2017 Ch2

Structural Acoustics Spring 2017
Chapter 2
Structural Vibrations
Structural Acoustics Spring 2017
Outline
1.Excitation Sources
2.Vibration of flat thin plates
3.Bending waves in infinite structures
4.Vibration of Circular cylindrical shells
2.1 Excitation Sources
2.1.1 Excitations in mechanical systems
Reciprocal machinery
Rotational machinery
Hydro- and aero-dynamic force
Road roughness
Earthquake

3
Initial Initial displacement or velocity
Excitations Harmonic
Force or Periodic
Moment
Transient
Random
Harmonic excitation: The simplest excitation;

A periodic excitation can be represented by Fourier series as an
infinite sum of multiple harmonic excitations.
4
A Machine consists of
1Power Unit
2Transmission Unit
3Working Mechanism
Forces on a working machine:

driving force, resistance, friction,
gravity, media resistance, etc.
Driving force and resisting force
are of the primary forces that
decide the motion of machine.
5
1. Driving Force Produced by power
unit, acting on a driving mechanism
and doing positive work.
2. Working resistance Acting on driven
unit and doing negative work.
3. Friction The force resisting the
relative motion, doing negative work.
4. Media resistance Forces produced because of motion in media, such
as air and lubricant. Negative work.
5. Gravity Acting on center of mass of a mechanism. It can do both
positive and negative work, depending on the motion direction.
6. Fictitious force or inertial force Non-uniform motion usually results
in inertial force. The work depends on the motion and force
directions. 6
2.1.2 Harmonic and periodic excitations
Excitations in mechanical systems

Primary Motion Vibration Type Machine
Fans, Blowers
Centrifugal Pumps
Sinusoidal
Compressors
Rotation or
Generators, Motors
Periodic
Turbines, Lathes
Washing machines
7
2.1.2 Harmonic and periodic excitations

Piston Engines
Sinusoidal
Reciprocating Pumps
Reciprocation or
Screening Machines
Periodic
Weaving machines
8
2.1.3 Complicated sources: non-periodic and
random excitations
Forging Hammers
Impact Transient Molding Presses
Punching Machines
9
random excitations
Examples of random excitations
10
random excitations
Friction types
Dry friction: encountered when the unlubricated surface of two solids
are in contact under a condition of sliding or tendency to slide. This type
of friction is also called Coulombs friction
mg
m P m P
Ff
q R This friction force

Ff Static N
Kinetic will always be in a
friction
friction direction to appose
motion or the
Ffs s N Ffd d N
tendency toward
s d motion of the body
on which it acts.
P 11
random excitations
Friction types
Fluid friction: the resistance offered by the fluid, when adjacent layers
in a fluid are moving at different velocities
lubrication Shaft surface
Bearing Shaft
V
V=0
Fd V
Bearing surface
Fd c V
Lubrication layers Damping coefficient
12
random excitations Rotor
Helicopter Transmission system
Submarine
Power system
Propeller
Pipe

13
random excitations
Flow-induced vibration
14
2.1.4 Determination of excitation force A real example
A 4-cylinder inline diesel Shaking force and moments

engine on engine frame
vertical oscillations on the X axis due to unbalanced vertical
forces,
rotation about the Z axis due to unbalanced vertical forces in
different transverse planes,
rotation about the Y axis due to cyclic variations in torque.
Vertical inertial force:
Piston-slap force:
where
Piston-slap force:
For a multiple-cylinder inline engine
Rigid-body model for

force analysis
where and
For a 4-cylinder inline engine
then
Piston-slap moment or rolling

moment:
where
Rigid-body model for

force analysis
Data of diesel engine
Cylinder-force as a function
of crank angle
Vertical inertial force: Rolling moment: multiple

single harmonically harmonically
2.2 Vibration of flat thin plates (from wikipedia)
2.2.1 Governing equation
KirchhoffLove plate theory
Extension of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and was developed
in 1888 by Love using assumptions proposed by Kirchhoff.
The theory assumes that a mid-surface plane can be used to
represent a three-dimensional plate in two-dimensional form.
Assumptions:
straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain straight after
deformation
straight lines normal to the mid-surface remain normal to the
mid-surface after deformation
the thickness of the plate does not change during a deformation
2h
Displacement of the mid-surface (left) and of a normal (right)

2.2 Vibration of flat thin plates (from wikipedia)
Displacement field:
Displacement of the mid-surface (left) and of a normal (right)
-mid-surface displ. in x3-direction
- the in-plane displacements of the mid-surface

