.6 kPa (gage) Ans.
2.6Expressstandardatmosphericpressureasahead, hp/ g,in(a)feetofglycerin;

(b)inchesofmercury;(c)metersofwater;and(d)mmofethanol.
Solution:Takethespecificweights, g,fromTableA.3,dividepatmby :
2 3
(a)Glycerin:h(2116lbf/ft )/(78.7lbf/ft )26.9ftAns.(a)
2 3
(b)Mercury:h(2116lbf/ft )/(846lbf/ft )2.50ft30.0inchesAns.(b)
2 3
(c)Water:h(101350N/m )/(9790N/m )10.35mAns.(c)
2 3
(d)Ethanol:h(101350N/m )/(7740N/m )13.1m13100mmAns.(d)
P2.7 LaPaz,Boliviaisatanaltitudeofapproximately12,000ft.Assumea
standardatmosphere.Howhighwouldtheliquidriseinamethanolbarometer,assumed
at20C?[HINT:Dontforgetthevaporpressure.]
Solution:Convert12,000ftto3658meters,andTableA.6,orEq.(2.20),give
B z g /( RB ) (0.0065)(3658) 5.26
pLaPaz po (1 ) 101350[1 ] 64, 400 Pa
To 288.16
FromTableA.3,methanolhas=791kg/m3andalargevaporpressureof13,400Pa.
Thenthemanometerrisehisgivenby
pLaPaz pvap 64400 13400 methanol g h (791)(9.81) h
Solve for hmethanol 6.57 m Ans.

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2.8Adiamondmineis2milesbelowsealevel.(a)Estimatetheairpressureatthis
depth.(b)Ifabarometer,accurateto1mmofmercury,iscarriedintothismine,how
accuratelycanitestimatethedepthofthemine?
Solution:(a)Convert2miles3219mandusealinearpressurevariationestimate:
Then p pa h 101,350Pa (12N/m 3 )(3219m) 140,000Pa 140kPa Ans.(a)
Alternately,thetroposphereformula,Eq.(2.27),predictsaslightlyhigherpressure:
p pa (1 Bz/To )5.26 (101.3kPa)[1 (0.0065K/m)( 3219m)/288.16K]5.26
147kPa Ans.(a)
(b)Thegagepressureatthis depthis approximately 40,000133,100 0.3mHgor
300mmHg1mmHgor0.3error.Thustheerrorintheactualdepthis0.3of3220m
orabout10mifallotherparametersareaccurate.Ans.(b)
P2.9 Astoragetank,26ftindiameterand36fthigh,isfilledwithSAE30Woilat
20C.(a)Whatisthegagepressure,inlbf/in 2,atthebottomofthetank?(b)Howdoes
yourresultin(a)changeifthetankdiameterisreducedto15ft? (c)Repeat(a)if
leakagehascausedalayerof5ftofwatertorestatthebottomofthe(full)tank.
Solution:Thisisastraightforwardprobleminhydrostaticpressure.FromTableA.3,the
densityofSAE30Woilis891kg/m3 515.38 =1.73slug/ft3. (a)Thusthebottom
pressureis
slug ft lbf lbf

pbottom oil g h (1.73 )(32.2 )(36 ft ) 2005 13.9 gage Ans.( a)
ft 3 s 2
ft 2 in 2
(b)Thetankdiameterhasnothingtodowithit,justthedepth:pbottom=13.9psig.Ans.(b)
(c) If we have 31 ft of oil and 5 ft of water ( = 1.94 slug/ft3), the bottom pressure is
pb oil ghoil water ghwater (1.73)(32.2)(31) (1.94)(32.2)(5)

lbf lbf
1727 312 2039Ans.(c) 2
14.2
ft in 2
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_
2.10Aclosedtankcontains1.5mofSAE30oil,1mofwater,20cmofmercury,and
anairspaceontop,allat20C.Ifpbottom60kPa,whatisthepressureintheairspace?
Solution:Applythehydrostaticformuladownthroughthethreelayersoffluid:
p bottom pair oil h oil water h water mercury h mercury
or: 60000Pa pair (8720N/m 3 )(1.5m) (9790)(1.0m) (133100)(0.2m)
Solveforthepressureintheairspace:pair10500PaAns.
2.11InFig.P2.11,sensorAreads1.5kPa
(gage).Allfluidsareat20C.Determine
the elevations Z in meters of the liquid
levels in the open piezometer tubes B
andC.
Solution:(B)LetpiezometertubeBbe
anarbitrarydistanceHabovethegasoline
glycerin interface. Thespecificweightsare
air12.0N/m3,gasoline6670N/m3,and
glycerin 12360 N/m3. Then apply the Fig.P2.11
hydrostaticformulafrompointAtopoint
B:
1500N/m 2 (12.0N/m 3 )(2.0m) 6670(1.5 H) 6670(Z B H 1.0) p B 0(gage)

SolveforZB2.73m(23cmabovethegasolineairinterface)Ans.(b)
Solution(C):LetpiezometertubeCbeanarbitrarydistanceYabovethebottom.Then
150012.0(2.0)6670(1.5)12360(1.0Y)12360(ZCY)pC0(gage)
SolveforZC1.93m(93cmabovethegasolineglycerininterface)Ans.(c)
2.12InFig.P2.12thetankcontainswater
andimmiscibleoilat20C.Whatishin Fig.P2.12
centimeters if the density of the oil is
3
898kg/m ?
Solution:For water take the density

3
998kg/m .Applythehydrostaticrelation
fromtheoilsurfacetothewatersurface,
skippingthe8cmpart:
patm (898)(g)(h 0.12)

(998)
Solvefor 0.08m0.12)
h (g)(0.06 patmAns.
8.0cm ,
2.13InFig.P2.13the20Cwaterandgasolineareopentotheatmosphereandareat
thesameelevation.Whatistheheighthinthethirdliquid?
3 3
Solution:Takewater 9790N/m andgasoline 6670N/m .Thebottompressure
mustbethesamewhetherwemovedownthroughthewaterorthroughthegasolineinto
thethirdfluid:
Fig.P2.13
p bottom (9790N/m 3 )(1.5m) 1.60(9790)(1.0) 1.60(9790)h 6670(2.5 h)

Solvefor h 1.52m Ans.
oil,
P2.14 Forthethreeliquidsystem SG=0.78
water
shown,computeh1andh2. mercury
h2
Neglecttheairdensity.
27cm
Fig.P2.14
8cm
h1 5cm
Solution:Thepressuresat
the three top surfaces must all be
atmospheric,orzerogagepressure.Computeoil=(0.78)(9790)=7636N/m3.Also,
fromTable2.1, water =9790N/m3 and mercury = 133100N/m3 . Thesurfacepressure
equalityis
N N N N N
(9790 3 )(0.27 m) (133100 3 ) h1 (133100 3 )(0.08m) (7636 3 ) h2 (133100 3 )(0.05m)
m m m m m
or : 2643 133100 h1 10648 Pa 7836 h2 6655
Solve for h1 0.060m 6.0 cm , h2 0.523m 52.3 cm Ans.
2
2.15InFig.P2.15allfluidsareat20C.GageAreads15lbf/in absoluteandgageB
2
reads1.25lbf/in lessthangageC.Compute(a)thespecificweightoftheoil;and(b)
2
theactualreadingofgageCinlbf/in absolute.
Fig.P2.15
3
Solution:Firstevaluateair(pA/RT)g[15144/(1717528)](32.2)0.0767lbf/ft .
3
Takewater62.4lbf/ft .ThenapplythehydrostaticformulafrompointBtopointC:
p B oil (1.0ft) (62.4)(2.0ft) pC p B (1.25)(144)psf
Solvefor oil 55.2lbf/ft 3 Ans.(a)
Withtheoilweightknown,wecannowapplyhydrostaticsfrompointAtopointC:
pC p A gh (15)(144) (0.0767)(2.0) (55.2)(2.0) (62.4)(2.0)
or: p C 2395lbf/ft 2 16.6psi Ans.(b)
P2.16 Iftheabsolutepressureattheinterface
betweenwaterandmercuryinFig.P2.16is93kPa,
what,inlbf/ft2,is(a)thepressureatthe Water 28cm
surface,and(b)thepressureatthebottom 75 75
ofthecontainer? Mercury 8cm

Fig.P2.16
32cm
Solution: Do the whole problem in SI units and then convert to BG at the end. The bottom
width and the slanted 75-degree walls are irrelevant red herrings. Just go up and down:
psurface pinterface water h 93000 Pa (9790 N / m3 )(0.28m)

90260 Pa 47.88 1885 lbf / ft 2 Ans.(a )
pbottom pinterface mercury h 93000 Pa (133100 N / m3 )(0.08m)
103650 Pa 47.88 2165 lbf / ft 2 Ans.(b)
_____________________________________________________________________
2.17AllfluidsinFig.P2.17areat20C.Ifp 1900psfatpointA,determinethe
pressuresatB,C,andDinpsf.
3
Solution:Usingaspecificweightof62.4lbf/ft forwater,wefirstcomputepBandpD:
Fig.P2.17
p B pA water (z B z A ) 1900 62.4(1.0ft) 1838lbfft 2 Ans.(pt.B)

p D p A water (z A z D ) 1900 62.4(5.0ft) 2212lbf/ft 2 Ans.(pt.D)
Finally,movingupfromDtoC,wecanneglecttheairspecificweighttogoodaccuracy:
pC p D water (z C z D ) 2212 62.4(2.0ft) 2087lbf/ft 2 Ans.(pt.C)
3
TheairnearChas0.074lbf/ft times6ftyieldslessthan0.5psfcorrectionatC.
p bottom p top h,
2.18AllfluidsinFig.P2.18areat20C.
Ifatmosphericpressure 101.33kPaand
the bottom pressure is 242 kPa absolute,
whatisthespecificgravityoffluidX?
Solution:Simply apply the hydrostatic

formulafromtoptobottom:
Fig.P2.18
or: 242000 101330 (8720)(1.0) (9790)(2.0) X (3.0) (133100)(0.5)
Solve for X 15273 N/m3 , or: SG X 15273 / 9790 1.56 Ans.

2.19TheUtubeatrighthasa1cmID
3
andcontainsmercuryasshown.If20cm
ofwaterispouredintotherighthandleg,
whatwillbethefreesurfaceheightineach
legafterthesloshinghasdieddown?
Solution:Firstfiguretheheightofwater
added:

20cm 3 (1cm)2 h, or h 25.46cm
4
Then,atequilibrium,thenewsystemmusthave25.46cmofwaterontheright,anda
30cmlengthofmercuryissomewhatdisplacedsothatLisontheright,0.1monthe
bottom,and0.2Lontheleftside,asshownatright.Thebottompressureisconstant:
patm 133100(0.2 L) patm 9790(0.2546) 133100(L), or: L 0.0906m
Thusrightlegheight9.0625.4634.52cmAns.
leftlegheight20.09.0610.94cmAns.
2.20ThehydraulicjackinFig.P2.20is
3
filled with oil at 56 lbf/ft . Neglecting Fig.P2.20
piston weights, what force F on the
handleisrequiredtosupportthe2000lbf
weightshown?
Solution:FirstsummomentsclockwiseaboutthehingeAofthehandle:
M A 0 F(15 1) P(1),
or:FP/16,wherePistheforceinthesmall(1in)piston.
Meanwhilefigurethepressureintheoilfromtheweightonthelargepiston:
W 2000 lbf
poil 40744psf,
A3in ( /4)(3/12ft)2
2
1
Hence P p oil A small (40744) 222lbf
4 12
ThereforethehandleforcerequiredisFP/16222/1614lbfAns.
2.21InFig.P2.21allfluidsareat20C.
GageAreads350kPaabsolute.Determine Fig.P2.21
(a)theheighthincm;and(b)thereading
ofgageBinkPaabsolute.
Solution:Applythehydrostaticformula
fromtheairtogageA:
p A pair h
180000 (9790)h 133100(0.8) 350000Pa,
Solvefor h 6.49m Ans.(a)
Then,withhknown,wecanevaluatethepressureatgageB:
p B 180000+9790(6.49 0.80)=251000Pa 251kPa Ans.(b)
2.22Thefuelgageforanautogastank
reads proportional to the bottom gage Fig.P2.22
pressure as in Fig. P2.22. If the tank
accidentally contains 2 cm of water plus
gasoline,howmanycentimetershofair
remainwhenthegagereadsfullinerror?
3
Solution:Givengasoline0.68(9790)6657N/m ,computethegagepressurewhenfull:
pfull gasoline (fullheight) (6657N/m 3 )(0.30m) 1997Pa
Setthispressureequalto2cmofwaterplusYcentimetersofgasoline:
pfull 1997 9790(0.02m) 6657Y, or Y 0.2706m 27.06cm
Thereforetheairgaph30cm2cm(water)27.06cm(gasoline)0.94cmAns.
2.23InFig.P2.23bothfluidsareat20C.
If surface tension effects are negligible, Fig.P2.23
3
whatisthedensityoftheoil,inkg/m ?
Solution:MovearoundtheUtubefrom
leftatmospheretorightatmosphere:
pa (9790N/m 3 )(0.06m)
oil (0.08m) pa ,
3
oil 7343/9.81
or: solvefor 748kg3m
oil 7343N/m , Ans.
2.24InProb.1.2wemadeacrudeintegrationofatmosphericdensityfromTableA.6
andfoundthattheatmosphericmassisapproximately m 6E18kg.Canthisresultbe
usedtoestimatesealevelpressure?Cansealevelpressurebeusedtoestimatem?
Solution:Yes, atmospheric pressure is essentially a result of the weight of the air

above.Thereforetheairweightdividedbythesurfaceareaoftheearthequalssealevel
pressure:
Wair m air g (6.0E18 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )
psea-level 115000 Pa Ans.
A earth 4 R earth
2
4 (6.377E6 m) 2
Thisisalittleoff,thusourmassestimatemusthavebeenalittleoff.Ifglobalaverage
sealevelpressureisactually101350Pa,thenthemassofatmosphericairmustbemore
nearly
A earth psealevel 4 (6.377E6m)2 (101350Pa)

m air 5.28E18kg Ans.
g 9.81m/s2
*P2.25 AsmeasuredbyNASAsVikinglanders,theatmosphereofMars,where g=
3.71m/s2,isalmostentirelycarbondioxide,andthesurfacepressureaverages700Pa.The

temperatureiscoldanddropsoffexponentially:TToe Cz,whereC1.3E5m1andTo
250K.Forexample,at20,000maltitude,T193K.(a)Findananalyticformulafor
thevariationofpressurewithaltitude.(b)FindthealtitudewherepressureonMarshas
droppedto1pascal.
Solution:(a)TheanalyticformulaisfoundbyintegratingEq.(2.17)ofthetext:
p g z dz g z dz g
ln( ) Cz
(eCz 1)
po R 0 T R 0 To e RTo C
g
or, finally, p po exp[ (eCz 1)] Ans.(a )
RTo C
(b)FromTableA.4forCO2,R=189m2/(s2K).Substitutep=1Patofindthealtitude:
g 3.71 m / s 2
p 1 Pa po exp[ (eCz 1)] (700 Pa) exp[ {e(1.3E 5) z 1}]
RTo C (189)(250)(1.3E 5)
1
or : ln( ) 6.55 6.04{e(1.3E 5) z 1} , Solve for z 56, 500 m Ans.(b)
700
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P2.26 Forgasesoverlargechangesinheight,thelinearapproximation,Eq.(2.14),is
inaccurate.Expandthetropospherepowerlaw,Eq.(2.20),intoapowerseriesandshow
thatthelinearapproximationppaagzisadequatewhen
Solution:ThepowerlawterminEq.(2.20)canbeexpandedintoaseries:
2 To g
z , where n
(n 1) B RB
Bz n Bz n( n 1) Bz 2 g
(1 ) 1 n ( ) ...... where n
To To 2! To RB
Multiplybypa,asinEq.(2.20),andnotethatpanB/To=(pa/RTo)gz=agz.Thentheseries
mayberewrittenasfollows:
n 1 Bz
p pa a gz (1 ..... )
2 To
14 Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Fifth Edition
Forthelinearlawtobeaccurate,the2ndterminparenthesesmustbemuchlessthanunity.If
thestartingpointisnotatz=0,thenreplacezbyz:
n 1 B z 2 To
1 , or : z Ans.
2 To (n 1) B
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2.27Thisisanexperimentalproblem:Putacardorthicksheetoveraglassofwater,
holdittight,andturnitoverwithoutleaking(aglossypostcardworksbest).Letgoofthe
card.Willthecardstayattachedwhentheglassisupsidedown?Yes:Thisisessentiallya
waterbarometerand,inprinciple,couldholdacolumnofwaterupto10fthigh!
P2.28Acorrelationofnumericalresultsindicatesthat,allotherthingsbeingequal,
thehorizontaldistancetraveledbyawellhitbaseballvariesinverselyasthecuberootof
theairdensity. IfahomerunballhitinNewYorkCitytravels400ft,estimatethe
distanceitwouldtravelin(a)Denver,Colorado;and(b)LaPaz,Bolivia.
Solution: NewYorkCityisapproximatelyatsealevel,sousetheStandardAtmosphere,
TableA.6,andtakeair=1.2255kg/m3.ModifyEq.(2.20)fordensityinsteadofpressure:
Bz ( g / RB ) 1 0.0065 z 4.26
(1 ) (1 )
a To 288.16
Usingnominalaltitudesfromalmanacs,applythisformulatoDenverandLaPaz:
( a ) Denver, Colorado : z 5280 ft 1609 m ; 1.047 kg / m 3
(b) La Paz, Bolivia : z 12000 ft 3660 m ; 0.849 kg / m 3
Finallyapplythistothe400fthomerunball:
1.2255 1 / 3
(a) Denver : Distance traveled ( 400 ft ) ( ) 421 ft Ans.( a )
1.047
1.2255 1 / 3
(b) La Paz : Distance traveled ( 400 ft ) ( ) 452 ft Ans.(b)
0.849
InDenver,ballsgo5%further,asattestedtobymanyteamsvisitingCoorsField.
P2.29 AnairplanefliesataMachnumberof0.82atastandardaltitudeof24,000ft.
(a) What is the planes velocity, in mi/h? (b) What is the standard density at that
altitude?
Solution: (a) Convert 24,000 ft to 7315 m. Find the standard temperature from Eq.
(2.19):
T To B z 288.16 K (0.0065m)(7315m) 240.6 K
From the (absolute) temperature, we compute the speed of sound and hence the velocity:
a kRT 1.4(287 m 2 / s 2 K )(240.6 K ) 311 m / s

