Re-imagine mining networks

for 2020 and beyond

Enabling network flexibility, agility and speed

Strategic White Paper

1 Strategic White Paper

Re-imagine mining networks for 2020 and beyond
 Contents

Introduction 3
Disparate networks hamper growth and efficiency 5
Nokias network transformation vision 5
Network modernization with an IP/MPLS network 7
Evolving radio communications to broadband LTE 11
A unified cross-layer, cross-domain network manager 12
Revamping the data center with SDN 12

Conclusion 15
Acronyms 16
References 18

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Introduction
Few industries operate in more volatile business and political conditions than
mining companies. They face the challenges of operations in harsh, remote
and sometimes even uninhabitable regions in the midst of unpredictable
world events, constantly fluctuating commodity prices affected by the global
economic boom-bust cycle, and rising production costs, while they strive
to attain eco-sustainability, safety and profitability. And all the while, it is
necessary for them to adapt resourcefully and innovate boldly. A cornerstone
of their adaptation strategy is to strategically invest in and adopt innovative
technologies to automate production and business processes in order to
improve efficiency, increase production yields and reduce costs. As a result,
they can flourish in boom times and weather an inclement business climate
when necessary.
Three innovative technologies are key to transformation for the future:
1. Automation
At the forefront of mining automation is the introduction of autonomous
systems. Automation provides more consistent and efficient operation of
mining equipment while providing safer working conditions. An autonomous
haulage system (AHS) can load and dump ore and navigate haul roads without
the presence of a driver or even remote manual control. An autonomous
drilling system (ADS) allows a mining company to expand access to ore
deposits in areas previously deemed too dangerous and inhospitable to drill.
Deployment of such systems optimizes return on mining assets.
Operation of such autonomous systems in remote mines requires real-time
monitoring of the systems operating conditions by an operations center.
From high-definition video feed to sensors to high precision GPS co-ordinates,
continuous gathering of critical operational metrics is pivotal to safe and
smooth operations.
2. In-pit broadband mobility
The mining industry has long recognized the immense value mobility can
bring to their business. It allows their mine staff to communicate and access
business data and intelligence from anywhere at any time, and therefore
enormously increase productivity. Mobility also enables this industry to
embrace the future deployment of machine-to-machine (M2M) solutions;
many mining devices can now collect and monitor metrics in the mines.
Mining companies have also long deployed narrowband mobility for voice
communications and some data applications based on private mobile radio/
land mobile radio (PMR/LMR) technologies. To continue to improve operations
safety and productivity, as well as business efficiency, more data-intensive

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applications including fleet location and performance management, asset and
logistics tracking and CCTV are deployed. Staff needs to access a lot of data
quickly from anywhere in the pit at broadband speed. Therefore many mines
are evaluating migration to broadband mobile radio.
3. Analytics and cloud computing
Mining operations have become more data-centric than ever. Mine operations
staff need to tackle a great deal of data all at once geological data, ore
control information, weather data, and mining machine operating conditions
while business analysts in corporate office track pertinent world economic
and commodity trading data. Big data analytics and IT applications now play a
role from analyzing mining equipment conditions for just-in-time preventive
maintenance to optimizing the pit-to-port transportation schedule based on
worldwide demand and supply forecasts. They are integral to the streamlined
business process that is pivotal to attain optimum production cost. Therefore,
the data center, where compute-intensive analytics software runs and
enormous amounts of indispensable data are stored, has become the de
facto brain of a mining company.
Cloud computing, sometimes known as data center virtualization, is
considered to be a very promising compute paradigm to enable mining
companies to thrive in this data-intensive and analytics-driven operating
model. It empowers mining companies to consolidate and virtualize all
compute resources distributed in multiple data centers into a one seamless
pool that can be dynamically and elastically allocated to individual mining
operations nationally or globally to run different applications with on-demand
compute resources. As a mine goes through the typical cycle of exploration,
assessment and approval, construction, operation and closure, in the midst
of unpredictable economic cycles , many applications including geological
modeling, a geographical information system (GIS), enterprise and supply
chain planning, global economic modeling, as well as dispatch and operations,
are essential tools. A cloud-based approach with applications centralized in
data centers is an efficient compute model for mining companies to help
match the production with the demand in accordance with the boom-bust
cycle.
These investments in mining equipment automation, broadband mobility and
data center virtualization can improve business and operations efficiency as
well as safety and security.