Strain-displacement relations:
Stress-strain (Constitutive) relations:
for an isotropic and homogeneous plate:

Internal forces and moments:
The extensional stiffnesses are the quantities:
The bending stiffnesses (also called flexural rigidity) are the quantities:
KirchhoffLove theory
Equilibrium equations for quasi-static Kirchhoff-Love Plates:
or
y, 0
Dynamic governing equations for isotropic Kirchhoff-Love plates:
Differentiation of the expressions for the moment resultants
gives us
Then the governing equations becomes
Since , then
Dynamic governing equations for isotropic Kirchhoff-Love plates:
Denoting the flexural stiffness of plate by , we have
for small deformation
or
2 2 1, 2, + 2 1, 2, = 1, 2, = 1, 2,
for free vibrations D 2 2 w 2hw

0
Forced lateral vibration of a uniform beam:

4 wx, t 2 wx, t
EI A f ( x, t )
x 4
t 2
2.2.2 Natural frequencies & modes of vibration
2 2 1, 2, + 2 1, 2, = 1, 2,
Rectangular plates
Consider a rectangular plate which has dimensions in the -plane and thickness
2h in the -direction.
Boundary conditions
1. Clamped edge
= 0 , = 0 along 1 2 = 0
2. Simply-supported edge
2 2 1, 2, + 2 1, 2, = 1, 2,
Rectangular plates
Separation of variables
Assume a displacement field of the form wx1 , x2 , t W x1 , x2 Qt
Then,
4W 4W 4W

2
W x1 , x2 2
w w,11112w,1212 w, 2222 4 2 2
2 2 d Q
4
Qt & w
x1 x1 x2 x2 dt
D 4W 4W 4W 1 d 2Q
4 2 2 4
2
2 hW x1 x1 x2 x2 Q dt 2
& where
Q t Ae it Be it
Rectangular plates
for a freely vibrating rectangular plate with simply supported edges:
Mode functions satisfying (a biharmonic eigenvalue problem):
General solution:
for initial conditions:

Rectangular plates
Modes of vibration:
for a vibrating rectangular plate with simply supported edges:
x1
x2 Even-even modes
Even-odd modes
Odd-even modes
Odd-odd modes
[1] P. J.T. Filippi, Vibrations and Acoustic Radiation of Thin Structures. ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008
[2] A. C. Nilsson, Vibro-acoustics (Vol. 1). Science Press Beijing, 2012
Rectangular plates
Modes of vibration:
for a vibrating rectangular plate with simply supported edges:
W23
[1] P. J.T. Filippi, Vibrations and Acoustic Radiation of Thin Structures. ISTE and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008
Rectangular plates
Modes of vibration:
for a vibrating rectangular plate with clamped edges [1]:
mode (3,2) mode (4,3)

sides ratio==2
[1] P. J.T. Filippi, Vibrations and Acoustic Radiation of Thin Structures. ISTE and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008
Rectangular plates
Modes of vibration:
for a completely free rectangular plate: 6 rigid-body modes
for a completely free KirchhoffLove rectangular plate:

W01 1, W02 1 , W03 2
Circular plates
z
Convention: x1 r cos q x2 r sin q
1 1 2
Laplacian: 2 2
2
r r r r q 2
for the simple case of symmetric excitation: r
1
2 2
r r r
Cylindrical coordinate system (r, , z)
where
the governing equation for free vibrations of a circular plate of thickness 2h
or
[1] P. J.T. Filippi, Vibrations and Acoustic Radiation of Thin Structures. ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008
[2] A. C. Nilsson, Vibro-acoustics (Vol. 1). Science Press Beijing, 2012
Circular plates
Assume a solution of the form wr , t W r Qt
D d 4W 2 d 3W 1 d 2W 1 dW 1 d 2Q
4 2 3 2
2hW dr r dr 3
r dr 2
r dr Q t 2

Solution of Q(t): Qt Re Ae it Be it
Solution of where
- the order 0 Bessel function of the first kind

- the order 0 modified Bessel function of the first kind
Circular plates
Bessel function of the first kind
where n n 1!
Bessel function of the first kind, J(x),

for integer orders = 0, 1, 2.
Modified Bessel function of the first kind
Modified Bessel function of the 1st kind,