V ( Ma) a (0.82)(311m / s) 255 m / s 0.44704 570 mi / h Ans.(a)
(b) Given o = 1.2255 kg/m3, the power-law density formula is evaluated at T = 240.6 K:
g
T 1 240.6 5.26 1
o ( ) RB (1.2255)( ) 0.568 kg / m3 Ans.(b)
To 288.16
P2.30 ForthetraditionalequallevelmanometermeasurementinFig.E2.3,waterat
20Cflowsthroughtheplugdevicefromatob.Themanometerfluidismercury.IfL=
12cmandh=24cm,(a)whatisthepressuredropthroughthedevice?(b)Ifthewater
flowsthroughthepipeatavelocityV=18ft/s,whatisthedimensionlesslosscoefficient
ofthedevice,definedbyK=p/(V2)?WewillstudylosscoefficientsinChap.6.
Solution: Gather density data: mercury = 13550 kg/m3, water = 998 kg/m3. Example 2.3,
by going down from (a) to the mercury level, jumping across, and going up to (b), found
the very important formula for this type of equal-leg manometer:
p pa pb ( merc water ) g h (13550 998 kg / m3 )(9.81 m / s 2 )(0.24 m)

or : p 29, 600 Pa Ans.(a )
(b) The loss coefficient calculation is straightforward, but we check the units to make sure.
Convert the velocity from 18 ft/s to 5.49 m/s. Then
p 29600 N / m2 29600 N / m 2
K 0.98 Ans.(b)
V 2 (998 kg / m 2 )(5.49 m / s ) 2 30080 N / m 2
________________________________________________________________________
2.31InFig.P2.31determinepbetweenpointsAandB.Allfluidsareat20C.
Fig.P2.31
Solution:Takethespecificweightstobe
3 3
Benzene:8640N/m Mercury:133100N/m
3 3
Kerosene:7885N/m Water:9790N/m
3
andairwillbesmall,probablyaround12N/m .WorkyourwayaroundfromAtoB:
p A (8640)(0.20m) (133100)(0.08) (7885)(0.32) (9790)(0.26) (12)(0.09)
p B , or,aftercleaningup, p A p B 8900Pa Ans.
2.32ForthemanometerofFig.P2.32,allfluidsareat20 C.IfpB pA 97kPa,

determinetheheightHincentimeters.
3 3
Solution:Gamma 9790N/m forwaterand133100N/m formercuryand(0.827)
3
(9790)8096N/m forMeriamredoil.WorkyourwayaroundfrompointAtopointB:
p A (9790 N/m3 )(H meters) 8096(0.18)
133100(0.18 H 0.35) p B p A 97000.
Solvefor H 0.226m 22.6 cm Ans.
Fig.P2.32
2.33InFig.P2.33thepressureatpointAis25psi.Allfluidsareat20 C.Whatisthe
airpressureintheclosedchamberB?
3 3
Solution:Take9790N/m forwater,8720N/m forSAE30oil,and(1.45)(9790)
3 2
14196N/m forthethirdfluid.ConvertthepressureatAfrom25lbf/in to172400Pa.
ComputehydrostaticallyfrompointAtopointB:
Fig.P2.33
p A h 172400 (9790N/m 3)(0.04m) (8720)(0.06) (14196)(0.10)

p B 171100Pa 47.88 144 24.8 psi Ans.
2.34To show the effect of manometer

dimensions, consider Fig. P2.34. The Fig.P2.34
containers (a) and(b)arecylindrical and
aresuchthatpapbasshown.Supposethe
oilwaterinterfaceontherightmovesupa
distance h h.Deriveaformulaforthe
difference pa pb when(a) d << D; and
(b)d0.15D.Whatisthe%difference?
3 3
Solution:Take9790N/m forwaterand8720N/m forSAE30oil.LetHbethe
heightoftheoilinreservoir(b).Fortheconditionshown,papb,therefore
water (L h) oil (H h), or: H ( water / oil )(L h) h (1)
Case(a), d << D: Whenthemeniscusrises h,therewillbenosignificantchangein

reservoirlevels.Thereforewecanwriteasimplehydrostaticrelationfrom(a)to(b):
pa water (L h h) oil (H h h) p b ,
or: pa pb h water oil Ans.(a)
wherewehaveusedEq.(1)abovetoeliminateHandL.Puttinginnumberstocompare
laterwithpart(b),wehaveph(97908720)1070h,withhinmeters.
Case(b),d0.15D.Herewemustaccountforreservoirvolumechanges.Forarise
2
h h, a volume ( /4)d h of water leaves reservoir (a), decreasing L by
2
h(d/D) ,andanidenticalvolumeofoilentersreservoir(b),increasingHbythe
2
sameamount h(d/D) .Thehydrostaticrelationbetween(a)and(b)becomes,for
thiscase,
pa water [L h(d/D)2 h h] oil [H h(d/D)2 h h] p b ,

or: pa p b h water 1 d 2 D 2 oil 1 d 2 D 2 Ans.(b)
whereagainwehaveusedEq.(1)toeliminate HandL.Ifdisnotsmall,thisisa
considerabledifference,withsurprisinglylargeerror.Forthecased0.15D,withwater
andoil,weobtain p h[1.0225(9790) 0.9775(8720)] 1486 hor 39%more
than(a).
2.35Water flows upward in a pipe
slanted at 30, as in Fig. P2.35. The Fig.P2.35
mercurymanometerreadsh12cm.What
is the pressure difference between points
(1)and(2)inthepipe?
Solution:The vertical distance between

points 1 and 2 equals (2.0 m)tan 30 or
1.155 m. Go around the Utube hydro
staticallyfrompoint1topoint2:
p1 9790h 133100h
9790(1.155m) p2 ,
or: p1 p2 (133100 9790)(0.12) 11300 26100Pa Ans.
2.36InFig.P2.36boththetankandtheslantedtubeareopentotheatmosphere.IfL
2.13m,whatistheangleoftiltofthetube?
Fig.P2.36
Solution:Proceedhydrostaticallyfromtheoilsurfacetotheslantedtubesurface:
pa 0.8(9790)(0.5) 9790(0.5) 9790(2.13sin ) p a ,

or: sin 0.4225, solve 25 Ans.

2.37TheinclinedmanometerinFig.P2.37
contains Meriam red oil, SG 0.827. Fig.P2.37
Assumethereservoirisverylarge.Ifthe
inclinedarmhasgraduations1inchapart,
whatshouldbeifeachgraduationrepre
sents1psfofthepressurepA?
3
Solution:Thespecificweightoftheoilis(0.827)(62.4)51.6lbf/ft .Ifthereservoir
leveldoesnotchangeandL1inchisthescalemarking,then
lbf lbf 1
p A (gage) 1 2 oil z oil L sin 51.6 3 sin ,
ft
ft ft 12
or: sin 0.2325 or: 13.45 Ans.
P2.38 IfthepressureincontainerA
Fig.P2.38 B
is150kPa,computethepressurein
Water 18cm
containerB. A
Oil,
Solution:Thespecificweightsare SG=0.8
16cm
oil=(0.8)(9790)=7832N/m3,
22cm
Mercury
mercury=133,100N/m3,and
8cm
water=9790N/m3.
Godown16cmfromAtothemercuryinterface,jumpacrossandgoup14cm(22cm
8cm)totherightsidemercuryinterface,andthenup18cmofwatertopointB. Of
course,youcouldalsogostraightdowntothebottomofthetubeandthenacrossandup.
Calculate
p A (7832 N / m3 )(0.16m) (133100)(0.14) (9790)(0.18) p B

Given p A 150, 000 Pa , solve for pB 130,900 Pa 131 kPa Ans.
2.39InFig.P2.39therightlegofthemanometerisopentotheatmosphere.Findthe
gagepressure,inPa,intheairgapinthetank.Neglectsurfacetension.
Solution:The two 8cm legs of air are negligible (only 2 Pa). Begin at the right
mercuryinterfaceandgototheairgap:
0Pagage (133100N/m 3 )(0.12 0.09m)

(0.8 9790N/m 3 )(0.09 0.12 0.08m)
pairgap
or: pairgap 27951Pa 2271Pa 25700Pagage Ans.
Fig.P2.39
2.40In Fig. P2.40 the pressures at A and B are the same, 100 kPa. If water is
introducedatAtoincrease pA to130kPa,findandsketchthenewpositions ofthe
mercurymenisci.Theconnectingtubeisauniform1cmindiameter.Assumenochange
intheliquiddensities.
Fig.P2.40
Solution:Since the tube diameter is constant, the volume of mercury will displace a
distancehdowntheleftside,equaltothevolumeincreaseontherightside;hL.Apply
thehydrostaticrelationtothepressurechange,beginningattheright(air/mercury)interface:
p B Hg (L sin h) W (h L sin p with h L
or: 100,000 133100( h)(1 sin15) 9790(h)(1 sin15) p A 130,000Pa
Solvefor h (30,000Pa)/[(133100 9790N/m 2 )(1 sin15)] 0.193 m Ans.
Themercuryintheleft(vertical)legwilldrop19.3cm,themercuryintheright(slanted)
legwillrise19.3cmalongtheslantand5cminverticalelevation.
2.41ThesysteminFig.P2.41isat20C.
Determine the pressure at point A in Fig.P2.41
poundspersquarefoot.
Solution:Take the specific weights of

waterandmercuryfromTable2.1.Write
thehydrostaticformulafrompointAtothe
watersurface:
6 10 5 lbf
p A (0.85)(62.4lbf/ft 3 ) ft (846) (62.4) patm (14.7)(144) 2
12 12 12 ft
Solvefor p A 2770 lbf/ft 2 Ans.
2.42SmallpressuredifferencescanbemeasuredbythetwofluidmanometerinFig.
P2.42,where 2 isonlyslightlylargerthan 1.DeriveaformulaforpA pB ifthe
reservoirsareverylarge.
Solution:ApplythehydrostaticformulafromAtoB:
Fig.P2.42
p A 1gh1 2 gh 1g(h1 h) p B
Solvefor p A pB 2 1 gh Ans.
If(21)isverysmall,hwillbeverylargeforagivenp(asensitivemanometer).
2.43Thetraditionalmethodofmeasuringbloodpressureusesa sphygmomanometer,
firstrecordingthehighest(systolic)andthenthelowest(diastolic)pressurefromwhich
flowing Korotkoff sounds can be heard. Patients with dangerous hypertension can
2 2
exhibitsystolicpressuresashighas5lbf/in .Normallevels,however,are2.7and1.7lbf/in ,
respectively,forsystolicanddiastolicpressures.Themanometerusesmercuryandairas
fluids.(a)Howhighshouldthemanometertubebe?(b)Expressnormalsystolicand
diastolicbloodpressureinmillimetersofmercury.
Solution:(a)Themanometerheightmustbeatleastlargeenoughtoaccommodatethe
2
largestsystolicpressureexpected.Thusapplythehydrostaticrelationusing5lbf/in as
thepressure,
h p B /g (5lbf/in 2 )(6895Pa/lbf/in 2 )/(133100N/m3 ) 0.26m
Somaketheheightabout 30cm Ansa
(b)Convertthesystolicanddiastolicpressuresbydividingthembymercurysspecific
weight.
hsystolic (2.7lbf/in 2 )(144in 2 /ft 2 )/(846lbf/ft 3 ) 0.46ftHg 140mmHg
h diastolic (1.7lbf/in 2 )(144in 2 /ft 2 )/(846lbf/ft 3 ) 0.289ftHg 88mmHg
Thesystolic/diastolicpressuresarethus140/88mmHg.Ans.(b)
2.44Waterflowsdownwardinapipeat45 ,asshowninFig.P2.44.Themercury
manometerreadsa6inheight.Thepressuredropp2p1ispartlyduetofrictionandpartly
duetogravity.Determinethetotalpressuredropandalsothepartduetofrictiononly.
Whichpartdoesthemanometerread?Why?
Fig.P2.44
Solution:Lethbethedistancedownfrompoint2tothemercurywaterinterfacein
therightleg.Writethehydrostaticformulafrom1to2:
6 6
p1 62.4 5sin 45 h 846 62.4h p 2 ,
12 12
p1 p2 (846 62.4)(6/12) 62.4(5sin 45) 392 221
.... friction loss... .. gravity head..
lbf
171 Ans.
ft 2
2
Themanometerreadsonlythe frictionloss of392lbfft ,notthegravityheadof
221psf.
2.45DeterminethegagepressureatpointAinFig.P2.45,inpascals.Isithigherorlower
thanPatmosphere?
3 3
Solution:Take 9790Nm forwaterand133100Nm for mercury. Write the
hydrostaticformulabetweentheatmosphereandpointA:
patm (0.85)(9790)(0.4m)
(133100)(0.15m) (12)(0.30m)
(9790)(0.45m) p A ,
Fig.P2.45
or: p A patm 12200Pa 12200 Pa (vacuum) Ans.
2.46In Fig. P2.46 both ends of the

manometer are open to the atmosphere. Fig.P2.46
EstimatethespecificgravityoffluidX.
Solution:Thepressureatthebottomofthe
manometermustbethesameregardlessof
whichlegweapproachthrough,leftorright:
patm (8720)(0.1) (9790)(0.07)

(0.04) (leftleg)
pXatm (8720)(0.09) (9790)(0.05) X (0.06) (rightleg)
14150
or: X 14150N/m 3 , SG X 1.45 Ans.
9790
2.47ThecylindricaltankinFig.P2.47
isbeingfilledwith20Cwaterbyapump Fig.P2.47
developing an exit pressureof 175kPa.
Attheinstantshown,theairpressureis
110kPaandH35cm.Thepumpstops
when it can no longer raise the water
pressure.EstimateHatthattime.
Solution:Attheendofpumping,thebottomwaterpressuremustbe175kPa:
pair 9790H 175000
Meanwhile,assumingisothermalaircompression,thefinalairpressureissuchthat
pair Vol old R 2(0.75m) 0.75

110000 Vol new R (1.1m H) 1.1 H
2
whereRisthetankradius.CombiningthesetwogivesaquadraticequationforH:
0.75(110000)
9790H 175000, or H 2 18.98H 11.24 0
1.1 H
ThetworootsareH18.37m(ridiculous)or,properly,H0.612mAns.
Air
P2.48ThesysteminFig.P2.49 A
C
is open to 1 atm on the right side.

D
L
(a)IfL=120cm,whatistheair 32cm
35 Fig.P2.48
B
pressureincontainerA? 18cm
15cm
(b)Conversely,ifpA=135kPa, z=0
Mercury Water
whatisthelengthL?
Solution: (a)Theverticalelevationofthewatersurfaceintheslantedtubeis(1.2m)
(sin55)=0.983m.Thenthepressureatthe18cmlevelofthewater,pointD,is
N
p D p atm water z 101350 Pa (9790 )(0.983 0.18m) 109200 Pa
m3
GoingupfromDtoCinairisnegligible,lessthan2Pa.Thus pC pD=109200Pa.
GoingdownfrompointCtothelevelofpointBincreasesthepressureinmercury:
N
p B pC mercury z C B 109200 (133100 )(0.32 0.18m) 131800 Pa Ans.( a )
m3
This is the answer, since again it is negligible to go up to point A in low-density air.

(b) Given pA = 135 kPa, go down from point A to point B with negligible air-pressure
change, then jump across the mercury U-tube and go up to point C with a decrease:
pC p B mercury z B C 135000 (133100)(0.32 0.15) 112400 Pa
Onceagain,pCpD112400Pa,jumpacrossthewaterandthengouptothesurface:
p atm p D water z 112400 9790( z surface 0.18m) 101350 Pa

Solve for z surface 1.126 m
Then the slanted distance L 1.126m / sin 55 1.375 m Ans.(b)
2.48Conductanexperiment:Placeathinwoodenruleronatablewitha40%
overhang,asshown.Coveritwith2fullsizesheetsofnewspaper.(a)Estimatethetotal
forceontop
ofthenewspaperduetoairpressure.(b)Witheveryoneoutoftheway,perform
akaratechopontheouterendoftheruler.(c)Explaintheresultsinb.
Results:(a)Newsprintisabout27in(0.686m)by22.5in(0.572m).Thustheforceis:
F pA (101325Pa)(0.686m )(0.572m)
39700N! Ans.
Fig.P2.48
(b)Thenewspaperwillholdtheruler,whichwillprobablybreakduetothechop.Ans.
(c)Chopisfast,airdoesnothavetimetorushin,partialvacuumundernewspaper.Ans.
P2.50 Asmallsubmarine,withahatchdoor30inchesindiameter,issubmergedin
seawater.(a)Ifthewaterhydrostaticforceonthehatchis69,000lbf,howdeepisthe
sub?(b)Ifthesubis350ftdeep,whatisthehydrostaticforceonthehatch?
Solution:Ineithercase,theforceispCGAhatch.StaywithBGunits.Convert30inches=
2.5ft.Forseawater,=1025kg/m3 515.38=1.99slug/ft3,hence=(1.99)(32.2)=
64.0lbf/ft3.
lbf
(a ) F pcg A ( h) A 69, 000 lbf (64 3
)h (2.5 ft ) 2 ; h 220 ft Ans.(a )
ft 4
lbf
(b) F pcg A ( h) A (64 3 ) (350 ft ) (2.5 ft ) 2 110, 000 lbf Ans.(b)
ft 4
2.51GateABinFig.P2.51is1.2mlong
and 0.8 m into the paper. Neglecting Fig.P2.51
atmosphericpressureeffects,compute the
force F on the gate and its center of
pressurepositionX.
Solution:The centroidal depth of the

gateis
h CG 4.0 (1.0 0.6)sin 40 5.028m,
hence FAB oil h CG A gate (0.82 9790)(5.028)(1.2 0.8) 38750 N Ans.
ThelineofactionofFisslightlybelowthecentroidbytheamount
I xx sin (1/12)(0.8)(1.2)3sin 40
y CP 0.0153m
h CG A (5.028)(1.2 0.8)
ThusthepositionofthecenterofpressureisatX0.60.01530.615mAns.
P2.52 Example2.5calculatedtheforceon

A
plateABanditslineofaction,usingthe
p()
momentofinertiaapproach.Someteachers
sayitismoreinstructivetocalculatethese 6ft
bydirectintegrationofthepressureforces. 8ft
B
UsingFigs.P2.52andE2.5a,(a)findanexpression
Fig.P2.52
forthepressurevariationp()alongtheplate;
(b)integratethispressuretofindthetotalforceF;
(c)integratethemomentsaboutpointAtofindthepositionofthecenterofpressure.
Solution:(a)PointAis9ftdeep,andpointBis15ftdeep,and =64lbf/ft3.ThuspA
=(64lbf/ft3)(9ft)=576lbf/ft2 and pB =(64lbf/ft3)(15ft)=960lbf/ft2. Alongthe10ft
length,pressureincreasesby(960576)/10ft=38.4lbf/ft2/ft.Thusthepressureis
p ( ) 576 38.4 (lbf / ft 2 ) Ans.(a )

(b) Giventhattheplatewidthb=5ft.Integrateforthetotalforceontheplate:
10
F p dA p b d (576 38.4 )(5 ft )d
plate 0
(5)(576 38.4 2
/ 2) |10
0 28800 9600 38,400 lbf Ans.(b)
(c)FindthemomentofthepressureforcesaboutpointAanddividebytheforce:
Thecenterofpressureis5.417ftdowntheplatefromPointA.
10
MA p b dA (576 38.4 )(5 ft )d
plate 0
(5)(576 2 / 2 38.4 3 / 3) |10

