Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Population Sample
Population
Population
Population
Definition - a complete set of elements
(persons or objects) that possess some
common characteristic defined by the
sampling criteria established by the
researcher
4
Difference
Stratification Clustering
Divide population into Divide population into
groups different from each comparable groups:
other: sexes, races, ages schools, cities
Sample randomly from Randomly sample some of
each group the groups
Less error compared to More error compared to
simple random simple random
More expensive to obtain Reduces costs to sample
stratification information only some areas or
before sampling organizations
When to use S and C sampling
When to use stratified sampling
If primary research objective is to
compare groups
Using stratified sampling may reduce
sampling errors
When to use cluster sampling
If there are substantial fixed costs
associated with each data collection
location
When there is a list of clusters but not of
individual population members
Stratified and Cluster Sampling
Contd.
Non-probability sampling
Characteristics
Not every element of the population has
the opportunity for selection in the
sample
No sampling frame
Population parameters may be unknown
Non-random selection
More likely to produce a biased sample
Restricts generalization
Historically, used in most nursing studies
Types of non probability
Convenience
Quota
Purposive
Snowball
Convenience
Selection of the most readily available
people or objects for a study
No way to determine representativeness
Saves time and money
E.g At the time of meetings, demos,
training, clinics, malls etc.
Quota
Selection of sample to reflect certain
characteristics of the population
Similar to stratified but does not involve
random selection
Quotas for subgroups (proportions) are
established
E.g. 50 males & 50 females; recruit the
first 50 men and first 50 women that
meet inclusion criteria
Purposive
- aka judgmental or expert's choice
sampling
Researcher uses personal judgement to
select subjects that are considered to be
representative of the population
Handpicked subjects
E. g Columbia faculty who have won Nobel
Prizes
Snowball
Also known as network sampling
Subjects refer the researcher to others
who might be recruited as subjects
Ross, K. (ed.). (2005). Sample design for educational survey research . Retrieved from
http://www.unesco.org/iiep/PDF/TR_Mods/Qu_Mod3.pdf
Mcmillan, James H. (1996). Educational Research: Fundamentals for the Consumer. Harper
Collins: New York. Retrieved from http://ww2.odu.edu/~jritz/attachments/edrefu.pdf
Websites
http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/sample.html
http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~oliver/SOC357/Lectures%20and%20Notes/SamplingBigSlides.pdf
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat100/node/18
http://labspace.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=454418§ion=1.5.3
http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/qmss/samples_and_sampling/types_of_sampling.html
http://classes.uleth.ca/200603/mgt3220y/PDF%20slides%20by%203/sampling%20design.p
df