I(x), for integer orders = 0, 1, 2.
Circular plates
For a plate of radius a with a clamped circumference,
Applying BCs
Natural frequencies
Mode shapes
mode n=1 mode n=2
mode (1,2) mode (2,1)

2.2.3 Material Damping [1,2]
Damping The mechanism by which the vibrational massspringdamper
energy is gradually converted into heat and sound.
Viscous damping Fd cv cx
Coulomb (Dry friction) damping Fk k N
mx cx kx F
Hysteretic damping Fh k 1 j where loss factor
Material damping E E0 1 je E jE Viscoelastic material (VEM)

G G0 1 js G jG
Elasticity:
e E
Viscosity:
d
c
dt
Elastic hysteresis loop: is
the mechanical stress, and Typical frequency-temperature dependencies
u is the strain of viscoelastic material properties
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/
[2] S. A. Hambric, Structural Acoustics Tutorial-Part 1: Vibrations in Structures. Acoustics Today, Oct. 2006
2.2.3 Material Damping [1,2]
Bending beam:
l
modal stiffness K r EI r ""r dx EIkbr 4l K r 1 j
0
- M r qr K r 1 j qr F0
2 ~ ~ ~

wx, r x qr
~ ~

x F
~

r x r a F0
~

r 0
r 1 r 1 M r r
2
1 j 2
r 1 M r r
2
1 j 2
[2] F. A.
[1] S. Fahy & P. Gardonio,
Hambric, Sound and
Structural Acoustics Structural
Tutorial-Part Vibration.
1: Vibrations in Academic Press, 2007
Structures. Acoustics Today, Oct. 2006
A2.3 Forced Vibration (mode superposition)
Bending beam:

wx, r x qr
~ ~

x F

r x r a F0

r 0
r 1 r 1 M r r
2
2
r 1 M r r
2
2
Frequency response of a simply-supported beam with PCLD
from H. Zheng et al., Intl J. Mech. Sci., 48(12), 1371-1383

2.2.4 Forced vibration of flat thin plates [1,2]
Kirchhoff-Loves equation:
4w x ,y ,t 4w x ,y ,t 4w x ,y ,t 2w x ,y ,t
D 2 H f x ,y ,t
x 4
x 2
y 2
y 4 t 2

H=2h - thickness of plate
Rectangular plates excited by a point-force:
f x, y, t x x0 , y y0 F0e jt
z F0
y w x, y , t ~x, y e jt
w
O E 1 j H 3
D
x H 12 1 2
lx ly H
2
k4
D
[1] W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates (3rd Edition). Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005
[2] F. Fahy & P. Gardonio, Sound and Structural Vibration. Academic Press, 2007
x - x0 , y y0 F0
wx, y k wx, y
~ 4 4~
D
for uniform & simply supported rectangular plates:
m n
W x, y sin km x sin k y y , km , kn
lx ly
~x, y W x, y q~
w m,n
m. n m,n
Wm,n x 0 , y0 F0
~
Integration over plate area: m,n
dSW 4

k 4 ~
w D
x ,y W x ,y F~
S
4 W m ,n
w~x ,y m ,n 0 0 0
l l
m ,n x y D k 4
m ,n k 4

W m ,n x ,y W m ,n x 0 ,y 0 F0

m n
,
M m ,n m2 ,n 1 j 2
wx, y, t w
~x, y e jt
Wm,n x, y Wm,n x0 , y0 F0 e jt

m,n M m,n 2
m,n 1 j 2

G x, y x0 , y0 F0 e jt
Wm,n x, y Wm,n x0 , y0
where Gx, y x0 , y0
m,n M m,n 2
m,n1 j 2

Gx, y x0 , y0 GM M 0 Greens (influence) function
Principal of reciprocity:
G1 x2 , y2 x1 , y1 G2 x1 , y1 x2 , y2
Useful for experimental work!
2.2.5 Bending (flexural) Waves in Thin Plates [1]
Bending (flexural) wave equation
w x ,y ,t
4
w x ,y ,t w x ,y ,t
4 4
2w x ,y ,t
D 2 H f x ,y ,t
x 4 x 2 y 2 y 4 t 2

EH 3
D
12 1 2 - bending stiffness
4w x ,y ,t 4w x ,y ,t 4w x ,y ,t 2w x ,y ,t
If no external excitation: D 2 H