0 144000 64000 208,000 ft lbf
MA 208000 ft lbf
Then CP 5.42 ft Ans.(c)
F 38400 lbf
2.53PanelABCintheslantedsideofa
watertank(shownatright)isanisoceles
trianglewithvertexatAandbaseBC2m.
Findthewaterforceonthepanelandits
lineofaction.
Solution:(a)ThecentroidofABCis23
of the depth down, or 83 m from the
surface.Thepanelareais(12)(2m)(5m)
2
5m .Thewaterforceis
FABC h CG A panel (9790)(2.67m)(5m 2 ) 131, 000 N Ans.(a)
3 4
(b)ThemomentofinertiaofABCis(136)(2m)(5m) 6.94m .FromEq.(2.44),
y CP I xx sin /(h CG A panel ) 6.94 sin (53)/[2.67(5)] 0.417 m Ans.(b)
Thecentroidis5(2/3)=3.33mdownfromAalongthepanel.Thecenterofpressureis
thus(3.33+0.417)=3.75mdownfromA,or1.25mupfromBC.
2.54In Fig. P2.54, the hydrostatic force F is the same on the bottom of all three
containers,eventhoughtheweightsofliquidabovearequitedifferent.Thethreebottom
shapesandthefluidsarethesame.Thisiscalledthehydrostaticparadox.Explainwhyit
istrueandsketchafreebodyofeachoftheliquidcolumns.
Fig.P2.54
Solution:Thethreefreebodiesareshownbelow.Pressureonthesidewallsbalances
theforces.In(a),downwardsidepressurecomponentshelpaddtoalightW.In(b)side
pressuresarehorizontal.In(c)upwardsidepressurehelpsreduceaheavyW.
2.55GateABinFig.P2.55is5ftwide
intothepaper,hingedatA,andrestrained Fig.P2.55
byastopatB.Compute(a)theforceon
stopB;and(b)thereactionsatAifh9.5
ft.
Solution:The centroid of AB is 2.0 ft

below A, hence the centroidal depth is
h247.5ft.Thenthetotalhydrostatic
forceonthegateis
F h CG A gate (62.4lbf/ft 3 )(7.5ft)(20ft 2 ) 9360lbf
TheC.P.isbelowthecentroidbytheamount
I xx sin (1/12)(5)(4)3 sin 90
y CP
h CG A (7.5)(20)
0.178ft
Thisisshownonthefreebodyofthegate
atright.WefindforceBx withmoments
aboutA:
M A Bx (4.0) (9360)(2.178) 0,
or: Bx 5100 lbf (toleft) Ans.(a)
ThereactionforcesatAthenfollowfromequilibriumofforces(withzerogateweight):
Fx 0 9360 5100 A x , or: A x 4260lbf (toleft)
Fz 0 A z Wgate A z , or: A z 0lbf Ans.(b)
2.56ForthegateofProb.2.55above,stopBbreaksiftheforceonitequals9200lbf.
Forwhatwaterdepthhisthisconditionreached?
Solution:TheformulasmustbewrittenintermsoftheunknowncentroidaldepthhCG:
h CG h 2 F h CG A (62.4)h CG (20) 1248h CG
I XX sin (1/12)(5)(4)3sin 90 1.333
y CP
h CG A h CG (20) h CG
ThenmomentsaboutAforthefreebodyinProb.2.155abovewillyieldtheanswer:
1.333
M A 0 9200(4) (1248h CG ) 2 , or h CG 14.08ft, h 16.08ft Ans.
h CG

2.57ThetankinFig.P2.57is2mwide
into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric Fig.P2.57
pressure, find the resultant hydrostatic
force on panel BC, (a) from a single
formula; (b)bycomputinghorizontaland
vertical forces separately, in the spirit of
curvedsurfaces.
Solution:(a)TheresultantforceF,maybefoundbysimplyapplyingthehydrostatic
relation
F h CG A (9790N/m 3 )(3 1.5m)(5m 2m) 440,550N 441kN Ans.(a)
(b)ThehorizontalforceactsasthoughBCwerevertical,thushCGishalfwaydownfrom
CandactsontheprojectedareaofBC.
FH (9790)(4.5)(3 2) 264,330N 264kN Ans.(b)
TheverticalforceisequaltotheweightoffluidaboveBC,
FV (9790)[(3)(4) (1/2)(4)(3)](2) 352,440 352kN Ans.(b)
2 2 1/2
Theresultantisthesameaspart(a):F[(264) (352) ] 441kN.
2.58InFig.P2.58,weightlesscovergateABclosesacircularopening80cmindiameter
whenweigheddownbythe200kgmassshown.Whatwaterlevelhwilldislodgethegate?
Solution:Thecentroidaldepthisexactly
Fig.P2.58
equaltohandforceFwillbeupwardonthegate.DislodgingoccurswhenFequalsthe
weight:

F h CG A gate (9790N/m 3 )h(0.8m) 2 W (200)(9.81)N
4
Solvefor h 0.40 m Ans.
2.59GateABhaslengthL,widthbinto
the paper, is hinged at B, and has
negligible weight. The liquid level h
remainsatthetopofthegateforanyangle
.Findananalyticexpressionfortheforce
P,perpendiculartoAB,requiredtokeep
thegateinequilibrium.
Solution:Thecentroidofthegateremains
atdistanceL2fromAanddepthh2below
thesurface.Forany,then,thehydrostaticforceisF (h2)Lb.Themomentofinertia
3 3
of the gate is (112)bL , hence yCP (112)bL sin[(h2)Lb], and the center of
pressureis(L2yCP)frompointB.SummingmomentsabouthingeByields
PL F(L/2 yCP ), or: P = (hb/4)[L - L2 sin /(3h)] Ans.
P2.60 Determinethewaterhydrostatic
Fig. P2.60
forceononesideoftheverticalequilateral 20cm
B C
trianglepanelBCDinFig..P2.60.Neglect
CG
37
atmosphericpressure.
F 40cm
Solution:PythagorassaysthatthelengthsofDC,
53
BC,andBDareall50cm.Thecentroidofthepanel
D 30cm
wouldliealongthebisectorBF,whoselengthis50sin60=43.3cm.
TheCGwouldbe1/3ofthewayfromFtoB,or14.4cmawayfromF.TheCGwould
be14.4sin37=8.66cmverticallyaboveF,andFis20cmabovethebottom.Thusthe
CGis60cm20cm8.66cm=31.34cmbelow thesurfaceofthewater. The
hydrostaticforceis
Atriangle (1/ 2)(50 cm)(43.3 cm) 1082 cm 2 0.1082 m 2

pCG water hCG (9790 N / m3 )(0.3134 m) 3068 Pa
Finally, Fpanel pCG A (3068 Pa )(0.1082 m 2 ) 332 N Ans.
2.61GateABinFig.P2.61isahomogeneousmassof180kg,1.2mwideintothe
paper,restingonsmoothbottomB.Allfluidsareat20C.Forwhatwaterdepthhwill
theforceatpointBbezero?
3 3
Solution:Let12360Nm forglycerinand9790Nm forwater.Thecentroidof
Fig.P2.61
ABis0.433mverticallybelowA,sohCG
2.0 0.433 1.567 m, and we may
compute theglycerinforceanditslineof
action:
Fg hA (12360)(1.567)(1.2) 23242N
(1/12)(1.2)(1)3sin 60
y CP,g 0.0461m
(1.567)(1.2)
Theseareshownonthefreebodyatright.
Thewaterforceanditslineofactionare
shown without numbers, because they
depend upon the centroidal depth on the
waterside:
Fw (9790)h CG (1.2)
(1/12)(1.2)(1)3 sin 60 0.0722

y CP
h CG (1.2) h CG
Theweightofthegate,W180(9.81)1766N,actsatthecentroid,asshownabove.
SincetheforceatBequalszero,wemaysummomentscounterclockwiseaboutAtofind
thewaterdepth:
M A 0 (23242)(0.5461) (1766)(0.5cos60)
(9790)h CG (1.2)(0.5 0.0722/h CG )
Solvefor h CG,water 2.09m, or: h h CG 0.433 2.52m Ans.
2.62GateABinFig.P2.62is15ftlongand8ftwideintothepaper,hingedatB
withastopatA.Thegateis1inthicksteel,SG 7.85.Computethe20Cwater
levelhforwhichthegatewillstarttofall.
Solution:Onlythelength(hcsc60)ofthegateliesbelowthewater.Onlythispart
Fig.P2.62
contributestothehydrostaticforceshowninthefreebodyatright:
h
F h CG A (62.4) (8h csc 60)
2
288.2h 2 (lbf)
(1/12)(8)(h csc 60)3sin 60
y CP
(h/2)(8h csc 60)
h
csc 60
6
3
Theweightofthegateis(7.85)(62.4lbf/ft )(15ft)(1/12ft)(8ft)4898lbf.Thisweight
acts downward at the CG of the full gate as shown (not the CG of the submerged
portion).Thus,Wis7.5ftabovepointBandhasmomentarm(7.5cos60ft)aboutB.
WearenowinapositiontofindhbysummingmomentsaboutthehingelineB:
M B (10000)(15) (288.2h 2 )[(h/2) csc 60 (h/6)csc 60] 4898(7.5cos 60) 0,

or: 110.9h 3 150000 18369, h (131631/110.9)1/3 10.6ft Ans.
2.63ThetankinFig.P2.63hasa4cm 20Cfluids,whatwillbethereadinghon
diameter plug which will pop out if the themanometerwhenthishappens?
hydrostaticforceonitreaches25N.For
Solution:Thewaterdepthwhentheplug
popsoutis Fig.P2.63
(0.04)2
F 25N h CG A (9790)h CG
or h 2.032m 4
CG
Itmakeslittlenumericaldifference,butthemercurywaterinterfaceisalittledeeperthan
this,bytheamount(0.02sin50)ofplugdepth,plus2cmoftubelength.Thus
patm (9790)(2.032 0.02 sin 50 0.02) (133100)h patm ,
or: h 0.152 m Ans.
2.64GateABCinFig.P2.64hasafixed
hingeatBandis2mwideintothepaper. Fig.P2.64
Ifthewaterlevelishighenough,thegate
willopen.Computethedepth h forwhich
thishappens.
Solution:Let H (h 1meter)bethe
depthdowntothelevelAB.Theforceson
ABandBCareshowninthefreebodyat
right.ThemomentsoftheseforcesaboutB
areequalwhenthegateopens:
M B 0 H(0.2)b(0.1)
H H
(Hb)
2 3
or: H 0.346m,
h H 1 1.346 m Ans.
Thissolutionisindependentofboththewater
densityandthegatewidthbintothepaper.
2.65Gate AB in Fig. P2.65 is semi

circular, hinged at B, and held by a Fig.P2.65
horizontal force P at point A. Determine
therequiredforcePforequilibrium.
Solution:Thecentroid ofasemicircle
is at4R/3 1.273moffthebottom,as
shownin the sketch at right. Thus it is
3.01.2731.727mdownfromtheforce
P.ThewaterforceFis

F h CG A (9790)(5.0 1.727) (3)2
2
931000N
ThelineofactionofFliesbelowtheCG:
I xx sin (0.10976)(3)4 sin 90
y CP 0.0935m
h CG A (5 1.727)( /2)(3)2
ThensummingmomentsaboutByieldsthepropersupportforceP:
M B 0 (931000)(1.273 0.0935) 3P, or: P 366000N Ans.
2.66Dam ABC in Fig. P2.66 is 30 m

wideintothepaperandisconcrete(SG Fig.P2.66
2.40).Findthehydrostaticforceonsurface
AB and its moment about C. Could this
forcetipthedamover?Wouldfluidseepage
underthedamchangeyourargument?
Solution:ThecentroidofsurfaceABis
40mdeep,andthetotalforceonABis
F h CG A (9790)(40)(100 30)
1.175E9N
Thelineofactionofthisforceistwothirds
of the way down along AB, or 66.67 m
fromA.Thisisseeneitherbyinspection
(A is at the surface) or by the usual
formula:
I xx sin (1/12)(30)(100)3sin(53.13)
y CP 16.67m
h CG A (40)(30 100)
tobeaddedtothe50mdistancefromAtothecentroid,or5016.6766.67m.As
showninthefigure,thelineofactionofFis2.67mtotheleftofalineupfromCnormal
toAB.ThemomentofFaboutCisthus
MC FL (1.175E9)(66.67 64.0) 3.13E9N m Ans.
Thismomentiscounterclockwise,henceitcannottipoverthedam.Iftherewereseepage
underthedam,themainsupportforceatthebottomofthedamwouldshifttotheleftof
pointCandmightindeedcausethedamtotipover.
2.67Generalize Prob. 2.66 with length

ABasH,lengthBCasL,andangle Fig.P2.67
ABCas ,withwidthbintothepaper.
If the dam material has specific gravity
SG, with no seepage, find the critical
angle c for which the dam will just tip
overtotheright.Evaluatethisexpression
forSG2.40.
Solution:Bygeometry, L Hcos and

theverticalheightofthedamisHsin.The
forceFonsurfaceABis (H/2)(sin)Hb,anditspositionisat2H/3downfrompointA,
asshowninthefigure.ItsmomentarmaboutCisthus(H/3 Lcos).Meanwhilethe
weightofthedamisW(SG) (L/2)H(sin)b,withamomentarmL/3asshown.Then
summationofclockwisemomentsaboutCgives,forcriticaltipoverconditions,
H H L L
MC 0 sin Hb L cos SG( ) H sin b with L H cos .
2 3 2 3

Solvefor cos2 c Ans.
SG
Anyanglegreaterthan c willcausetipovertotheright.Fortheparticular caseof
concrete,SG2.40,cosc0.430,orc64.5,whichisgreaterthanthegivenangle
53.13inProb.2.66,hencetherewasnotippinginthatproblem.
2.68Isosceles triangle gate AB in

Fig.P2.68ishingedatAandweighs1500 Fig.P2.68
N. WhathorizontalforcePisrequiredat
pointBforequilibrium?
Solution:Thegateis2.0/sin50 2.611
mlongfromAtoBanditsareais1.3054
2
m .Itscentroidis1/3ofthewaydownfrom
A,sothecentroidaldepthis3.00.667m.
Theforceonthegateis
F h CG A (0.83)(9790)(3.667)(1.3054)
38894N
The position of this force is below the
centroid:
I xx sin
y CP
h A
(1/CG36)(1.0)(2.611)3sin 50
0.0791m
(3.667)(1.3054)
Theforceanditspositionareshowninthefreebodyatupperright.Thegateweightof
1500Nisassumedatthecentroidoftheplate,withmomentarm0.559metersaboutpointA.
SummingmomentsaboutpointAgivestherequiredforceP:
M A 0 P(2.0) 1500(0.559) 38894(0.870 0.0791),
Solvefor P 18040N Ans.
P2.69 ConsidertheslantedplateABof

lengthLinFig.P2.69.(a)Isthehydrostatic
F B
forceFontheplateequaltotheweight
Water,specificweight
ofthemissingwaterabovetheplate?Ifnot,
Fig.P2.69
correctthishypothesis.Neglecttheatmosphere.
(b)Canamissingwaterapproachbegeneralizedtocurvedplatesofthistype?
Solution: (a) The actual force F equals the pressure at the centroid times the plate area:
But the weight of the missing water is
L sin 2
F pCG A plate hCG L b Lb L b sin
2 2
1 2
Wmissing missing [ ( L sin ) ( L cos ) b] L b sin cos
2 2
Whythediscrepancy?Becausetheactualplateforceisnotvertical.Itsverticalcomponent
is F cos = Wmissing. Themissingwaterweightequalsthe vertical componentofthe
force.Ans.(a)Thissameapproachappliestocurvedplateswithmissingwater.Ans.(b)
P2.70 Theswingcheckvalvein
Air
Fig.P2.70coversa22.86cmdiameter
openingintheslantedwall.Thehinge 15cm h
hinge
is15cmfromthecenterline,asshown.
60 Waterat20C
Thevalvewillopenwhenthehinge
Fig.P2.70
momentis50Nm.Findthevalueof
hforthewatertocausethiscondition.
Solution:Forwater,take=9790N/m3.Thehydrostaticforceonthevalveis
N
F pCG A h ( ) R 2 (9790 3
) h ( )(0.1143m) 2 401.8 h
m
Thecenterofpressureisslightlybelowthecenterlinebyanamount
sin I xx (9790) sin(30 )( / 4)(0.1143) 4 0.00653

y CP
F 100.45 h h
The60angleinthefigureisaredherringweneedthe30anglewiththehorizontal.
Thenthemomentaboutthehingeis
0.00653
M hinge F l (401.8 h)(0.15 ) 50 N m
h
Solve for h 0.79 m Ans.
SinceyCPissosmall(2mm),youdontreallyneedEES.Justiterateonceortwice.
2.71InFig.P2.71gateABis3mwide
intothepaperandis connected byarod Fig.P2.71
and pulley to a concrete sphere (SG
2.40).Whatspherediameterisjustrightto
closethegate?
Solution:The centroid of AB is 10 m
downfromthesurface,hencethehydrostatic
forceis
F h CG A (9790)(10)(4 3)
1.175E6N
The line of action is slightly below the

centroid:
(1/12)(3)(4)3sin 90
y CP 0.133m
(10)(12)
SummomentsaboutBinthefreebodyat
righttofindthepulleyforceorweightW:
M B 0 W(6 8 4m) (1.175E6)(2.0 0.133m), or W 121800N
Setthisvalueequaltotheweightofasolidconcretesphere:
3
W 121800N concrete D (2.4)(9790) D3 , or: Dsphere 2.15 m Ans.
6 6
2.72Gate B is 30 cm high and 60 cm airpressurecausesaforce,Fair,whichacts

wideintothepaperandhingedatthetop. onthegateat0.15mabovepointD.
Whatisthewaterdepth h whichwillfirst
causethegatetoopen?
Solution:Theminimumheightneededto
openthegatecanbeassessedbycalculating
thehydrostaticforceoneachsideofthegate
andequatingmomentsaboutthehinge.The
Fig.P2.72
Fair (10,000Pa)(0.3m)(0.6m) 1800N

Sincetheairpressureisuniform,Fairactsatthecentroidofthegate,or15cmbelowthe
hinge.Theforceimpartedbythewaterissimplythehydrostaticforce,
Fw ( h CG A)w (9790N/m 3 )(h 0.15m)(0.3m)(0.6m) 1762.2h 264.3
Thisforcehasacenterofpressureat,
(1/12)(0.6)(0.3)3 (sin 90o ) 0.0075

yCP with h in meters
(h 0.15)(0.3)(0.6) h 0.15
Summomentsaboutthehingeandsetequaltozerotofindtheminimumheight:
M hinge 0 (1762.2h 264.3)[0.15 (0.0075/(h 0.15))] (1800)(0.15)
Thisisquadraticinh,butletssimplysolvebyiteration:h1.12mAns.
2.73WeightlessgateABis5ftwideinto
thepaperandopenstoletfreshwaterout Fig.P2.73
whentheoceantideisfalling.Thehingeat
Ais2ftabovethefreshwaterlevel.Findh
whenthegateopens.
Solution:Therearetwodifferenthydro
static forces and two different lines of
action.Onthewaterside,
Fw h CG A (62.4)(5)(10 5) 15600lbf
positionedat3.33ftabovepointB.Inthe
seawater,
h
Fs (1.025 62.4) (5h)
2
2
positioned at159.9h (lbf) point B. Summing moments about hinge point A gives the
h/3 above
desiredseawaterdepthh:
M A 0 (159.9h 2 )(12 h/3) (15600)(12 3.33),

or 53.3h 3 1918.8h 2 135200 0, solvefor h 9.85 ft Ans.
2.74Findtheheight H inFig.P2.74for
which the hydrostatic force on the rect Fig.P2.74
angularpanelisthesameastheforceon
thesemicircularpanelbelow.
Solution:Findtheforceoneachpaneland
setthemequal:
Frect h CG A rect (H/2)[(2R)(H)] RH 2
Fsemi h CG Asemi (H 4R/3
2
)[( /2)R22 ] 3 2 2
Setthemequal,cancel RH ( /2)R H2R /3,or:H ( /2)RH2R /30
Finally, H R[/4 + {(/4)2 + 2/3}1/2 ] 1.92R Ans.
P2.75 ThecapatpointBonthe Oil,

SG=0.8
5cmdiametertubeinFig.P2.75
willbedislodgedwhenthehydrostatic water h
1m
forceonitsbasereaches22lbf.
Forwhatwaterdepthhdoesthisoccur? 2m
Fig.P2.75
Solution:ConvertthecapforcetoSIunits:22lbfx4.4482=97.9N.
Thenthedislodging:pressurejustundercapBwillbe
F 97.9 N
pB 49,800 Pa ( gage)
Atube ( / 4)(0.05 m) 2
BeginatpointB,godownandaroundthetwofluidstothesurfaceofthetank:
N N N
49800 Pa (0.8)(9790 3
)(1 m) (9790 3
)(2 m) (9790 )( h) psurface 0 ( gage)
m m m3
77250 Pa
Solve for h 7.89 m Ans.
9790 N / m3
2.76PanelBCinFig.P2.76iscircular.Compute(a)thehydrostaticforceofthe
wateronthepanel;(b)itscenterofpressure;and(c)themomentofthisforceabout
pointB.
Solution:(a)Thehydrostaticforceonthe Fig.P2.76
gateis:
F h CG A
(9790N/m 3 )(4.5m)sin 50( )(1.5m)2
239kN Ans.(a)
(b)Thecenterofpressureoftheforceis:
4
r sin
I xx sin 4
yCP
hCG A 4 hCG A
(1.5) sin 50
4 0.125 m Ans.(b)
(4.5 sin 50)( )(1.52 )
Thusyis1.625mdownalongthepanelfromB(or0.125mdownfromthecenterof
thecircle).
(c)ThemomentaboutBduetothehydrostaticforceis,
M B (238550N)(1.625m) 387,600N m 388kN m Ans.(c)
2.77Circular gate ABCis hinged atB.