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Disparate networks hamper growth and
efficiency
Legacy mining networks were born in an era where a new network was built
as part of the deployment of a new application (Figure 1). This model was
acceptable when communications technology was primarily limited to time
division multiplexing (TDM)-based technology. However, TDM, with its limited
interface speed and bandwidth allocation rigidity, is ill-suited to support the
new bandwidth-intensive but bursty applications being deployed. Hence
network transformation has become necessary.
Figure 1. Network convergence concept
From: Disparate single-service networks To: Converged service network

Transformation

Nokias network transformation vision

These innovative technologies require high-bandwidth network connectivity
that is agile, resilient, secure and QoS-enabled from end to end among open
pit areas, pit-to-port transport infrastructure, loading terminals, operating
centers and data centers.
Nokias network transformation vision comprises three major pillars:
Modernizing the WAN from end to end
Evolving to broadband radio communications
Revamping the data center network
Figure 2 depicts a network transformation blueprint that prepares mining
companies for future technology evolution and equips mining operations for

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up-to-the second mine situations. It encompasses a service-aware, converged
IP/MPLS WAN, a software defined network (SDN)-powered data center and full
broadband radio communications in pit areas and along pit-to-port transport
infrastructure.
Figure 2. Mining network transformation blueprint

LTE Operation
PMR eNodeB centers
Mines area

Accommodation
village
SCADA FEP Public Internet
Port/loading
terminal
Industrial/
processing EPC PBX Data centers
areas

DC
Signaling SDN gateway LAN
station
2. Broadband radio
evolution

Cloud-based
Pit-to-port Aggregation compute and
Open transport storage
pit Optical
switch

1. WAN modernization 3. DC network revamp

IP/MPLS

Microwave Optics

Executing a successful network transformation requires a strong product

portfolio encompassing IP/MPLS routers, optics, microwave equipment, and
an SDN-based data center network. Nokia has an innovative and state-of-the-
art product portfolio that has been deployed globally in many mission-critical
networks (Figure 3).

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Figure 3. Nokia mining network transformation product portfolio

Enterprise SDN

VSP VSD VSC VRS VSAP

Virtualized Services Platform

WAN SDN WAN

management

5620 Service
Network Services Platform
Service Aware Manager portal

4G/LTE eNode B
SAR-M
SAR-Hc SAR-Wx
SAR-A
VMG VMM
9412, 9711/ 7750 9471 WMM 5780 DSC
9712, 9926 SR MG (MME/SGSN) (PCRF) SAR-F
SAR-18 SAR-H SAR-W

SAR-8
IP/MPLS
WAN 7705 Service Aggregation Routers

XRS-40 XRS-20 XRS-16c

VSR
SAS-K SAS-D SAS-E SAS-R6 7950 Extensible Routing Systems

SR-16e SR-12 SR-7 SR-a8 SR-a4 SR-c12 SR-c4 SAS-T SAS-M SAS-X
7750 Service Routers 7210 Service Access Switches

Optics Microwave

PSS-64 PSS-36 PSS-32 PSS-16 PSS-8 PSS-4 MPT MSS-0/1/4/8 7705 SAR MWA
SWDM
1830 Photonic Service Switch 9500 Microwave Packet Radio

Network modernization with an IP/MPLS network

Nokias IP/MPLS network solution is not just a plain IP/MPLS network. It is a
service-aware converged IP/MPLS network, fully integrated with transport
technology.1 It is an integral component of mining companies efforts to
modernize their networks.
While a converged network architecture achieves savings and increases
efficiencies, there are always concerns that legacy applications cannot
continue to be supported, that performance and reliability will degrade
and that network visibility and control will be lost. To ensure performance,
it is imperative that the network architecture exhibit the following crucial
attributes:
1. Flexible multiservice VPN
Virtual private network (VPN) service capability is a necessary tool to carry
many different applications data with completely separate forwarding tables

1 For more discussion on attributes of a converged IP/MPLS network, please read the white paper entitled MPLS for
Mission-Critical Networks (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/172097).