0

x 4
x 2
y 2
y 4
t 2

Assume harmonic plane wave: w x, y , t Ae

j t k x x k y y
D k x
4 2
2k x k y k y
2 4
H A 0
2
or D k x
2
ky
2 2
H 2 0
Denote kb k x k y
2 2 2
4
Dkb H 2 0
4 2 D
or kb 2 0 where a
a H
D 2
Phase speed cb 4
kb H 2D wavenumber vector and components
Exe. 2.1: Free & forced vibration of a rectangular plate
with two opposite sides simply supported
Fz F0e jt
y Fz
O
simply-supported edges
x
z lx ly Material parameters:
E, , .
h
Derive the expressions for natural frequency m,n and transverse
displacement response of the plate at (x,y) excited by a harmonic
concentrated force Fz at (x0,y0) following the standard procedure of
1)method of separation of variables, and 2)mode superposition
method, respectively.
[2] A. C. Nilsson & B. L. Liu, Vibro-acoustics. Science Press, Beijing, 2012
2.2.6 Forced vibration of circular thin plates [1,2]
Circular plates excited by a point-force:
z
F0 x - x0 , y y0 Fz F0e jt
wx, y k wx, y
4~ 4~
D Fz
Free vibration: r0
d 2 qt O
2
k 2
qt a
D dt
~x, y k 4 w
4 w ~x, y 0 r
k k w 0
2 ~

2
k
2 ~
w1 0
2 2 ~
2 2 2
(1)
k w2 0
w~w ~ w ~
1 2
1 1 2
Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates: 2 2 2
r r r r q 2
Separate variables: w~r ,q Rr q
Substitute into Eq. (1)
d 2
R 1 dR 1 1 d 2

r 2
2
k
2
dr r dr R d q 2
1 d 2 d 2
R 1 dR m 2

m (2)
2
k 2 R 0 (3)
2
dq 2
dr 2
r dr r
Solution of q : q A cosmq B sinmq A cosmq q m

kr for k 2
Introducing a new variable:

2
jkr for - k 2
d R 1 dR m
2

Eq. (3) becomes: 1 2 R 0
d 2
d
Solution of R(r):
Rr CJ m kr DIm kr EYm kr FK m kr
where
J kr - Bessel function of the first kind
I kr - modified Bessel function of the first kind
Y kr - Bessel function of the second kind
I kr - modified Bessel function of the second kind
r 0 Ym kr & K m kr
E 0, F 0
then wr ,q , t Cm,n J m kn r Dm,n I m kn r cosmq q m
m,n
Bessel functions of the

1st & 2nd kind [1] (
Modified Bessel functions
wavenumber)
of the 1st & 2nd kind [1] (
wavenumber)
Plate clamped at its perimeter
wa,q , t
wa,q , t 0 0 at r a
r
dRr
Ra 0 r a 0
dr
J m ka I m ka C

0
J m ka I m ka D
d d
dr dr
Frequency equation:
J m ka ka kaI m ka 0
dI m dJ m
dr dr
Plate clamped at its perimeter
kam,n 2 D
Natural frequencies: m,n
a2 h
Mode shapes:
J m kam,n
wm,n r ,q J m kr
~ I m kr cosmq q m
I m kam,n
m
Node lines for a

clamped circular plate
2.2.6 Forced vibration of circular thin plates [1]
Mode superposition
wr ,q , t w
~r ,q e jt q w
m,n m,n
~ e jt
m,n
Displacement response:
~ r ,q w
w ~ r ,q F
~r ,q
w
m,n
m,n
M 4
m,n 0
1 j
0
4

m,n m,n
Greens function:
~ r ,q w
~ r ,q
Gr ,q r0 ,q 0
w

m,n m,n 0 0
m,n M m,n 4
m,n 1 j 4
2.3 Bending waves in infinite structures
2.3.1 Bending waves in infinite beams [1]
Excitation of bending
waves in an infinite
beam
Wave equation
4 wx, t 2 wxt
D m f x, t
x t
4 2
3
where D E 1 j I E 1 j , m A bh
bh
12
Beam is assumed infinite, therefore no wave reflection
Point force F(t)=F0e jt at x=0
The general solution to wave equation:

w A1e jkb x B1e kb x e jt for x 0
where kb 4 4
m 2

w A e 2
jkb x

B2ekb x e jt for x 0 D
Compatibility condition
w w
w w , at x 0 A1 A2 , B1 B2
x x
+
+ = = = ik b A kb B ik b A kb B