Compute theforcejustsufficient tokeep Fig.P2.77
the gate from opening when h 8 m.
Neglectatmosphericpressure.
Solution:The hydrostatic force on the

gateis
F h CG A (9790)(8 m)( m 2 )
246050N
ThisforceactsbelowpointBbythedistance
I xx sin ( /4)(1)4sin 90
y CP 0.03125m
h CG A (8)( )
SummingmomentsaboutBgivesP(1m)(246050)(0.03125m),orP7690NAns.
_______________________________________________________________________
P2.78PanelsABandCDareeach
30cm
120cmwideintothepaper.(a)Can
40cm water
D
youdeduce,byinspection,which A
panelhasthelargerwaterforce? 50cm
40cm
(b)Evenifyourdeductionisbrilliant, 40 B C 50
calculatethepanelforcesanyway.
Fig.P2.78
Solution: (a) The writer is unable to deduce by inspection which panel force is larger.
CD is longer than AB, but its centroid is not as deep. If you have a great insight, let me
know.
(b) The length of AB is (40cm)/sin40 = 62.23 cm. The centroid of AB is 40+20 = 60

cm below the surface. The length of CD is (50cm)/sin50 = 65.27 cm. The centroid of
AB is 30+25 = 55 cm below the surface. Calculate the two forces:
N
FAB hAB AAB (9790 )(0.6m)(0.6223m)(1.2m) 4390 N
m3
N
FCD hCD ACD (9790 )(0.55m)(0.6527 m)(1.2m) 4220 N Ans.(b)
m3
It turns out that panel AB has the larger force, but it is only 4 percent larger.
2.79Gate ABC in Fig. P2.79 is 1m

square and hinged at B. It opens auto Fig.P2.79
matically when the water level is high
enough. Neglecting atmospheric pressure,
determinethelowestlevelhforwhichthe
gatewillopen.Isyourresultindependent
oftheliquiddensity?
Solution:The gate will open when the

hydrostaticforceFonthegateisaboveB,
thatis,when
I xx sin
y CP
h CG A
(1/12)(1m)(1m)3sin 90
0.1m,
or: h 2 )0.5 0.833m, or: h 0.333m
(h 0.5m)(1m Ans.
Indeed,thisresultisindependentoftheliquiddensity.
*P2.80Aconcretedam(SG=2.5)ismade
intheshapeofanisoscelestriangle,asin
h
Fig.P2.80.Analyzethisgeometrytofind L
F
therangeofanglesforwhichthe W
hydrostaticforcewilltendtotipthedam B
overatpointB.Thewidthintothepaperisb. l
Solution: Thecriticalangleiswhenthehydrostaticforce F causesaclockwisemoment

equaltothecounterclockwisemomentofthedamweightW.Thelength Loftheslanted
sideofthedamisL=h/sin.TheforceFistwothirdsofthewaydownthisface.The
momentarmoftheweightaboutpointBis l=h/tanThemomentarmofFaboutpoint
Bisquitedifficult,andyoushouldcheckthis:
L 1 h 2h
Moment arm of F about B is 2l cos cos
3 3 sin tan
Evaluatethetwoforcesandthentheirmoments:
h h h
F b ; W SG dam SG h b
2 sin tan
h2 b h 2h cos SG h 2 b h
M B ( ) ( ) clockwise
2 sin 3 sin tan tan tan
Whenthemomentisnegative(small,thedamisstable,itwillnottipover.Themoment
iszero,forSG=2.5,at=77.4.Thustippingispossibleintherange >77.4.Ans.
NOTE:Thisanswerisindependentofthenumericalvaluesofh,g,orbbutrequiresSG=2.5.
P2.81 ForthesemicircularcylinderCDEinEx.2.9,findtheverticalhydrostaticforceby
integratingtheverticalcomponentofpressurearoundthesurfacefrom=0to=.
Solution:Asketchisrepeatedhere.Atanyposition,
A
asinFig.P2.81,theverticalcomponentofpressureis
h
pcos. Thedepthdowntothispointish+R(1cos),
C p
andthelocalpressureistimesthisdepth. Thus

R
F p cos dA [h R(1 cos )] (cos ) [b R d ] D
0

bR (h R ) cos d bR 2 cos
2
d 0 bR 2
0 0
2 Fig.P2.81
E
2
Rewrite : Fdown R b Ans.
2
ThenegativesignoccursbecausethesignconventionfordFwasadownwardforce.
__________________________________________________________________________
2.82ThedaminFig.P2.82isaquartercircle50mwideintothepaper.Determinethe
horizontalandverticalcomponentsofhydrostaticforceagainstthedamandthepointCP
wheretheresultantstrikesthedam.
Solution:Thehorizontalforceactsasifthedamwereverticaland20mhigh:
FH h CG A vert
(9790N/m 3 )(10m)(20 50m 2 )
97.9 MN Ans.
Fig.P2.82
Thisforceacts2/3ofthewaydownor13.33mfromthesurface,asinthefigure.The
verticalforceistheweightofthefluidabovethedam:

FV (Vol)dam (9790N/m 3 ) (20m)2 (50m) 153.8MN Ans.
4
Thisverticalcomponentactsthroughthecentroidofthewaterabovethedam,or4R/3
4(20 m)/3 8.49 m tothe right ofpoint A, as shown in the figure. The resultant
2 2
hydrostaticforceisF [(97.9MN) (153.8MN) ]1/2182.3MNactingdownatan
angleof32.5fromthevertical.ThelineofactionofFstrikesthecirculararcdamABat
thecenterofpressureCP,whichis10.74mtotherightand3.13mupfrompointA,as
showninthefigure.Ans.
2.83Gate AB is a quartercircle 10 ft
wideandhingedatB.FindtheforceFjust Fig.P2.83
sufficient to keep the gate from opening.
Thegateisuniformandweighs3000lbf.
Solution:The horizontal force is

computedasifABwerevertical:
FH h CG A vert (62.4)(4ft)(8 10ft 2 )
19968lbf acting5.33ftbelowA
Theverticalforceequalstheweightofthe
missingpieceofwaterabovethegate,as
shownbelow.
FV (62.4)(8)(8 10) (62.4)( /4)(8)2 (10)

39936 31366 8570lbf
Thelineofactionxforthis8570lbfforceisfoundbysummingmomentsfromabove:
M B (ofFV ) 8570x 39936(4.0) 31366(4.605), or x 1.787ft
Finally,thereisthe3000lbfgateweightW,whosecentroidis2R/ 5.093ftfrom
forceF,or8.05.0932.907ftfrompointB.ThenwemaysummomentsabouthingeB
to find the force F, using the freebody of the gate as sketched at the topright of
thispage:
M B (clockwise) 0 F(8.0) (3000)(2.907) (8570)(1.787) (19968)(2.667),

59840
or F 7480lbf Ans.
8.0
P2.84 PanelABisaparabolawithitsmaximum
water
25cm
atpointA.Itis150cmwideintothepaper. A
C
Neglectatmosphericpressure.Find(a)thevertical
and(b)horizontalwaterforcesonthepanel. 75cm parabola
Fig.P2.84
40cm B
Solution:(b)Thehorizontalforceiscalculatedfromtheverticalprojectionofthepanel
(frompointAdowntothebottom). Thisisarectangle,75cmby150cm,andits
centroidis37.5cmbelowA,or(25+37.5)=62.5cmbelowthesurface.Thus
N
FH pCG , H A projected [9790 (0.625m)][0.75m(1.50m)] 6880 N Ans.(b)
m3
(a)Theverticalforceistheweightofwaterabovethepanel.Thisisintwoparts(1)the
weightoftherectangularportionabovethelineAC;and(2)thelittlecurvypieceabove
theparabolaandbelowlineAC.RecallfromEx.2.8thattheareaunderaparabolais
twothirds of the enclosed rectangle, so that little curvy piece is onethird of the
rectangle.Thus,finally,
1
F V (9790)(0.25)(0.4)(1.5) (9790)( )(0.75)(0.4)(1.5)
3
1469 N 1469 N 2940 N Ans.(a )
2.85Computethehorizontalandverticalcomponentsofthehydrostaticforceonthe
quartercirclepanelatthebottomofthewatertankinFig.P2.85.
Solution:Thehorizontalcomponentis
FH h CG A vert (9790)(6)(2 6)
705000N Ans.(a)
Fig.P2.85
Theverticalcomponentistheweightofthefluidabovethequartercirclepanel:
FV W(2by7rectangle) W(quartercircle)
(9790)(2 7 6) (9790)( /4)(2)2 (6)
822360 184537 638000N Ans.(b)
2.86The quarter circle gate BC in

Fig. P2.86 is hinged at C. Find the Fig.P2.86
horizontalforcePrequiredtoholdthegate
stationary. The width b into the paper
is3m.Neglecttheweightofthegate.
Solution:The horizontal component of

waterforceis
FH h CG A (9790N/m 3 )(1m)[(2m)(3m)] 58,740N
Thisforceacts2/3ofthewaydownor1.333mdownfromthesurface(0.667m
upfrom C).Thevertical forceis the weight ofthequartercircle ofwater above
gateBC:
FV (Vol)water (9790N/m 3 )[( /4)(2m)2 (3m)] 92,270N
FVactsdownat(4R/3 )0.849mtotheleftofC.Summomentsclockwiseabout
pointC:
MC 0 (2m)P (58740N)(0.667m) (92270N)(0.849m) 2P 117480

Solvefor P 58,700N 587kN Ans.
2.87The bottle of champagne (SG

0.96) in Fig. P2.87 is under pressure as Fig.P2.87
shownbythemercurymanometerreading.
Compute the netforce onthe2inradius
hemisphericalendcapatthebottomofthe
bottle.
Solution:First,fromthemanometer,com
putethegagepressureatsectionAAinthe
champagne6inchesabovethebottom:
2 4
p AA (0.96 62.4) ft (13.56 62.4) ft patmosphere 0 (gage),
12 12
or: PAA 272lbf/ft 2 (gage)
Thentheforceonthebottomendcapisverticalonly(duetosymmetry)andequalsthe
forceatsectionAAplustheweightofthechampagnebelowAA:
F FV p AA (Area)AA W6incylinder W2inhemisphere

(272) (4/12)2 (0.96 62.4) (2/12)2 (6/12) (0.96 62.4)(2 /3)(2/12)3
4
23.74 2.61 0.58 25.8lbf Ans.
2.88Circulararc Tainter gate ABC

pivots about point O. For the position Fig.P2.88
shown,determine(a)thehydrostaticforce
on the gate (per meter of width into the
paper);and(b)itslineofaction.Doesthe
forcepassthroughpointO?
Solution:The horizontal hydrostatic

forceisbasedonverticalprojection:
FH h CG A vert (9790)(3)(6 1) 176220N at4mbelowC
Theverticalforceisupwardandequaltothe goodhandbookwillgiveyouthegeometric
weightofthemissingwaterinthesegment properties of a circular segment, and you
ABCshownshadedbelow.Referencetoa may compute that the segment area is
2
3.261m anditscentroidis5.5196mfrom
pointO,or0.3235mfromverticallineAC,
asshowninthefigure.Thevertical(upward)
hydrostaticforceongateABCisthus
FV A ABC(unitwidth) (9790)(3.2611)
31926N at0.4804mfromB
Thenetforceisthus F [FH2 FV2 ]1/ 2 179100N permeterofwidth,actingupwardto

therightatanangleof10.27andpassingthroughapoint1.0mbelowand0.4804m
totherightofpointB.Thisforcepasses,asexpected,rightthroughpointO.
2.89The tank in the figure contains

benzene and is pressurized to 200 kPa Fig.P2.89
(gage) in the air gap. Determine the
vertical hydrostatic force on circulararc
sectionABanditslineofaction.
Solution:Assume unit depth into the

paper.Theverticalforceistheweightof
benzene plus the force due to the air
pressure:
N
FV (0.6)2 (1.0)(881)(9.81) (200,000)(0.6)(1.0) 122400 Ans.
4 m
Mostofthis(120,000N/m)isduetotheairpressure,whoselineofactionisinthe
middleofthehorizontallinethroughB.Theverticalbenzeneforceis2400N/mandhas
alineofaction(seeFig.2.13ofthetext)at4R/(3)25.5cmtotherightorA.
ThemomentofthesetwoforcesaboutAmustequaltomomentofthecombined
(122,400N/m)forcetimesadistanceXtotherightofA:
(120000)(30cm) (2400)(25.5cm) 122400( X ), solve for X = 29.9 cm Ans.
Theverticalforceis122400N/m(down),actingat29.9cmtotherightofA.
P2.90 ThetankinFig.P2.90is120cm
longintothepaper.Determinethe
Missing
horizontalandverticalhydrostatic 150cm water
forcesonthequartercirclepanelAB. A
Thefluidiswaterat20C. 75cm
B
Neglectatmosphericpressure.
40cm
Fig.P2.90
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take=9790N/m . 3
TheverticalforceonABistheweightofthemissingwateraboveABseethedashed
linesinFig.P2.90.Calculatethisasarectangleplusasquareminusaquartercircle:
Missing water (1.5m)(0.75m)(1.2m) (1 / 4)(0.75m) 2 2.16 0.145 2.305 m 3

FV (9790 N / m 3 )(2.305 m 3 ) 22,600 N (vertical force )
ThehorizontalforceiscalculatedfromtheverticalprojectionofpanelAB:
N 0.75
FH pCG h A projection (9790 3
)(1.5 m)(0.75m)(1.2m) 16,500 N (horizontal force )
m 2
2.91ThehemisphericaldomeinFig.P2.91weighs30kNandisfilledwithwaterand
attached to the floor by six equallyspaced bolts. What is the force in each bolt
requiredtoholdthedomedown?
Solution:Assuming no leakage, the hydrostatic forcerequired equals the weight of

missing water, that is, the water in a 4mdiameter cylinder, 6 m high, minus the
hemisphereandthesmallpipe:
Fig.P2.91
Ftotal W2mcylinder W2mhemisphere W3cmpipe

(9790) (2)2 (6) (9790)(2 /3)(2)3 (9790)( /4)(0.03)2 (4)
738149 164033 28 574088N
The dome material helps with 30 kN of weight, thus the bolts must supply
57408830000or544088N.Theforceineachof6boltsis544088/6orF bolt90700
NAns.
2.92A4mdiameterwatertankconsists
of two halfcylinders, each weighing Fig.P2.92
4.5kN/m,boltedtogetherasinFig.P2.92.
Iftheendcapsareneglected,computethe
forceineachbolt.
Solution:Consider a 25cm width of

uppercylinder,asseenbelow.Thewater
pressureintheboltplaneis
p1 h (9790)(4) 39160Pa
Thensummationofverticalforcesonthis
25cmwidefreebodygives
Fz 0 p1A1 Wwater Wtank 2Fbolt
(39160)(4 0.25) (9790)( /2)(2)2 (0.25)

(4500)/4 2Fbolt ,
Solvefor Fonebolt 11300 N Ans.
2.93InFig.P2.93aonequadrantspherical
shellofradiusRissubmergedinliquidof Fig.P2.93
specificweightanddepthhR.Derivean
analytic expression for the hydrodynamic
forceFontheshellanditslineofaction.
Solution:Thetwohorizontalcomponents
areidenticalinmagnitudeandequaltothe
forceonthequartercirclesidepanels,whose
centroidsare(4R/3)abovethebottom:
4R
Horizontalcomponents: Fx Fy h CG A vert h R 2
3 4
Similarly,theverticalcomponentistheweightofthefluidabovethesphericalsurface:
2 14 3 2R
Fz Wcylinder Wsphere R h R R 2 h
4 83 4 3
Thereisnoneedtofindthe(complicated)centersofpressureforthesethreecomponents,
forweknowthattheresultantonasphericalsurfacemustpassthroughthecenter.Thus
1/2 2 1/2
F Fx2 Fy2 Fz2 R (h 2R/3)2 2(h 4R/3 )2 Ans.
4
P2.94 Findananalyticformulafortheverticalandhorizontalforcesoneachofthe
semicircularpanelsABinFig.P2.94.Thewidthintothepaperisb.Whichforceis
larger?Why?
h h
d/2
A A

d + d +
B B
Fig.P2.94
Solution: It looks deceiving, since the bulging panel on the right has more water
nearby,butthesetwoforcesarethesame,exceptfortheirdirection.Theleftsidefigure
isthesameasExample2.9,anditsverticalforceis up.Therightsidefigurehasthe
sameverticalforce,butitisdown.Bothverticalforcesequaltheweightofwaterinside,
ordisplacedby,thehalfcylinderAB. Theirhorizontalforcesequaltheforceonthe
projectedplaneAB.
d
FH pCG , AB Aprojected [ g (h )] (b d ) Ans.
2
d
FV g half cylinder g [ ( )2 b] Ans.
2 2
2.95The uniform bodyAin thefigure has width b intothe paper andis instatic
equilibriumwhenpivotedabouthingeO.Whatisthespecificgravityofthisbodywhen
(a)h0;and(b)hR?
Solution:Thewatercausesahorizontalandaverticalforceonthebody,asshown:
R R
FH Rb at above O,
2 3
2 4R
FV R b at to the left of O
4 3
ThesemustbalancethemomentofthebodyweightWaboutO:
R2b R R 2 b 4 R s R 2 b 4 R R
MO s Rhb 0
2 3 4 3 4 3 2
1
s 2 h
Solve for: SGbody Ans.
3 R
Forh0,SG3/2Ans.(a).ForhR,SG3/5Ans.(b).
2.96Curved panel BC is a 60 arc, triangle calculation is messy and is not

perpendicular to the bottom at C. If the shownhere.)
panelis4mwideintothepaper,estimate
theresultanthydrostaticforceofthewater
onthepanel.
Solution:Thehorizontalforceis,
FH h CG A h
(9790N/m 3 )[2 0.5(3sin 60)m]
Fig.P2.96
[(3sin 60)m(4m)]
335,650N
Theverticalcomponentequalstheweight
ofwaterabovethegate,whichisthesum
oftherectangularpieceaboveBC,andthe
curvytriangularpieceofwaterjustabove
arc BCsee figure at right. (The curvy
FV (Vol)aboveBC (9790N/m 3 )[(3.0 1.133m 2 )(4m)] 161,860N
Theresultantforceisthus,
FR [(335,650)2 (161,860)2 ]1/2 372,635N 373kN Ans.
ThisresultantforceactsalongalinewhichpassesthroughpointOat
tan 1 (161,860/335,650) 25.7