B iA
Force equilibrium
F F F F0e jt
where
3 w jt
F D
3
2 jDk Ae
3x 3 F0
b
w
A 3
jt
F D 4 jk b D
3
2 jDk Ae
x 3
b

w w0 e kb x je jkb x for x 0 F0
where w0 - 3 e jt
w w e0
kb x
je jkb x for x 0 4k b D
2.3.2 Bending waves in infinite plates[1,2]
Governing equation
4 wx, y, t 4 wx, y, t 4 wx, y, t 2 wx, y, t
D 2 h f x, y, t
x 4
x y
2 2
y 4
t 2

Solution (in cylindrical coordinates)

wr , t w0 H 0
( 2)
kb r H 0( 2) ikb r
F0 jt
where w0 2
e
8 jk b D
H0 Hankel function of the 2nd kind
( 2)
H 0 J 0 jY0
( 2) Bessel function of the 2nd
kind (Neumann function)
Bessel function of the 1st kind

2.3.2 Bending waves in infinite plates[1,2]
Bessel functions of the 1st & 2nd

kind [1] ( wavenumber)
Modified Bessel functions of the
1st & 2nd kind [1] ( wavenumber)
2.3.2 Bending waves in infinite plates[1]
Real part

wr , t w0 H 0 kb r H 0( 2) ikb r
( 2)
Velocity: vr , t jwr , t
Imaginary part
Transverse velocity of an infinite thin plate excited by a

harmonic transverse point force (kbr=0~5)
2.4 Vibration of Circular cylindrical shells [1]
Shell coordinates
Thin, isotropic & homogeneous shells
3D Cartesian coordinates 2D curvilinear surface coordinates
The location P on the mid-surface:
The infinitesimal distance P to P:
The magnitude ds of d~
r:
3D Cartesian coordinate
~
r ~
r
system & 2D curvilinear
where A1 A2 coordinate system
1 2
A1 & A2 fundamental form parameters or Lame parameters
for a circular cylindrical shell
thus
Lame parameters:
~
r
A1 1
1
~
r
A2 a
2
Obtaining the Lame
The fundamental form:
parameters for a circular
cylindrical shell
Loves assumptions
&
where 1, 2 - rotation angles Illustration of the Love

(shear deflection ignored) assumption
where membrane strain
Illustration of the Love

assumption
and bending strain
Strain-displacement
relations
A1 & A2 Lame parameters; for circular cylindrical shell: A1 =1 A2 =a.

Stress-strain relations:
Stresses of the element

Forces/bending moments acting on the element:
where
membrane stiffness
Force & bending

where
moment resultants
bending stiffness
2.4 Vibration of circular cylindrical shells[1]
Strain-displacement relations
in cylindrical coordinates:
Coordinate definitions for a

circular cylindrical shell
where
(Rotatory inertia not included)

where
Coordinate definitions for a
circular cylindrical shell
qx, q, q3 - force per unit area

Simply-supported at two ends
BCs:
&
Simply-supported circular
cylindrical shell
Equations of motion:
Assumed displacement at a
frequency:
where
BCs: Assumed solutions:
1
where
Nontrivial solution of Eq. (1): 2
where
Solutions of Eq. (2):
where
Remarks: For every m, n combination,
there have 3 frequencies. The lowest is
associated with the mode where the
transverse component dominates, while
the other two are usually higher by an
order of magnitude and are associated
with the mode where the displacements
in the tangent plane dominate.
Natural frequencies of a simply-

supported cylindrical shell
For every m, n combination, there have therefore 3 different
combinations of A, B, and C. Solving A & B in terms of C yields
where i=1,2,3.
Thus
Natural modes: where Ci - arbitrary

constants
m=1, i=1 m=1, i=2 m=1, i=3
n=1
ring modes beam modes
m=3, n=5
L/R=3 & h/R=1/50
Breathing modes, Ring frequency, lobar modes
Breathing modes n=0 modes which radiate
sound very efficiently
cl
Ring frequency the frequency at r
which a membrane wave is a
continuous around the circumference E
cl
Lobar modes n>1 modes 1 2
n=0 breathing mode
n=4 lobar mode
Oval mode
2.4.3 Donnell-Musthtari-Vlasov equation (DMV equation)
for circular cylindrical shells
Assumptions:
1) The contributions of in-plane deflections can be neglected in
the bending strain expressions;
Assumptions:
2) The influence of inertia in the in-plane deflection is neglected.
Introducing a new function defined as:
---Airys stress function

Equation of motion (1):
where
Introducing a new function defined as:
Equation of motion (2):
Equation of motion:
&
Free vibration:
Separation of variables:
Solution form: Lk x
4 2
n 2 Ehk
4
n
2

D k x h k x 0
2 x 2 2
a a
2
a
Characteristic equation
If then
which gives wavenumber k xi

n a2
i
4
n
k xi 4 h D
2
L a Eh a
for a simply-supported cylinder:
2.4.4 Forced vibration
Simply-supported cylinder excited by a point force:
Point force on a
cylindrical shell
where
2.4 Vibration of circular cylindrical shells
An Example
Physical Model x
vibrating cylinder
rigid baffle
R q
a
z
Geometry (m): 2L=3.236 a=0.452 h=0.006

Material Parameters: E=206109N/m2 =7850kg/m3
=0.3 =0.0001
BC/Load: simply-supported at two ends; F=1.0N at
z=1.348, =0o
2.4 Vibration of circular cylindrical shells
An Example (continued)
Geometry (m): 2L=3.236 a=0.452 h=0.006
Material Parameters: E=206109N/m2 =7850kg/m3 =0.3 =0.0001
acceleration in dB (ref. 10e-6ms-2)
210
(1,1)
190
170
(1,2)
150
(1,3)
130
110
90
70
50
0 100 200 300 400 500
frequency (Hz)
Acceleration at excitation point

Exe. 2.2 (Optional): Mode frequencies of a circular
cylindrical shell simply-supported at two ends
Geometry (m):
L=3.236 a=0.452 h=0.006
Material Parameters:
E=206109N/m2
=7850kg/m3
=0.3
1) Calculate the natural frequencies of the circular cylindrical shell
shown as above on the basis of Loves theory and DMV theory
respectively;
2) Give curves depicting the natural frequencies of modes (i=1~3,
m=1, n=1~20);
3) Compare the computational results and have a discussion about
DMV theory for calculating the natural frequencies of circular
cylindrical shells.

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Structural Acoustics Spring 2017

Initial Initial displacement or velocity

Harmonic excitation: The simplest excitation;

Forces on a working machine:

Excitations in mechanical systems

Excitations in mechanical systems

Examples of random excitations

q R This friction force

A 4-cylinder inline diesel Shaking force and moments

For a multiple-cylinder inline engine

Rigid-body model for

Piston-slap moment or rolling

Rigid-body model for

Vertical inertial force: Rolling moment: multiple

Displacement of the mid-surface (left) and of a normal (right)

Displacement of the mid-surface (left) and of a normal (right)

-mid-surface displ. in x3-direction

- the in-plane displacements of the mid-surface

Stress-strain (Constitutive) relations:

for an isotropic and homogeneous plate:

The extensional stiffnesses are the quantities:

Differentiation of the expressions for the moment resultants

Then the governing equations becomes

Denoting the flexural stiffness of plate by , we have

for small deformation

for free vibrations D 2 2 w 2hw

Forced lateral vibration of a uniform beam:

Assume a displacement field of the form wx1 , x2 , t W x1 , x2 Qt

Mode functions satisfying (a biharmonic eigenvalue problem):

for initial conditions:

mode (3,2) mode (4,3)

for a completely free KirchhoffLove rectangular plate:

the governing equation for free vibrations of a circular plate of thickness 2h

Assume a solution of the form wr , t W r Qt

- the order 0 Bessel function of the first kind

Bessel function of the first kind, J(x),

Modified Bessel function of the first kind

Modified Bessel function of the 1st kind,

mode n=1 mode n=2

mode (1,2) mode (2,1)

Material damping E E0 1 je E jE Viscoelastic material (VEM)

Frequency response of a simply-supported beam with PCLD

from H. Zheng et al., Intl J. Mech. Sci., 48(12), 1371-1383

Introducing a new variable:

Bessel functions of the

Node lines for a

The general solution to wave equation:

Bessel function of the 1st kind

Bessel functions of the 1st & 2nd

Transverse velocity of an infinite thin plate excited by a

The location P on the mid-surface:

The infinitesimal distance P to P:

for a circular cylindrical shell

where 1, 2 - rotation angles Illustration of the Love

where membrane strain

Illustration of the Love

A1 & A2 Lame parameters; for circular cylindrical shell: A1 =1 A2 =a.

Stresses of the element

Force & bending

Coordinate definitions for a

(Rotatory inertia not included)

qx, q, q3 - force per unit area

Solutions of Eq. (2):