P2.97 Thecontractorranoutofgunite
mixtureandfinishedthedeepcorner,ofa
5mwideswimmingpool,withaquartercircle 2m water
pieceofPVCpipe,labeledABin Fig.P2.97
A
Fig.P2.97.Computethe(a)horizontaland 1m
B
(b)verticalwaterforcesonthecurvedpanelAB.
Solution:Forwatertake=9790N/m3.(a)Thehorizontalforcerelatestothevertical
projectionofthecurvedpanelAB:
N
FH , AB hCG Aprojected (9790 )(2.5 m)[(1m)(5m)] 122, 000 N Ans.( a)
m3
(b) TheverticalforceistheweightofwaterabovepanelAB:
N
FV (9790 3
)[(2m)(1m) (1 m) 2 ](5 m) 136, 000 N Ans.(b)
m 4
2.98GateABCinFig.P2.98isaquarter
circle8ftwideintothepaper.Computethe Fig.P2.98
horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces
on the gate and the line of action ofthe
resultantforce.
Solution:Thehorizontalforceis
Fh h CG A h (62.4)(2.828)(5.657 8)
7987lbf
locatedat
(1/12)(8)(5.657)3
y cp 0.943ft
(2.828)(5.657 8)
AreaABC ( /4)(4)2 (4 sin 45)2
2
4.566ft
Thus F Volv (62.4)(8)(4.566) 2280lbf
ABC
Theresultantisfoundtobe
FR [(7987)2 (2280)2 ]1/2 8300lbf actingat 15.9throughthecenterO. Ans.
P2.99 Themegamagnumcylinderin
Air
Fig. P2.99 has a hemispherical bottom and
ispressurizedwithairto75kPa(gage). Water
20ft
Determine(a)thehorizontaland(b)thevertical
hydrostaticforcesonthehemisphere,inlbf.
12ft
Solution:SincetheproblemasksforBGunits,
Fig.P2.99
converttheairpressuretoBG:75,000Pa47.88=1566lbf/ft2.
(a)Bysymmetry,thenethorizontalforceonthehemisphereiszero.Ans.(a)
(b)Theverticalforceisthesumoftheairpressuretermplustheweightofthewater
above:
F V pair Asurface water water

lbf lbf 1 4
(1566 2
) (6 ft ) 2 (62.4 3
)[ (6 ft ) 2 (20 ft ) ( )(6 ft ) 3 ]
ft ft 2 3
177, 000 lbf 113, 000 lbf 290, 000 lbf Ans.(b)
2.100Pressurizedwaterfillsthetankin
Fig.P2.100.Computethehydrostaticforce Fig.P2.100
ontheconicalsurfaceABC.
Solution:The gage pressure is

equivalenttoafictitiouswaterlevelhp/
150000/9790 15.32mabovethegage
or 8.32 m above AC. Then the vertical
force on the cone equals the weight of
fictitiouswateraboveABC:
FV Volabove
2 1 2
(9790) (2) (8.32) (2) (4)
4 34
297, 000N Ans.
P2.101 TheclosedlayeredboxinFig.P2.101
Air
60cm 30cm
hassquarehorizontalcrosssectionseverywhere.
SAE30Woil
80cm
Allfluidsareat20C.Estimatethe
A
gagepressureoftheairif(a)the 90cm Water
hydrostaticforceonpanelABis48kN; C B
160cm
orif(b)thehydrostaticforceonthe Fig.P2.101
bottom panel BC is 97 kN.
Solution: At20C,take oil =891kg/m3 and water =998kg/m3. Theweddingcake

shapeoftheboxhasnothingtodowiththeproblem.(a)theforceonpanelABequals
thepressureatthepanelcentroid(45cmdownfromA)timesthepanelarea:
(b) Theforceonthebottomishandledsimilarly,exceptwegoallthewaytothe
FAB pCG A AB ( p air oil ghoil water ghwater CG ) , or :
48000 N [ p air (891)(9.81)(0.8m) (998)(9.81)(0.45m)][(0.9m)(1.6m)]
( p air 6993 4406 Pa )(1.44 m 2 ) ; Solve p air 22000 Pa Ans.(a )
bottom:
FBC p BC AAB ( p air oil ghoil water ghwater ) , or :

97000 N [ p air (891)(9.81)(0.8m) (998)(9.81)(0.9m)][(1.6m)(1.6m)]
( p air 6993 8812 Pa)(2.56 m 2 ) ; Solve p air 22000 Pa Ans.(b)
_______________________________________________________________________
_
2.102Acubicaltankis3 3 3mandislayeredwith1meteroffluidofspecific
gravity1.0,1meteroffluidwithSG0.9,and1meteroffluidwithSG0.8.Neglect
atmosphericpressure.Find(a)thehydrostaticforceonthebottom;and(b)theforceona
sidepanel.
Solution:(a)Theforceonthebottomisthebottompressuretimesthebottomarea:
Fbot p bot A bot (9790N/m 3 )[(08 1m) (09 1m) (10 1m)](3m)2
238, 000 N Ans.(a)
(b)Thehydrostaticforceonthesidepanelisthesumoftheforcesduetoeachlayer:
Fside h CG Aside (0.8 9790N/m 3 )(0.5m)(3m 2 ) (0.9 9790N/m 3 )(1.5m)(3m 2 )

(9790N/m 3 )(2.5m)(3 m 2 ) 125, 000 kN Ans.(b)
2.103Asolidblock,ofspecificgravity0.9,floatssuchthat75%ofitsvolumeisin
waterand25%ofitsvolumeisinfluidX,whichislayeredabovethewater.Whatisthe
specificgravityoffluidX?
Solution:Theblockissketchedbelow.AforcebalanceisW=B,or
0.9 (HbL) (0.75HbL) SG X (0.25HbL)

0.9 0.75 0.25SG X , SGX 0.6 Ans.
2.104The can in Fig. P2.104 floats in the position shown. What is its weight in
newtons?
Solution:Thecanweightsimplyequalstheweightofthedisplacedwater(neglecting
theairabove):
Fig.P2.104

W displaced (9790) (0.09m)2 (0.08m) 5.0N Ans.
4
2.105Archimedes, when asked by King Hiero if the new crown was pure gold
(SG19.3),foundthecrownweightinairtobe11.8Nandinwatertobe10.9N.Was
itgold?
Solution:Thebuoyancyisthedifferencebetweenairweightandunderwaterweight:
B Wair Wwater 11.8 10.9 0.9N watercrown
Butalso Wair (SG) watercrown , so Winwater B(SG 1)

Solvefor SG crown 1 Winwater /B 1 10.9/0.9 13.1(notpuregold) Ans.
2.106Asphericalheliumballoonis2.5mindiameterandhasatotalmassof6.7kg.
WhenreleasedintotheU.S.StandardAtmosphere,atwhataltitudewillitsettle?
Solution:Thealtitudecanbedeterminedbycalculatingtheairdensitytoprovidethe
properbuoyancyandthenusingTableA.3tofindthealtitudeassociatedwiththisdensity:
air m balloon /Volsphere (6.7 kg)/[ (2.5m 3 )/6] 0.819kg/m 3
3
FromTableA.3,atmosphericairhas0.819kg/m atanaltitudeofabout4000m.Ans.
2.107Repeat Prob. 2.62 assuming that

the10,000lbfweightisaluminum(SG
2.71)andishangingsubmergedinthewater.
Solution:Refer back to Prob. 2.62 for

details.Theonlydifferenceisthattheforce
applied togateABbytheweightisless
duetobuoyancy:
(SG 1) 2.71 1
Fnet body (10000) 6310lbf
SG 2.71
Thisforcereplaces10000inthegatemomentrelation(seeProb.2.62):
h h
M B 0 6310(15) (288.2h 2 ) csc 60 csc 60 4898(7.5cos 60)
2 6
or: h 3 76280/110.9 688, or: h 8.83ft Ans.
2.108A7cmdiametersolidaluminum
2pulleys
ball(SG=2.7)andasolidbrassball(SG=8.5) + +
balancenicelywhensubmergedinaliquid,as
inFig.P2.108.(a)Ifthefluidiswaterat20C,
brass
aluminum
whatisthediameterofthebrassball?(b)Ifthe D=7cm
brassballhasadiameterof3.8cm,whatisthe Fig.P2.108
density of the fluid?
Solution: For water, take = 9790 N/m3. If they balance, net weights are equal:
3 3
( SGalum SG fluid ) water Dalum ( SGbrass SG fluid ) water Dbrass
6 6
We can cancel water and (/6). (a) For water, SGfluid = 1, and we obtain
( 2.7 1)(0.07 m) 3 (8.5 1) Dbrass

3
; Solve Dbrass 0.0427 m Ans.( a )
(b) For this part, the fluid density (or specific gravity) is unknown:
( 2.7 SG fluid )(0.07 m) 3 (8.5 SG fluid )(0.038m) 3 ; Solve SG fluid 1.595
3
Thus fluid 1.595(998) 1592 kg/m Ans.(b)
According to Table A3, this fluid is probably carbon tetrachloride.

2.109Thefloatlevelhofahydrometeris
a measure of the specific gravity of the Fig.P2.109
liquid. For stem diameter D and total
weightW,if h 0represents SG 1.0,
deriveaformulaforhasafunctionofW,
D,SG,andoforwater.
Solution:Let submerged volume be o

2
whenSG1.LetAD /4betheareaof
thestem.Then
W(SG 1)
W oo (SG) o (o Ah), or: h = Ans.
SG o ( D 2 /4)
P2.110 Asolidsphere,ofdiameter18cm,floatsin20Cwaterwith1,527cubic
centimetersexposedabovethesurface.(a)Whataretheweightandspecificgravityof
thissphere?(b)Willitfloatin20Cgasoline?Ifso,howmanycubiccentimeterswill
beexposed?
Solution:Thetotalvolumeofthesphereis(/6)(18cm)3=3054cm3.Subtracttheexposed
portiontofindthesubmergedvolume=30541527=1527cm3.Thereforethesphereis
floatingexactlyhalfinandhalfoutofthewater.(a)Itsweightandspecificgravityare
kg m
Wsphere water g submerged (998 3
)(9.81 2
)(1527 E 6 m3 ) 14.95 N Ans.(a )
m s
Wsphere 14.95 kg 499
sphere 499 3 , SGsphere 0.50 Ans.(a )
g sphere (9.81)(3054 E 6) m 1000
(b)FromTableA.3,gasoline=680kg/m3>sphere.Thereforeitfloatsingasoline.Ans.(b)
(c)Neglectingairbuoyancyontheexposedpart,wecomputethefractionofsphere
volumethatisexposedtobe(680499kg/m3)/(680kg/m3)=0.266or26.6%.The
volumeexposedis
exp osed 0.266 sphere 0.266 (3054 cm3 ) 813 cm3 Ans.(c)
Checkbuoyancy:thesubmergedvolume,2241cm3,timesgasolinespecificweight=14.95N.
2.111Ahotairballoonmustsupportitsownweightplusapersonforatotalweightof
2
1300 N. The balloon material has a mass of 60 g/m . Ambient air is at 25C and
1atm.Thehotairinsidetheballoonisat70Cand1atm.Whatdiameterspherical
balloonwilljustsupporttheweight?Neglectthesizeofthehotairinletvent.
Solution:Thebuoyancyisduetothedifferencebetweenhotandcoldairdensity:
p 101350 kg 101350 kg
cold 1.185 3 ; hot 1.030 3
RTcold (287)(273 25) m 287(273 70) m
Thebuoyantforcemustbalancetheknownpayloadof1300N:
3
W 1300N gVol (1.185 1.030)(9.81) D ,
6
Solvefor D3 1628 or D balloon 11.8m Ans.
Checktomakesuretheballoonmaterialisnotexcessivelyheavy:
W(balloon) (0.06kg/m 2 )(9.81m/s2 )( )(11.8m)2 256N OK, only20%ofWtotal .
_______________________________________________________________________
2.112Theuniform5mlongwoodenrodinthefigureistiedtothebottombyastring.
Determine (a)the stringtension; and(b)the specific gravity ofthewood.Is italso
possibletodeterminetheinclinationangle?
Fig.P2.112
Solution:Therodweightactsatthemiddle,2.5mfrompointC,whilethebuoyancyis
2mfromC.SummingmomentsaboutCgives
MC 0 W(2.5sin ) B(2.0 sin ), or W 0.8B
But B (9790)( /4)(0.08m)2 (4m) 196.8N.
Thus W 0.8B 157.5N SG(9790)( /4)(0.08)2 (5m), or: SG 0.64 Ans.(b)
Summationofverticalforcesyields
Stringtension T B W 196.8 157.5 39 N Ans.(a)
,whichcancelsoutofthemomentbalance.
Theseresultsareindependentoftheangle

2.113A sparbuoy isarodweightedto

floatvertically,asinFig.P2.113.Letthe Fig.P2.113
buoybemaplewood(SG0.6),2inby
2 inby10ft,floatinginseawater(SG
1.025).Howmanypoundsofsteel(SG
7.85)shouldbeaddedatthebottomsothat
h18in?
Solution:Therelevantvolumesneededare
2 2 Wsteel
Sparvolume (10) 0.278 ft 3 ; Steelvolume
12 12 7.85(62.4)
2 2 3
Immersedsparvolume (8.5) 0.236ft
12 12
Theverticalforcebalanceis:buoyancyBWwoodWsteel,
Wsteel
or: 1.025(62.4) 0.236 0.6(62.4)(0.278) Wsteel
7.85(62.4)
or: 15.09 0.1306Wsteel 10.40 Wsteel , solvefor Wsteel 5.4 lbf Ans.
2.114The uniform rod in the figure is

hingedatBandinstaticequilibriumwhen
2kgoflead(SG11.4)areattachedatits
end.Whatisthespecificgravityoftherod
material? What is peculiar about the rest
angle30?
2
Solution:Firstcomputebuoyancies:Brod9790(/4)(0.04) (8)98.42N,andWlead
2(9.81)19.62N,Blead19.62/11.41.72N.SummomentsaboutB:
M B 0 (SG 1)(98.42)(4 cos30) (19.62 1.72)(8 cos30) 0

Solvefor SG rod 0.636 Ans.(a)
Theangledropsout!Therodisneutrallystableforanytiltangle!Ans.(b)
2.115The2inchby2inchby12ftspar
buoyfromFig.P2.113has5lbmofsteel
attachedandhasgoneagroundonarock.If
the rock exerts no moments on the spar,
computetheangleofinclination.
Solution:Letbethesubmergedlength
ofspar.Therelevantforcesare:
2 2
Wwood (0.6)(64.0) (12) 12.8lbf at distance 6 sin to the right of A
12 12

2 2
Buoyancy (64.0) 1.778 at distance sin to the right of A
12 12
2
ThesteelforceactsrightthroughA.TakemomentsaboutA:

M A 0 12.8(6 sin ) 1.778 sin
2
Solve for 2 86.4, or 9.295ft ( submerged length )
Thustheangleofinclination cos1 (8.0/9.295)30.6Ans.
P2.116 ThedeepsubmersiblevehicleALVIN,inthechapteropenerphoto,hasatitanium
(SG=4.50)sphericalpassengercompartmentwithaninsidediameterof78.08inandawall
thicknessof1.93in.(a)Wouldtheemptyspherefloatinseawater?(b)Woulditfloatifit
contained1000lbmofpeopleandequipmentinside?(c)Whatwallthicknesswouldcause
theemptyspheretobeneutrallybuoyant?
Solution: First convert the data to metric: Di = 78.08 inches = 1.983 m, Do = 78.08 +
2(1.93) = 81.94 inches = 2.081 m, titanium = 4.50(1000) = 4500 kg/m3, seawater = 1025
kg/m3. (a) Compute the weight of the sphere and compare to the buoyancy.
kg m
Weight (4500 3
)(9.81 ) [(2.081m)3 (1.983m)3 ] 28, 084 N
2 6
m s
kg m
Buoyancy (1025 3 )(9.81 2 ) (2.081m)3 47, 466 N
m s 6
You could also add in the weight of the air inside the sphere, but that is only 49 N. We
see that the buoyancy exceeds the weight by 19 kN, or more than 2 tons.
The sphere would float nicely. Ans.(a)
(b) If we add 1000 lbm of people and equipment, that would weigh 1000 lbf and be
another (1000)(4.4482) = 4448 N of weight, making the total sphere weight
28084+49+4448 = 32581 N.
The excess buoyancy is 47466-32581 = 14885 N, it will still float nicely. Ans. (b)
NOTE: The entire ALVIN, not just the sphere, floats, which is a good safety feature.
(c) For neutral buoyancy, equate W (empty) and B and solve for the outside diameter:

W (4500)(9.81) [ Do3 (1.983)3 ] 49 N (1025)(9.81) Do3
6 6
Solve for Do 2.1615 m , thickness (2.1615 1.983) / 2 0.0893 m 3.51in Ans.(c)
Slightly less than doubling the wall thickness would create neutral buoyancy for the sphere.
2.117Theballooninthefigureisfilled
with helium and pressurized to 135 kPa Fig.P2.117
and20C.Theballoonmaterialhasamass
2
of85g/m .Estimate(a)thetensioninthe
mooring line, and (b) the height in the
standardatmospheretowhichtheballoon
willriseifthemooringlineiscut.
2 2
Solution:(a)Forhelium,fromTableA4,R2077m /s /K,henceitsweightis

Whelium He gballoon (9.81) (10)3 1139N
2077(293) 6
Meanwhile,thetotalweightoftheballoonmaterialis
kg m
Wballoon 0.085 2 9.81 2 [ (10m)2 ] 262N
m s
Finally,theballoonbuoyancyistheweightofdisplacedair:

Bair air gballoon (9.81) (10)3 6108N
287(293) 6
Thedifferencebetweentheseisthetensioninthemooringline:
Tline Bair Whelium Wballoon 6108 1139 262 4700 N Ans.(a)
(b)Ifreleased,andtheballoonremainsat135kPaand20C,equilibriumoccurswhen
theballoonairbuoyancyexactlyequalsthetotalweightof11392621401N:
kg
Bair 1401N air (9.81) (10)3 , or: air 0.273 3
6 m
FromTableA6,thisstandarddensityoccursatapproximately
Z 12, 800 m Ans.(b)
P2.118 Anintrepidtreasuresalvagegrouphasdiscoveredasteelbox,containinggold
doubloonsandothervaluables,restingin80ftofseawater.Theyestimatetheweightofthe
boxandtreasure(inair)at7000lbf. Theirplanistoattachtheboxtoasturdyballoon,
inflatedwithairto3atmpressure.Theemptyballoonweighs250lbf.Theboxis2ftwide,
5ftlong,and18inhigh.Whatistheproperdiameteroftheballoontoensureanupward
liftforceontheboxthatis20%morethanrequired?
Solution:Thespecificweightofseawaterisapproximately64lbf/ft 3.Theboxvolumeis
(2ft)(5ft)(1.5ft)=12ft3,hencethebuoyantforceontheboxis(64)(12)=768lbf.Thusthe
balloonmustdevelopanetupwardforceof1.2(7000768lbf)=7478lbf.Theairweightin
theballoonisnegligible,butwecancomputeitanyway.Theairdensityis:
p 3(2116lbf / ft 2 ) slug
At p 3 atm , air 2 2 o o
0.0071 3
RT (1716 ft / s R )(520 R ) ft
Hencetheairspecificweightis(0.0071)(32.2)=0.23lbf/ft3,muchlessthanthewater.
Accountingforballoonweight,thedesirednetbuoyantforceontheballoonis
Fnet (64 0.23 lbf / ft 3 )( / 6) Dballoon

3
250 lbf 7478 lbf
Solve for D 3 231.4 lbf 3
, Dballoon 6.14 ft Ans.
2.119Witha5lbfweightplacedatone
end, the uniform wooden beam in the Fig.P2.119
figurefloats atanangle withitsupper
rightcorneratthesurface.Determine(a);
(b)wood.
2 3
Solution:Thetotalwoodvolumeis(4/12) (9)1ft .Theexposeddistanceh9tan.
Theverticalforcesare
Fz 0 (62.4)(1.0) (62.4)(h/2)(9)(4/12) (SG)(62.4)(1.0) 5lbf
ThemomentsoftheseforcesaboutpointCattherightcornerare:
MC 0 (1)(4.5) (1.5h)(6ft) (SG)( )(1)(4.5ft) (5lbf)(0ft)

3
where62.4lbf/ft isthespecificweightofwater.Cleanthesetwoequationsup:
1.5h 1 SG 5/ (forces) 2.0h 1 SG (moments)
SolvesimultaneouslyforSG0.68Ans.(b);h0.16ft;1.02Ans.(a)
2.120Auniformwoodenbeam(SG0.65)is10cmby10cmby3mandhingedatA.
Atwhatanglewillthebeamfloatin20Cwater?
2 3
Solution:Thetotalbeamvolumeis3(.1) 0.03m ,andthereforeitsweightisW
(0.65)(9790)(0.03) 190.9 N, acting at the centroid, 1.5 m down from point A.
2
Meanwhile,ifthesubmergedlengthisH,thebuoyancyisB (9790)(0.1) H 97.9H
newtons,actingatH/2fromthelowerend.SummomentsaboutpointA:
Fig.P2.120
M A 0 (97.9H)(3.0 H/2)cos 190.9(1.5cos ),

or: H(3 H/2) 2.925, solvefor H 1.225m
Geometry:3H1.775misoutofthewater,or:sin1.0/1.775,or34.3Ans.
2.121Theuniformbeaminthefigureis Lhb/2andactsatL/3fromtheleftcorner.
of size L by h by b, with b,h << L. A Summoments abouttheleftcorner,point
uniformheavyspheretiedtotheleftcorner C:
causes the beam to float exactly on its
diagonal.Showthatthisconditionrequires
(a) b /3; and (b)D [Lhb/{(SG
1/3
1)}] .
Solution:ThebeamweightW bLhb
andactsinthecenter,atL/2fromtheleft
corner,whilethebuoyancy,beingaperfect
triangle of displaced water, equals B
Fig.P2.121
MC 0 ( b Lhb)(L/2) ( Lhb/2)(L/3), or: b /3 Ans.(a)

ThensummingverticalforcesgivestherequiredstringtensionTontheleftcorner:
Fz 0 Lbh/2 b Lbh T, or T Lbh/6 since b /3

1/3
3 Lhb
Butalso T (W B)sphere (SG 1) D , sothat D Ans.(b)
6 (SG 1)
2.122A uniform block of steel (SG weight.Thentheverticalforcebalanceon

7.85) will float at a mercurywater theblockis
interfaceasinthefigure.Whatistheratio
ofthedistancesaandbforthiscondition?
Solution:Let w betheblockwidthinto
the paper and let be the water specific
Fig.P2.122
7.85 (a b)Lw 1.0 aLw 13.56 bLw,

a 13.56 7.85
or: 7.85a 7.85b a 13.56b, solvefor 0.834 Ans.
b 7.85 1
P2.123Abargehasthetrapezoidal
shapeshowninFig.P2.123andis
22mlongintothepaper.
H? 2.5m
Ifthetotalweightofbargeand 60 60
8m
cargois350tons,whatisthedraft
Fig.P2.123
Hofthebargewhenfloatinginseawater?
Solution: For seawater, let = 1025 kg/m3. The top of the barge has length
[8m+2(2.5)tan60]=8+2.89=10.89m.Thusthetotalvolumeofthebargeis
[(8+10.89m)/2](2.5m)(22m)=519.4m3.Intermsofseawater,thistotalvolumewouldbe
equivalentto(519.4m3)(1025kg/m3)(9.81m/s2)=5.22E6N4.4482lbf/N2000lbf/ton=
587tons. Thusacargoof350tons=700,000lbfwouldfillthebargeabitmorethan
halfway.ThuswesolvethefollowingequationforthedrafttogiveW=350tons:
H kg m 1
( 22m)( H )(8
m)(1025 3
)(9.81 2
)( ) 700,000 lbf
tan 60 m s 4.4482lbf / N
Solve by iteration or EES : H 1.58 m Ans.
2.124Aballoonweighing3.5lbfis6ft
indiameter.Iffilledwithhydrogenat18psia
and 60F and released, at what U.S.
standardaltitudewillitbeneutral?
Solution:Assumethatitremainsat18psiaand60 F.Forhydrogen,fromTableA4,
2 2
R24650ft /(s R).Thedensityofthehydrogenintheballoonisthus
p 18(144)
H 2 0.000202slug/ft 3
RT (24650)(460 60)
Intheverticalforcebalanceforneutralbuoyancy,onlytheoutsideairdensityisunknown:

Fz Bair WH2 Wballoon air (32.2) (6)3 (0.000202)(32.2) (6)3 3.5lbf
6 6
Solvefor air 0.00116slug/ft 3 0.599kg/m 3
FromTableA6,thisdensityoccursatastandardaltitudeof6850m22500ft.Ans.
P2.125 Asolidsphere,ofdiameter20cm,hasaspecificgravityof0.7.(a)Willthis
spherefloatin20CSAE10Woil?Ifso,(b)howmanycubiccentimetersareexposed,
and (c) how high will a spherical cap protrude above the surface? NOTE: If your
knowledgeofoffbeatsphereformulasislacking,youcanAskDr.MathatDrexel
University,http://mathforum.org/dr.math/.EESisrecommendedforthesolution.
spherical
cap
Solution:FromTableA.3,thedensityofSAE10Woilis
870kg/m3>700kg/m3.Thespherefloatsinoil.Ans.(a) h
r
Thevolumeofthesphereis
Rh
(/6)(20cm)3=4,189cm3.Thefractionexposedis R
(870700)/870=0.195or19.5%
Thevolumeexposedis(0.195)(4189)=818cm3.Ans.(b)
From Dr. Math, or a good math book, the sphere formulas

relatetothedistances(r,h,R)showninthefigureatright.
h2 r 2
R 10 cm ; cap (3r 2 h 2 ) h 818 cm3
2h 6
Knowingthathissmall,oforder5cm,youcouldguessyourwaytotheanswer.Oryoucould
useEESandgettheanswerdirectly.Ineithercase,theresultish=5.67cmAns.(c)
Thespherewouldpokeoutofthewatertoaheightof5.67centimeters.
____________________________________________________________________________
2.126Ablockofwood(SG0.6)floats buoyancyoftheairontheupperpartofthe
influidXinFig.P2.126suchthat75%of block.Then
itsvolumeissubmergedinfluidX.Estimate
thegagepressureoftheairinthetank.
Solution:In order to apply the hydro

staticrelationfortheairpressurecalcula
tion,thedensityofFluidXmustbefound.
Thebuoyancyprincipleisthusfirstapplied.
LettheblockhavevolumeV.Neglectthe
Fig.P2.126
0.6 water V X (0.75V) air (0.25V) ; X 0.8 water 7832N /m 3
TheairgagepressuremaythenbecalculatedbyjumpingfromtheleftinterfaceintofluidX:
0Pagage (7832N/m 3 )(0.4m) pair 3130Pagage 3130Pavacuum Ans.
2.127*ConsideracylinderofspecificgravityS1floatingverticallyinwater(S
1),asinFig.P2.127.DeriveaformulaforthestablevaluesofD/LasafunctionofSand
applyittothecaseD/L1.2.
Solution:AverticalforcebalanceprovidesarelationforhasafunctionofSandL,
D2 h/4 S D2 L/4, thus h SL
Fig.P2.127
Tocomputestability,weturnEq.(2.52),centroidG,metacenterM,centerofbuoyancyB:

( D/2) 4
D2
MB Io /vsub MG GB and substituting h SL, MG GB
2 16 SL
D h

whereGBL/2h/2L/2SL/2L(1S)/2.Forneutralstability,MG0.Substituting,
D2 L D
0 (1 S ) solving for D/L, 8 S(1 S ) Ans.
16 SL 2 L
2
IfD/L1.2,S S0.180,or0S0.235and0.765S1forstabilityAns.
2.128TheicebergofFig.2.20canbeidealizedasacubeofsidelengthLasshown.If
seawaterisdenotedasS1,theiceberghasS0.88.Isitstable?
Solution:Thedistancehisdeterminedby
w hL2 S w L3 , or: h SL
Fig.P2.128
ThecenterofgravityisatL/2abovethebottom,andBisath/2abovethebottom.The
metacenterpositionisdeterminedbyEq.(2.52):
L4 /12 L2 L
MB I o /sub 2 MG GB
L h 12h 12S
NotingthatGBL/2h/2L(1S)/2,wemaysolveforthemetacentricheight:
L L 1
MG (1 S) 0 if S2 S 0, or: S 0.211 or 0.789
12S 2 6
Instability:0.211S0.789.SincetheiceberghasS0.880.789,itisstable.Ans.
2.129The iceberg of Prob. 2.128 may

become unstable if its width decreases.
SupposethattheheightisLandthedepth
intothepaperisLbutthewidthdecreases
to H L. Again with S 0.88 for the
iceberg,determinetheratioH/Lforwhich
theicebergbecomesunstable.
Solution:AsinProb.2.128,thesubmergeddistanceh SL 0.88L,withGatL/2
abovethebottomandBath/2abovethebottom.FromEq.(2.52),thedistanceMBis
Io LH3 /12 H2 L SL
MB MG GB MG
sub HL(SL) 12SL 2 2
ThenneutralstabilityoccurswhenMG0,or
H2 L H
(1 S), or [6S(1 S)]1/2 [6(0.88)(1 0.88)]1/2 0.796 Ans.
12SL 2 L
2.130Considerawoodencylinder(SG
0.6) 1 m in diameter and 0.8 m long.
Wouldthiscylinderbestableifplacedto
floatwithitsaxisverticalinoil(SG0.85)?
Solution:Averticalforcebalancegives
0.85 R 2 h 0.6 R 2 (0.8m),
or: h 0.565m
ThepointBisath/20.282mabovethebottom.UseEq.(2.52)topredictthemeta
centerlocation:
MB I o /sub [ (0.5)4 /4] /[ (0.5)2 (0.565)] 0.111m MG GB
NowGB0.4m0.282m0.118m,henceMG0.1110.1180.007m.
Thisfloatpositionisthusslightlyunstable.Thecylinderwouldturnover.Ans.
2.131A barge is 15 ft wide and floats

withadraftof4ft.Itispiledsohighwith
gravelthatitscenterofgravityis3ftabove
thewaterline,asshown.Isitstable?
Solution:Example 2.10 applies to this

case,withL7.5ftandH4ft:
L2 H (7.5ft)2 4ft
MA 2.69ft, whereAisthewaterline
3H 2 3(4ft) 2
SinceGis3ftabovethewaterline,MG2.693.00.31ft,unstable.Ans.
2.132AsolidrightcircularconehasSG0.99andfloatsverticallyasshown.Isthisa
stableposition?
Solution:Letrbetheradiusatthesurfaceandletzbetheexposedheight.Then
Fig.P2.132
2 z r
Fz 0 w (R h r 2 z) 0.99 w R 2 h, with .
3 3 h R
z
Thus (0.01)1/3 0.2154
h
Theconefloatsatadraft h z 0.7846h.ThecentroidGisat0.25habovethe
bottom.ThecenterofbuoyancyBisatthecentroidofafrustrumofa(submerged)cone:
0.7846h R 2 2Rr 3r 2
R 2 Rr r 2 0.2441h abovethebottom
4
ThenEq.(2.52)predictsthepositionofthemetacenter:
Io (0.2154R)4 /4 R2
MB 0.000544 MG GB
sub 0.99 R 2 h h
MG (0.25h 0.2441h) MG 0.0594h
2
ThusMG0(stability)if(R/h) 10.93orR/h3.31Ans.
2.133Consider a uniform right circular

coneofspecificgravityS1,floatingwith
itsvertexdowninwater,S1.0.Thebase
radius is R and the cone height is H, as
shown. Calculate and plot the stability
parameterMGofthiscone,indimensionless
form, versus H/R for a range of cone
specificgravitiesS1.
Solution:TheconefloatsatheighthandradiusrsuchthatBW,or:
2 h3 r3
r h(1.0) R 2 H (S ), or: S 1
3 3 H 3 R3
1/3
Thusr/Rh/HS forshort.Nowusethestabilityrelation:
90 Solutions rMechanics,
3 H 3h ManualFluid
I 4
/4 3 R Fifth Edition
2
MG GB MG o 2
4 4 sub r h/3 4 H
MG 3 R 2
Nondimensionalizeinthefinalform: = 2 1 + , S1/3 Ans.
H 4 H
Thisisplottedbelow.Floatingconespointingdownarestableunlessslender, R << H.
2.134Whenfloatinginwater(SG 1),
anequilateral triangular body(SG 0.9) Fig.P2.134
mighttaketwopositions,asshownatright.
Which position is more stable? Assume
largebodywidthintothepaper.
Solution:The calculations are similar to the floating cone of Prob. 2.132. Let the
trianglebeLbyLbyL.Listthebasicresults.
(a)Floatingwithpointup:CentroidGis0.289Labovethebottomline,centerofbuoyancyB
is0.245Labovethebottom,henceGB(0.2890.245)L0.044L.Equation(2.52)gives
MB I o /sub 0.0068L MG GB MG 0.044L
Hence MG 0.037L Unstable Ans.(a)
(b)Floatingwithpoint down:CentroidGis0.577Labovethebottompoint,centerof
buoyancyBis0.548Labovethebottompoint,henceGB(0.5770.548)L0.0296L.
Equation(2.52)gives
MB I o /sub 0.1826L MG GB MG 0.0296L
Hence MG 0.153L Stable Ans.(b)
2.135Consider a homogeneous right

circularcylinderoflengthL,radiusR,and
specificgravitySG,floatinginwater(SG1)
withitsaxisvertical.Showthatthebodyis
stableif
R/L [2SG(1 SG)]1/2
Solution:ForagivenSG,thebodyfloats
withadraftequalto(SG)L,asshown.Its
center of gravity G is at L/2 above the
bottom. Its center of buoyancy B is at
(SG)L/2abovethebottom.ThenEq.(2.52)
predictsthemetacenterlocation:
R 4 /4 R2 L L
MB I o /sub 2
MG GB MG SG
R (SG)L 4(SG)L 2 2
Thus MG 0(stability) if R 2 /L2 > 2SG(1 SG) Ans.
Forexample,ifSG0.8,stabilityrequiresthatR/L0.566.
2.136Consider a homogeneous right
circularcylinderoflengthL,radiusR,and
specificgravitySG0.5,floatinginwater
(SG1)withitsaxishorizontal.Showthat
thebodyisstableifL/R2.0.
Solution:For the given SG 0.5, the

bodyfloatscentrallywithadraftequalto
R,asshown.ItscenterofgravityGisexactlyatthesurface.ItscenterofbuoyancyBis
atthecentroidoftheimmersedsemicircle:4R/(3)belowthesurface.Equation(2.52)
predictsthemetacenterlocation:
(1/12)(2R)L3 L2 4R
MB I o /sub MG GB MG
2
(R /2)L 3 R 3
L2 4R
or: MG 0(stability) if L/R > 2 Ans.
3 R 3
2.137Atankofwater4mdeepreceives
a constant upward acceleration az.
Determine(a)thegagepressureatthetank
2
bottomifaz5m /s;and(b)thevalueof
az which causes the gage pressure at the
tankbottomtobe1atm.
Solution:Equation(2.53)statesthatp (ga) (kgkaz)forthiscase.Then,

forpart(a),
p (g a z )S (998kg/m 3 )(9.81 5m 2 /s)(4m) 59100Pa(gage) Ans.(a)

Forpart(b),weknowp1atmbutwedontknowtheacceleration:
m
p (g a z )S (998)(9.81 a z )(4.0) 101350Pa if a z = 15.6 Ans.(b)
s2
2.138A12fluidounceglass,3inchesindiameter,sitsontheedgeofamerrygoround
8ftindiameter,rotatingat12r/min.Howfullcantheglassbebeforeitspills?
3
Solution:First,howhighisthecontainer?Well,1fluidoz.1.805in ,hence12fl.oz.
3 2
21.66in (1.5in) h,orh3.06inItisafat,nearlysquarelittleglass.Second,
determine the acceleration toward the center of the merrygoround, noting that the
angularvelocityis(12rev/min)(1min/60s)(2rad/rev)1.26rad/s.Then,forr4
ft,
a x 2 r (1.26rad/s)2 (4ft) 6.32ft/s2
Then,forsteadyrotation,thewatersurfaceintheglasswillslopeattheangle
ax 6.32
tan 0.196, or: h lefttocenter (0.196)(1.5in) 0.294in
g a z 32.2 0
Thustheglassshouldbefilledtonomorethan3.060.2942.77inches
2 3
Thisamountofliquidis(1.5in) (2.77in)19.6in 10.8fluidoz.Ans.
2.139ThetankofliquidinthefigureP2.139
accelerates to the right with the fluid in Fig.P2.139
2
rigidbodymotion.(a)Computeaxinm/s .
(b) Why doesnt the solution to part (a)
depend upon fluid density? (c) Compute
gage pressure at point A if the fluid is
glycerinat20C.
Solution:(a)Theslopeoftheliquidgivesustheacceleration:
a x 28 15cm
tan 0.13, or: 7.4
g 100cm
thus a x 0.13g 0.13(9.81) 1.28m/s 2 Ans.(a)
(b)Clearly,thesolutionto(a)ispurelygeometricanddoesnotinvolvefluiddensity.Ans.(b)
3
(c)FromTableA3forglycerin,1260kg/m .TherearemanywaystocomputepA.
Forexample,wecangostraightdownontheleftside,usingonlygravity:
p A gz (1260kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s2 )(0.28m) 3460Pa(gage) Ans.(c)
Orwecanstartontherightside,godown15cmwithgandacross100cmwithax:
p A gz a x x (1260)(9.81)(0.15) (1260)(1.28)(1.00)
1854 1607 3460Pa Ans.(c)
2.140Anellipticalendfueltankis10mlong,with3mhorizontaland2mvertical
3
majoraxes,andfilledcompletelywithfueloil(890kg/m ).Letthetankbepulled
alongahorizontalroadinrigidbodymotion.Findthe accelerationanddirectionfor
which(a)aconstantpressuresurfaceextendsfromthetopofthefrontendtothebottom
ofthebackend;and(b)thetopofthebackendisatapressure0.5atmlowerthanthetopof
thefrontend.
Solution:(a)Wearegiventhattheisobarorconstantpressurelinereachesfrompoint
Cto pointBin thefigure above, is negative,hence the tankis decelerating.The
ellipticalshapeisimmaterial,onlythe2mheight.Theisobarslopegivestheacceleration:
2m a
tanC B 0.2 x , hence a x 0.2(9.81) 1.96m/s 2 Ans.(a)
10m g
(b)WearenowgiventhatpA(backendtop)islowerthanpB(frontendtop)seethe
figureabove.Thus,again,theisobarmustslopeupwardthroughBbutnotnecessarily
pass through point C. The pressure difference along line AB gives the correct
deceleration:
kg
p A B 0.5(101325Pa ) oil a x x A B 890 3 a x (10m)
m
solve for a x 5.69m/s 2 Ans.(b)
Thisismorethanpart(a),sotheisobaranglemustbesteeper:
5.69
tan 0.580, hence isobar 30.1
9.81
1
Theisobarinpart(a),lineCB,hastheangle(a)tan (0.2)11.3.
2.141ThesametankfromProb.2.139is
now accelerating while rolling up a 30 Fig.P2.141
inclinedplane,asshown.Assumingrigid
bodymotion,compute(a)theaccelerationa,
(b)whethertheaccelerationisupordown,
and(c)thepressureatpointAifthefluid
ismercuryat20C.
Solution:Thefreesurfaceistiltedattheangle 307.4122.59.Thisangle
mustsatisfyEq.(2.55):
tan tan(22.59) 0.416 a x /(g a z )
Butthe30inclineconstrainstheaccelerationsuchthatax0.866a,az0.5a.Thus
0.866a m
tan 0.416 , solvefor a 3.80 2 (down) Ans.(a,b)
9.81 0.5a s
2 2
Thecartesiancomponentsareax3.29m/s andaz1.90m/s .
(c)ThedistanceSnormalfromthesurfacedowntopointAis(28cos)cm.Thus
p A [a 2x (g a z )2 ]1/2 (13550)[(3.29)2 (9.81 1.90)2 ]1/2 (0.28 cos 7.41)
32200Pa(gage) Ans.(c)
2.142ThetankofwaterinFig.P2.142is12cmwideintothepaper.Ifthetankis
2
acceleratedtotherightinrigidbodymotionat6m/s ,compute(a)thewaterdepthat
AB,and(b)thewaterforceonpanelAB.
Fig.P2.142
Solution:FromEq.(2.55),
6.0
tan a x /g 0.612, or 31.45
9.81
ThensurfacepointBontheleftrisesanadditionalz=12tan7.34cm,
or: waterdepthAB 9 7.34 16.3cm Ans.(a)
ThewaterpressureonABvarieslinearlyduetogravityonly,thusthewaterforceis
0.163
FAB pCG A AB (9790) m (0.163m)(0.12m) 15.7N Ans.(b)
2
2.143ThetankofwaterinFig.P2.143is
full and open to the atmosphere (p atm Fig.P2.143
15psi 2160psf)atpointA,asshown.
2
Forwhataccelerationax,inft/s ,willthe
pressure at point B in the figure be
(a) atmospheric; and (b) zero absolute
(neglectingcavitation)?
Solution:(a)ForpApB,theimaginary
free surface isobar shouldjoin points A
andB:
tan AB tan45 1.0 a x /g, hence a x g 32.2ft/s 2 Ans.(a)
(b)ForpB0,thefreesurfaceisobarmusttiltevenmorethan45,sothat
pB 0 p A gz a x x 2160 1.94(32.2)(2) 1.94 a x (2),
solve a x 589ft/s 2 Ans.(b)

1
Thisisaveryhighacceleration(18gs)andaverysteepangle,tan (589/32.2)87.
2.144Consider a hollow cube of side

length 22cm,fullofwaterat20C,and
opentopatm 1atmattopcornerA.The
topsurfaceishorizontal.Determinetherigid
bodyaccelerationsforwhichthewaterat
oppositetopcornerBwillcavitate,for(a)
horizontal,and(b)verticalmotion.
Solution:From Table A5 the vapor pressure of the water is 2337 Pa. (a) Thus
cavitationoccursfirstwhenacceleratinghorizontallyalongthediagonalAB:
p A pB 101325 2337 a x , AB L AB (998)a x ,AB (0.22 2 ),
solve a x, AB 319m/s 2 Ans.(a)
2
Ifwemovedalongtheyaxisshowninthefigure,wewouldneeday3192451m/s .
(b) For vertical acceleration, nothing would happen, both points A and B would
continuetobeatmospheric,althoughthepressureatdeeperpointswouldchange.Ans.
2.145A fish tank 16in by 27in by
14inch deep is carried in a car which
may experience accelerations as high as
2
6 m/s . Assuming rigidbody motion,
estimate the maximum water depth to
avoidspilling.Whichisthebestwayto
alignthetank?
Solution:Thebestwayistoalignthe16inchwidthwiththecarsdirectionofmotion,
tominimizetheverticalsurfacechangez.FromEq.(2.55)thefreesurfaceanglewillbe
6.0 16
tan max a x /g 0.612, thus z tan 4.9inches( 31.5)
9.81 2
Thusthetankshouldcontainnomorethan144.99.1inchesofwater.Ans.
2.146The tank in Fig. P2.146 is filled

withwaterandhasaventholeatpointA. Fig.P2.146
Itis1mwideintothepaper.Insideisa
10cm balloon filled with helium at
130 kPa. If the tank accelerates to the
right at 5 m/s/s, at what angle will the
balloonlean?Willitleantotheleftorto
theright?
Solution:The acceleration sets up

pressureisobarswhichslantdownandto
the right, in both the water and in the
helium. This means there will be a
buoyancyforceontheballoonupandto
the right, as shown at right. It must be
balancedbyastringtensiondownandto
the left. If we neglect balloon material
weight, the balloon leans up and to the
rightatangle
a x 5.0
tan 1 tan 1 27 Ans.
g 9.81

measuredfromthevertical.Thisaccelerationbuoyancyeffectmayseemcounterintuitive.
2.147The tank of water in Fig.P2.147

accelerates uniformly by rolling without Fig.P2.147
frictiondownthe30inclinedplane.What
istheangleofthefreesurface?Canyou
explainthisinterestingresult?
Solution:Iffrictionless, F Wsin
maalongtheinclineandthusagsin30
0.5g.
ax 0.5g cos30
Thus tan ; solvefor 30 ! Ans.
g a z g 0.5g sin 30
Thefreesurfacealignsitselfexactlyparallelwiththe30incline.
P2.148 Achildisholdingastringontowhichisattachedaheliumfilledballoon.(a)
Thechildisstandingstillandsuddenlyacceleratesforward. Inaframeofreference
movingwiththechild,whichwaywilltheballoontilt,forwardorbackward?Explain.
(b)Thechildisnowsittinginacarthatisstoppedataredlight. Theheliumfilled
balloonisnotincontactwithanypartofthecar(seats,ceiling,etc.)butisheldinplace
bythestring,whichisheldbythechild.Allthewindowsinthecarareclosed.When
thetrafficlightturnsgreen,thecaracceleratesforward.Inaframeofreferencemoving
withthecarandchild,whichwaywilltheballoontilt,forwardorbackward?Explain.
(c)Purchaseorborrowaheliumfilledballoon.Conductascientificexperimenttoseeif
yourpredictionsinparts(a)and(b)arecorrect.Ifnot,explain.
Solution:(a)Onlythechildandballoonaccelerate,notthesurroundingair.Thisisnot
rigidbodyfluidmotion.Theballoonwilltiltbackwardduetoairdrag.Ans.(a)
(b)Insidethecar,thetrappedairwillacceleratewiththecarandthechild,etc.
Thisisrigidbodymotion.Theballoonwilltiltforward,asinProb.P2.146.Ans.(b)
(c) A student in the writers class actually tried this experimentally. Our
predictionswerecorrect.
2.149ThewaterwheelinFig.P2.149lifts
water with 1ftdiameter halfcylinder Fig.P2.149
blades.Thewheelrotatesat10r/min.What
isthewatersurfaceangleatpt.A?
Solution:Convert 10r/min 1.05

rad/s. Use an average radius R 6.5 ft.
Then
a x 2 R (1.05)2 (6.5) 7.13ft/s2 towardthecenter
Thus tan a x /g 7.13 / 32.2, or: 12.5 Ans.
2.150A cheap accelerometer can be

made from the Utube at right. If L Fig.P2.150
18cm andD 5mm,whatwill h beif
2
ax6m/s ?
Solution:Weassumethatthediameteris
sosmall, D = L, thatthefreesurfaceisa
point.ThenEq.(2.55)applies,and
6.0
tan a x /g 0.612, or 31.5
9.81
Then h (L/2) tan (9cm)(0.612) 5.5cm Ans.
Sinceh(9cm)ax/g,thescalereadingsareindeedlinearina x,butIdontrecommendit
asanactualaccelerometer,therearetoomanyinaccuraciesanddisadvantages.
2.151TheUtubeinFig.P2.151isopen
atAandclosedatD.Whatuniformaccel Fig.P2.151
erationaxwillcausethepressureatpointC
tobeatmospheric?Thefluidiswater.
Solution:If pressures at A and C are

the same, the free surface must join
thesepoints:
45, a x g tan g 32.2ft/s 2 Ans.
2.152A 16cmdiameter open cylinder

27cmhighisfullofwater.Findthecentral
rigidbodyrotationrateforwhich(a)one
thirdofthewaterwillspillout;and(b)the
bottomcenterofthecanwillbeexposed.
Solution:(a)Onethirdwillspilloutifthe
resultingparaboloidsurfaceis18cmdeep:
2 R 2 2 (0.08m)2
h 0.18m , solvefor 2 552,
2g 2(9.81)
23.5rad/s 224r/min Ans.(a)
(b)Thebottomisbarelyexposediftheparaboloidsurfaceis27cmdeep:
2 (0.08m)2
h 0.27m , solvefor 28.8rad/s 275r/min Ans.(b)
2(9.81)
P2.153 Acylindricalcontainer,14inchesindiameter,isusedtomakeamoldfor
formingsaladbowls.Thebowlsaretobe8inchesdeep.Thecylinderishalffilledwith
moltenplastic,=1.6kg/(ms),rotatedsteadilyaboutthecentralaxis,thencooledwhile
rotating.Whatistheappropriaterotationrate,inr/min?
Solution: The molten plastic viscosity is a red herring, ignore. The appropriate final
rotating surface shape is a paraboloid of radius 7 inches and depth 8 inches. Thus, from
Fig. 2.23,
8 2 R2 2 (7 /12 ft ) 2
h 8 in ft
12 2g 2 (32.2 ft / s 2 )
rad 60 r
Solve for 11.2 107 Ans.
s 2 min
P2.154Averytall10cmdiametervasecontains1178cm3ofwater.Whenspunsteadily
toachieverigidbodyrotation,a4cmdiameterdryspotappearsatthebottomofthevase.
Whatistherotationrate,r/min,forthiscondition?
Solution:Itisinterestingthattheanswer
R
hasnothingtodowiththewaterdensity.
Thevalueof1178cubiccentimeterswas
chosentomaketherestdepthanicenumber:
rest
position
H
1178 cm 3 (5cm) 2 H , solve H 15.0cm ro
Onewaywouldbetointegrateandfindthevolume Fig.2.154
oftheshadedliquidinFig.P2.154intermsofvase
radiusRanddryspotradiusro.Thatwouldyieldthefollowingformula:
d ( R 2 ro2 ) dz , but z 2 r 2 / 2 g , hence dz ( 2 r / g ) dr

R 2 R 2 R 2 r 2 r4 R
Thus r ( R 2 ro2 ) ( 2 r / g ) dr r ( R 2 r r 3 ) dr ( ) |ro
o g o g 2 4
2
R4
R 2 ro2 ro4
Finally : ( ) 0.001178 m 3
g 4 2 4
rad r
Solve for R 0.05m, ro 0.02m : 2 3336 , 57.8 552 Ans.
s min
Theformulasinthetext,concerningtheparaboloidsofair,would,inthewritersopinion,
bedifficulttoapplybecauseofthefreesurfaceextendingbelowthebottomofthevase.
2.155For what uniform rotation rate in

r/minaboutaxisCwilltheUtubefluidin Fig.P2.155
Fig.P2.155takethepositionshown?The
fluidismercuryat20C.
Solution:Let ho be the height of the

freesurfaceatthecenterline.Then,from
Eq.(2.64),
2 R 2B 2 R 2A
zB ho ; zA ho ; R B 0.05m and R A 0.1m
2g 2g
2
Subtract: z A z B 0.08m [(0.1)2 (0.05)2 ],
2(9.81)
rad r
solve 14.5 138 Ans.
s min
Thefactthatthefluidismercurydoesnotenterintothiskinematiccalculation.
2.156SupposetheUtubeofProb.2.151
is rotated about axis DC. If the fluid is
waterat122Fandatmosphericpressureis
2116 psfa, at what rotation rate will the
fluidbegintovaporize?Atwhatpointin
thetubewillthishappen?
3
Solution:At122F 50C,fromTablesA1andA5,forwater, 988kg/m (or
3
1.917slug/ft )andpv12.34kPa(or258psf).WhenspinningaroundDC,thefreesurface
comesdownfrom pointAtoaposition below pointD,asshown.Thereforethefluid
pressureislowestatpointD(Ans.).Withhasshowninthefigure,
p D p vap 258 patm gh 2116 1.917(32.2)h, h 2 R 2 /(2g)
Solveforh30.1ft(!)Thusthedrawingiswildlydistortedandthedashedlinefallsfar
belowpointC!(Thesolutioniscorrect,however.)
Solvefor 2 2(32.2)(30.1)/(1ft)2 or: 44rad/s 420rev/min. Ans.

2.157The 45 Vtube in Fig. P2.157

contains water and is open at A and Fig.P2.157
closed at C. (a) For what rigidbody
rotationratewillthepressurebeequalat
pointsBandC?(b)Fortheconditionof
part(a),atwhatpointinlegBCwillthe
pressurebeaminimum?
Solution:(a)IfpressuresareequalatBandC,theymustlieonaconstantpressure
paraboloidsurfaceassketchedinthefigure.TakingzB0,wemayuseEq.(2.64):
2 R 2 2 (0.3)2 rad rev

z C 0.3m , solvefor 8.09 77 Ans.(a)
2g 2(9.81) s min
(b) The minimum pressure in leg BC occurs where the highest paraboloid pressure
contouristangenttolegBC,assketchedinthefigure.Thisfamilyofparaboloidshasthe
formula
2 r 2
z zo r tan 45, or: z o 3.333r 2 r 0 forapressurecontour
2g
Theminimumoccurswhen dz/dr 0, or r 0.15m Ans.(b)
TheminimumpressureoccurshalfwaybetweenpointsBandC.
2.158*It is desired to make a 3m
diameter parabolic telescope mirror by
rotatingmoltenglassinrigidbodymotion
untilthedesiredshapeisachievedandthen
coolingtheglasstoasolid.Thefocusof
the mirror is tobe4mfrom themirror,
measuredalongthecenterline.Whatisthe
propermirrorrotationrate,inrev/min?
Solution:Wehavetoreviewourmathbook,orahandbook,torecallthatthe focusFof
aparabolaisthepointforwhichallpointsontheparabolaareequidistantfromboththe
focusandasocalleddirectrixline(whichisonefocallengthbelowthemirror).
Forthefocallengthhandthezraxesshowninthefigure,theequationoftheparabolais
2
givenbyr 4hz,withh4mforourexample.
2 2
Meanwhiletheequationofthefreesurfaceoftheliquidisgivenbyzr /(2g).
Setthesetwoequaltofindtheproperrotationrate:
r 2 2 r 2 g 9.81
z , or: 1.226
2g 4h 2h 2(4)
rad 60
Thus 1.107 10.6rev/min Ans.
s 2
ThefocalpointFisfarabovethemirroritself.Ifweputinr1.5mandcalculatethe
mirrordepthLshowninthefigure,wegetL14centimeters.
2.159The threelegged manometer in

Fig.P2.159isfilledwithwatertoadepth Fig. P2.159
of20cm.Alltubesarelongandhaveequal
small diameters. If the system spins at
angularvelocity aboutthecentraltube,
(a)deriveaformulatofindthechangeof
heightinthetubes;(b)findtheheightin
cm in each tube if 120 rev/min.
[HINT:Thecentraltubemustsupplywater
toboththeouterlegs.]
Solution:(a)The freesurface during rotation is visualized as the dashed line in

Fig.P2.159.Theouterrightandleftlegsexperienceanincreasewhichisonehalf
that ofthecentral leg,or hO hC/2.Thetotaldisplacement betweenouterand
2 2
center menisci is, from Eq. (2.64) and Fig. 2.23, equal to R /(2g). The center
meniscusfallstwothirdsofthisamountandfeedstheoutertubes,whicheachrise
onethirdofthisamountabovetherestposition:
1 2 R2 2 2 R2
houter htotal hcenter htotal Ans.(a)
3 6g 3 3g
FortheparticularcaseR10cmand120r/min(120)(2/60)12.57rad/s,weobtain
2 R 2 (12.57rad/s)2 (0.1m)2
0.0805m;
2g 2(9.81m/s2 )
hO 0.027m (up) hC 0.054m (down) Ans.(b)
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING EXAM PROBLEMS: Answers
FE2.1Agageattachedtoapressurizednitrogentankreadsagagepressureof28inches
ofmercury.Ifatmosphericpressureis14.4psia,whatistheabsolutepressureinthe
tank?
(a)95kPa(b)99kPa(c)101kPa(d)194kPa(e)203kPa
FE2.2Onasealevelstandardday,apressuregage,mooredbelowthesurfaceofthe
ocean(SG1.025),readsanabsolutepressureof1.4MPa.Howdeepistheinstrument?
(a)4m(b)129m(c)133m(d)140m(e)2080m
FE2.3InFig.FE2.3,iftheoilinregion
BhasSG 0.8andtheabsolutepressure Fig.FE-2.3
at point A is 1 atmosphere, what is the
absolutepressureatpointB?
(a)5.6kPa(b)10.9kPa(c)106.9
kPa(d)112.2kPa(e)157.0kPa
FE2.4InFig.FE2.3,iftheoilinregionBhasSG0.8andtheabsolutepressureat
pointBis14psia,whatistheabsolutepressureatpointB?
(a)11kPa(b)41kPa(c)86kPa(d)91kPa(e)101kPa
FE2.5Atankofwater(SG 1.0)hasagateinitsverticalwall5mhighand3m
wide.Thetopedgeofthegateis2mbelowthesurface.Whatisthehydrostaticforceonthe
gate?
(a)147kN(b)367kN(c)490kN(d)661kN(e)1028kN
FE2.6InProb.FE2.5above,howfarbelowthesurfaceisthecenterofpressureofthe
hydrostaticforce?
(a)4.50m(b)5.46m(c)6.35m(d)5.33m(e)4.96m
FE2.7Asolid1mdiameterspherefloatsattheinterfacebetweenwater(SG 1.0)and
mercury(SG13.56)suchthat40%isinthewater.Whatisthespecificgravityofthesphere?
(a)6.02(b)7.28(c)7.78(d)8.54(e)12.56
FE2.8A5mdiameterballooncontainsheliumat125kPaabsoluteand15 C,moored
2 2
insealevelstandardair.Ifthegasconstantofheliumis2077m /(s K)andballoon
materialweightisneglected,whatisthenetliftingforceoftheballoon?
(a)67N(b)134N(c)522N(d)653N(e)787N
FE2.9Asquarewooden(SG0.6)rod,5cmby5cmby10mlong,floatsvertically
inwaterat20Cwhen6kgofsteel(SG7.84)areattachedtothelowerend.Howhigh
abovethewatersurfacedoesthewoodenendoftherodprotrude?
(a)0.6m(b)1.6m(c)1.9m(d)2.4m(e)4.0m
FE2.10Afloatingbodywillalwaysbestablewhenits
(a)CGisabovethecenterofbuoyancy(b)centerofbuoyancyisbelowthewaterline
(c)centerofbuoyancyisaboveitsmetacenter(d)metacenterisabovethecenterofbuoyancy
(e)metacenterisabovetheCG
COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
C2.1Somemanometersareconstructedasinthefigureat
right,withonelargereservoirandonesmalltubeopentothe
atmosphere.Wecanthenneglectmovement ofthereservoir
level.Ifthereservoirisnotlarge,itslevelwillmove,asin
thefigure.Tubeheighthismeasuredfromthezeropressure
level,asshown.
(a)Letthereservoirpressurebehigh,asintheFigure,soitslevel
goesdown.WriteanexactExpressionforp1gageasafunction
of
h, d, D, and gravity g. (b) Write an approximate expression for p1gage, neglecting the
3
movementofthereservoir.(c)Supposeh 26cm,pa 101kPa,and m 820kg/m .
Estimatetheratio(D/d)requiredtokeeptheerrorin(b)lessthan1.0%andalso 0.1%.
Neglectsurfacetension.
Solution:LetHbethedownwardmovementofthereservoir.Ifweneglectairdensity,
thepressuredifferenceisp1pamg(hH).Butvolumesofliquidmustbalance:
2
D H d 2 h, or: H (d/D )2 h
4 4
Thenthepressuredifference(exactexceptforairdensity)becomes
p1 pa p1 gage m gh(1 d 2 / D 2 ) Ans.(a)
IfweignorethedisplacementH,thenp1gage mghAns.(b)
3
(c)Forthegivennumericalvalues,h26cmandm820kg/m areirrelevant,allthat
mattersistheratiod/D.Thatis,
pexact papprox ( d /D ) 2
Error E , or : D/d (1 E )/E
pexact 1 (d /D )2
1/2
ForE1%or0.01,D/d[(10.01)/0.01] 9.95Ans.(c1%)
1/2
ForE0.1%or0.001,D/d[(10.001)/0.001] 31.6Ans.(c0.1%)
C2.2Apranksterhasaddedoil,ofspecificgravitySGo,
totheleftlegofthemanometeratright.Nevertheless,the
Utubeisstilltobeusedtomeasurethepressureinthe
airtank.(a)FindanexpressionforhasafunctionofH
andotherparametersintheproblem.
(b)Findthespecialcaseofyourresultwhenptankpa.
(c)SupposeH5cm,pa101.2kPa,SGo0.85,and
ptank is 1.82 kPa higher than pa. Calculate h in cm,
ignoringsurfacetensionandairdensityeffects.
Solution:Equatepressuresatleveliinthetube(therighthandwaterlevel):
p i pa gH w g(h H) p tank ,
SG o w (ignorethecolumnofairintherightleg)
ptk pa
Solvefor: h H (1 SGo ) Ans.(a)
w g
Ifptankpa,then
h H (1 SGo ) Ans.(b)
(c)Fortheparticularnumericalvaluesgivenabove,theanswerto(a)becomes
1820Pa
h 0.05(1 0.85) 0.186 0.0075 0.193m 19.3 cm Ans.(c)
998(9.81)
Notethatthisresultisnotaffectedbytheactualvalueofatmosphericpressure.
C2.3ProfessorF.Dynamics,ridingthemerrygoroundwithhisson,hasbroughtalong
hisUtubemanometer.(Youneverknowwhenamanometermightcomeinhandy.)As
shown in Fig. C2.3, the merrygoround spins at constant angular velocity and the
manometerlegsare7cmapart.Themanometercenteris5.8mfromtheaxisofrotation.
Determinetheheightdifference h intwoways:(a)approximately,byassumingrigid
bodytranslationwith a equaltotheaveragemanometeracceleration;and(b)exactly,
usingrigidbodyrotationtheory.Howgoodistheapproximation?
Solution:(a)Approximate:Theaverageaccelerationof
2 2
the manometer is Ravg 5.8[6(2 /60)] 2.29 rad/s
towardthecenterofrotation,asshown.Then
tan( ) a/g 2.29/9.81 h/(7cm) 0.233

Solvefor h 1.63cm Ans.(a)
2 2
(b)Exact:TheisobarinthefigureatrightwouldbeontheparabolazCr /(2g),
whereCisaconstant.Applythistotheleftleg(z 1)andrightleg(z2).Asabove,the
rotationrateis6.0*(2 /60)0.6283rad/s.Then
2 2 2 (0.6283)2
h z2 z1 (r2 r1 ) [(5.8 0.035)2 (5.8 0.035)2 ]
2g 2(9.81)
0.0163 m Ans.(b)
Thisisnearlyidenticaltotheapproximateanswer(a),becauseR>>r.
C2.4Astudentsneaksaglassofcolaontoarollercoasterride.Theglassiscylindrical,
twiceastallasitiswide,andfilledtothebrim.Hewantstoknowwhatpercentofthecola
heshoulddrinkbeforetheridebegins,sothatnoneofitspillsduringthebigdrop,inwhich
therollercoasterachieves0.55gaccelerationata45anglebelowthehorizontal.Makethe
calculationforhim,neglectingsloshingandassumingthattheglassisverticalatalltimes.
Solution:Wehavebothhorizontalandverticalacceleration.Thustheangleoftilt is
ax 0.55g cos 45
tan 0.6364
g az g 0.55g sin 45
Thus32.47ThetiltedsurfacestrikesthecenterlineatRtan 0.6364Rbelowthe
top.Sothestudentshoulddrinkthecolauntilitsrestpositionis0.6364Rbelowthetop.
Thepercentagedropinliquidlevel(andthereforeliquidvolume)is
0.6364 R
%removed 0.159 or: 15.9% Ans.
4R
C2.5Dry adiabatic lapse rate is defined as DALR dT/dz when T and p vary
a
isentropically.AssumingTCp ,wherea(1)/,cp/cv,(a)showthatDALR
g(1)/( R),Rgasconstant;and(b)calculateDALRforairinunitsofC/km.
a
Solution:WriteT(p)intheformT/To(p/po) anddifferentiate:
a 1
dT p 1 dp dp
To a , Butforthehydrostaticcondition: g
dz po po dz dz
Substitutep/RTforanidealgas,combineabove,andrewrite:
a 1 a a
dT T p p ag T p T p
o a g o . But: o 1(isentropic)
dz po po RT R T po T po
Therefore,finally,
dT ag ( 1)g
DALR Ans.(a)
dz R R
(b)Regardlessoftheactualairtemperatureandpressure,theDALRforairequals
m/s 2 )
DALR
dT
s (1.4 1)(9.81
2 2
0.00977
C
9.77
C
Ans.(b)
dz 1.4(287 m /s /C ) m km
C2.6Usetheapproximatepressuredensityrelationforasoftliquid,
dp a 2 d, or p p o a 2 ( o )
whereaisthespeedofsoundand(o,po)aretheconditionsattheliquidsurfacez=0.
Usethisapproximationtoderiveaformulaforthedensitydistribution (z)andpressure
distributionp(z)inacolumnofsoftliquid.ThenfindtheforceFonaverticalwallof
widthb,extendingfromz 0downtoz h,andcomparewiththeincompressible
2
resultFogh b/2.
Solution:Introducethisp()relationintothehydrostaticrelation(2.18)andintegrate:
z
d g dz gz/a 2
dp a 2 d dz g dz, or: a 2 , or: oe Ans.
o 0
2
assumingconstanta .Substituteintothep()relationtoobtainthepressuredistribution:
2
p po a 2 o [e gz/a 1] (1)
Sincep(z)increaseswithzatagreaterthanlinearrate,thecenterofpressurewillalways
be alittle lowerthanpredicted bylinear theory (Eq.2.44).Integrate Eq.(1)above,
neglectingpo,intothepressureforceonaverticalplateextendingfromz0tozh:
h 0
2 a 2 gh/a 2
F pb dz a 2 o (e gz/a 1)b dz ba o e 1 h Ans.
0 h g
Inthelimitofsmalldepthchangerelativetothesoftnessoftheliquid, h = a 2 /g, this
2
reducestothelinearformulaF ogh b/2byexpandingtheexponentialintothefirst
three terms of its series. For hard liquids, the difference in the two formulas is
negligible.Forexample,forwater(a1490m/s)withh10mandb1m,thelinear
formulapredictsF489500NwhiletheexponentialformulapredictsF489507N.
C2.7Venice,Italyisslowlysinking,
Storm filled with
sonow,especiallyinwinter, airtofloat
plazas and walkways are flooded.
Theproposedsolutionisthefloating
leveeofFig.P2.7.Whenfilledwithair, Venice
Lagoon 25mdeepin
24 m deep astrongstorm
itrisestoblockoffthesea.Theleveeis
30mhighand5mwide.Assumeauniform
Hinge
densityof300kg/m when
3
Leveefilledwithwaternostorm
Fig.C2.7
floating.Forthe1meter
SeaLagoondifferenceshown,estimatetheangleatwhichtheleveefloats.
Solution:Thewriterthinksthisproblemis
ratherlaborious.Assumeseawater=1025kg/m3. B
W
Thereare4forces:thehydrostaticforceFASonthe FAS
Adriatic side, the hydrostatic force FVL on the lagoon

FVL
side,theweightWofthelevee,andthebuoyancyB
ofthesubmergedpartofthelevee.OntheAdriatic
side,25/cosmetersaresubmerged.Onthelagoonside,
24/cosmetersaresubmerged.Forbuoyancy,averagethetwodepths,(25+24)/2=24.5m.
Forweight,thewholelengthof30misused.Computethefourforcesperunitwidth
intothepaper(sincethiswidthbwillcanceloutofallmoments):
FAS gh AS Lsubmerged (1025)(9.81)( 25 / 2)(25 / cos ) 3.142 E 6 / cos

FVL ghVL Lsubmerged (1025)(9.81)(24 / 2)(24 / cos ) 2.896 E 6 / cos
W levee gL (levee width ) (300)(9.81)(30)(5) 441500 N / m
B gLsub average (levee width ) (1025)(9.81)(24.5)(5) 1.232 E 6 N / m
ThehydrostaticforceshaveCPtwothirdsofthewaydowntheleveesurfaces. The
weightCGisinthecenterofthelevee(15mabovethehinge).Thebuoyancycenteris
halfwaydownfromthesurface,orabout(24.5)/2m.Themomentsaboutthehingeare
25 / cos 24 / cos 24.5

M hinge F AS ( m) W (15 m) sin FVL ( m) B ( m) sin 0
3 3 2
wheretheforcesarelistedaboveandarenotretypedhere.Everythingisknownexcept
thelistingangle (measuredfromthevertical). Someiterationisrequired,say,on
Excel,or,foragoodinitialguess(about=1530),EESconvergesnicelyto
Ans.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
C2.8Whatistheuncertaintyisusingpressuremeasurementasanaltimeter?Agage
onthesideofanairplanemeasuresalocalpressureof54kPa,withanuncertaintyof3
kPa.Theestimatedlapseratethatdayis0.0070K/m,withanuncertaintyof0.001K/m.
Effectivesealeveltemperatureis10C,withanuncertaintyof4C.Effectivesealevel
pressureis100kPa,withanuncertaintyof3kPa.Estimatetheairplanesaltitudeandits
uncertainty.
Solution:Wearedealingwiththetropospherepressurevariationformula,Eq.(2.20):
p Bz T p
(1 ) g / RB ; Invert : z o [1 ( ) RB / g ]
po To B po
Toestimatetheplanesaltitude,justinsertthegivendataforpressure,temperature,etc.:
283K 54kPa (287)(0.0070) / 9.81

z [1 ( ) ] 4800m Ans.
0.0070 K / m 100kPa
Toevaluatetheoveralluncertaintyinz,wehavetocomputefourderivatives:
z z z z
z [( p)2 ( po ) 2 ( To ) 2 ( B )2 ]1/ 2
p po To B
wherewearegiven p =3kPa, po =3kPa, To =4C,and B =0.001. Typingout

thosefourderivativesisanightmareforthewriter,sowewilljustgivethefourresults:
z z z z
p 404 m ; po 218 m ; To 68 m ; B 42 m
p po To B
whence z [(404m) 2 (218m) 2 (68m) 2 (42m) 2 ]1/ 2 466m Ans.
Theoveralluncertaintyisabout 10%. Thelargesteffectisthe5.6%uncertaintyin

pressure,p,whichhasastrongeffectonthealtitudeformula.
C2.9 ThedeepsubmersiblevehicleALVINinthechapteropenerphotohasahollow
titaniumsphereofinsidediameter78.08inchesandthickness1.93in.Ifthevehicleis
submergedtoadepthof3,850mintheocean,estimate(a)thewaterpressureoutsidethe
sphere;(b)themaximumelasticstressinthesphere,inlbf/in 2;and(c)thefactorofsafety
ofthetitaniumalloy(6%aluminum,4%vanadium).
Solution:Thisproblemrequiresyoutoknow(orreadabout)somesolidmechanics!
(a)Thehydrostatic(gage)pressureoutsidethesubmergedspherewouldbe
pwater water g h (1025 kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(3850 m) 3.87E7 Pa 5600 Psi
Ifwecorrectedforwatercompressibility,theresultwouldincreasebythesmallamount
of0.9%,givingasfinalestimateofpwater=3.90E7Pa5665lbf/in2.Ans.(a)
(b)Fromanytextbookonelasticityorstrengthofmaterials,themaximumelasticstress
in a hollow sphere under external pressure is compression and occurs at the inside
surface.Ifaistheinsideradius(39.04in)andbtheoutsideradius,39.04+1.93in=40.97
in,theformulaformaximumstressis
3 b3 3(40.97 in)3
max pwater (3.90 E 7) 4.34E8 Pa 63, 000psi Ans.(b)
2(b3 a 3 ) 2(40.973 39.043 )
Variousreferencesfoundbythewritergivetheultimatetensilestrengthoftitaniumalloysas
130,000to160,000psi.Thusthefactorofsafety,basedontensilestrength,isapproximately
2.1to2.5. Ans.(c)
NOTE: Fortitanium, theultimate compressivestrengthshouldbesimilartothetensile

strength.FURTHERNOTE:Itisbettertobasethefactorofsafetyonyieldstrength.

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Chapter 2 Pressure Distribution

in Fig. P2.4, are calibrated with a deadweight piston.

2.6Expressstandardatmosphericpressureasahead, hp/ g,in(a)feetofglycerin;

pLaPaz pvap 64400 13400 methanol g h (791)(9.81) h

Solve for hmethanol 6.57 m Ans.

slug ft lbf lbf

pb oil ghoil water ghwater (1.73)(32.2)(31) (1.94)(32.2)(5)

1500N/m 2 (12.0N/m 3 )(2.0m) 6670(1.5 H) 6670(Z B H 1.0) p B 0(gage)

Solution:For water take the density

patm (898)(g)(h 0.12)

p bottom (9790N/m 3 )(1.5m) 1.60(9790)(1.0) 1.60(9790)h 6670(2.5 h)

the three top surfaces must all be

what,inlbf/ft2,is(a)thepressureatthe Water 28cm

ofthecontainer? Mercury 8cm

psurface pinterface water h 93000 Pa (9790 N / m3 )(0.28m)

p B pA water (z B z A ) 1900 62.4(1.0ft) 1838lbfft 2 Ans.(pt.B)

Solution:Simply apply the hydrostatic

Solve for X 15273 N/m3 , or: SG X 15273 / 9790 1.56 Ans.

Solution:Yes, atmospheric pressure is essentially a result of the weight of the air

A earth psealevel 4 (6.377E6m)2 (101350Pa)

T To B z 288.16 K (0.0065m)(7315m) 240.6 K

a kRT 1.4(287 m 2 / s 2 K )(240.6 K ) 311 m / s

p pa pb ( merc water ) g h (13550 998 kg / m3 )(9.81 m / s 2 )(0.24 m)

2.32ForthemanometerofFig.P2.32,allfluidsareat20 C.IfpB pA 97kPa,

p A h 172400 (9790N/m 3)(0.04m) (8720)(0.06) (14196)(0.10)

2.34To show the effect of manometer

water (L h) oil (H h), or: H ( water / oil )(L h) h (1)

Case(a), d << D: Whenthemeniscusrises h,therewillbenosignificantchangein

pa water [L h(d/D)2 h h] oil [H h(d/D)2 h h] p b ,

Solution:The vertical distance between

p A (7832 N / m3 )(0.16m) (133100)(0.14) (9790)(0.18) p B

0Pagage (133100N/m 3 )(0.12 0.09m)

or: pairgap 27951Pa 2271Pa 25700Pagage Ans.

Solution:Take the specific weights of

2.46In Fig. P2.46 both ends of the

patm (8720)(0.1) (9790)(0.07)

is open to 1 atm on the right side.

This is the answer, since again it is negligible to go up to point A in low-density air.

p atm p D water z 112400 9790( z surface 0.18m) 101350 Pa

Solution:The centroidal depth of the

p ( ) 576 38.4 (lbf / ft 2 ) Ans.(a )

(5)(576 2 / 2 38.4 3 / 3) |10

Solution:The centroid of AB is 2.0 ft

Atriangle (1/ 2)(50 cm)(43.3 cm) 1082 cm 2 0.1082 m 2

(1/12)(1.2)(1)3 sin 60 0.0722

Solvefor h CG,water 2.09m, or: h h CG 0.433 2.52m Ans.

M B (10000)(15) (288.2h 2 )[(h/2) csc 60 (h/6)csc 60] 4898(7.5cos 60) 0,

2.65Gate AB in Fig. P2.65 is semi

2.66Dam ABC in Fig. P2.66 is 30 m

2.67Generalize Prob. 2.66 with length

Solution:Bygeometry, L Hcos and

2.68Isosceles triangle gate AB in

sin I xx (9790) sin(30 )( / 4)(0.1143) 4 0.00653

The line of action is slightly below the

M B 0 W(6 8 4m) (1.175E6)(2.0 0.133m), or W 121800N

2.72Gate B is 30 cm high and 60 cm airpressurecausesaforce,Fair,whichacts

Fair (10,000Pa)(0.3m)(0.6m) 1800N

(1/12)(0.6)(0.3)3 (sin 90o ) 0.0075

M A 0 (159.9h 2 )(12 h/3) (15600)(12 3.33),

Finally, H R[/4 + {(/4)2 + 2/3}1/2 ] 1.92R Ans.

P2.75 ThecapatpointBonthe Oil,

2.77Circular gate ABCis hinged atB.

Solution:The hydrostatic force on the