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for IP, Ethernet and cross-connect for each VPN, thus enabling complete
segregation among them. This requires a wide VPN portfolio capable of
supporting layer 1, layer 2 and layer 3 VPNs, either in point-to-point or
multipoint configuration. Techniques like IP route leaking can be utilized
in conjunction with a stateful firewall to allow collaborative inter-VPN
communications. Table 1 encapsulates typical operational and IT applications
used in mines and indicates how to leverage VPN flexibility to provide required
connectivity.
Table 1. Multiservice VPN supporting mining applications
APPLICATION SERVICE TYPE REMARK
LTE backhaul IP VPN or hierarchical IP VPN Requires per-forwarding-class traffic to
support corresponding QoS for each mobile
application
(e.g. autonomous fleet management, CCTV)
Land Mobile Radio backhaul Point-to-point VLL Hub-and-spoke communication
Corporate telephony IP VPN or hierarchical IP VPN Voice and video call
Corporate intranet VPLS Best-effort service
Living quarters Internet IP VPN or hierarchical IP VPN Best-effort service
access
Security alarm Dry contact port to SNMP Translate dry contacts status to SNMP alarms
alarm

As multiple services are put on the same port in the same node, advanced
service-aware hierarchical QoS (H-QoS) is important to allocate sufficient
bandwidth resources with the right priority to avoid performance compromise.
2. QoS management
In such a converged network carrying numerous applications, service
awareness is crucial for application performance assurance. As application
traffic enters the network edge, the edge router can treat each applications
traffic with an individually tailored QoS policy that includes its own set of
traffic queues and traffic rate to ensure no application can send beyond the
agreed rate, impacting the rest (Figure 4). H-QoS further renders flexibility to
each service to consume its assigned bandwidth without affecting the others.

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Figure 4. Service-aware QoS ensures service-based bandwidth resource
partition

CIR = 300 kb/s

LTE signaling
PIR = 300 kb/s
LTE
CIR = 5 Mb/s backhaul
Real-time applications
PIR = 5 Mb/s 30 Mb/s
CIR = 24.7 Mb/s
Non-real-time applications
PIR = 30 Mb/s
CIR = 100 Mb/s
Signaling Corporate
PIR = 100 Mb/s
telephony Port
CIR = 1 Mb/s 1.1 Mb/s
Bearer
PIR = 100 Mb/s
CIR = 12 Mb/s
CCTV
PIR = 10 Mb/s CCTV
CIR = 0 Mb/s SLA = 12 Mb/s
CCTV control
PIR = 1 Mb/s

CIR = 15 Mb/s Corporate IT

Wi-Fi Internet/intranet
PIR = 30 Mb/s SLA = 30 Mb/s

CIR = Committed Information Rate

PIR = Peak Information Rate

3. Full integration with transport technology

Whether it is an environmentally controlled office or a remote outpost, the
network needs to reach all sites for different departments. Whether it is
for in-pit or pit-to-port communications, operators need flexible transport
technology. Modern IP/MPLS routers now have natively integrated transport
technologies such as packet microwave, coarse wavelength division
multiplexing (CWDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM).
Instead of the traditional model of deploying separate nodes, a converged IP/
MPLS router (Figure 5) can consolidate the transport layer to greatly simplify
network design and operation as well as installation complexity and footprint.
Figure 5. An IP/MPLS router integrated with transport technology

Microwave

MPLS router

Optical/WDM

4. Enhanced resiliency and survivability

An IP/MPLS converged network attains high resiliency by design at various
protocol layers. Nodal control and switching complex, with hitless 1+1
protection encompassing non-stop routing, signaling and services, can be

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provisioned in a large terabit router as well as a compact 2 RU platform. A
well-proven resiliency mechanism such as MPLS fast re-route, label-switched
path (LSP) make-before-break, equal cost multi-path (ECMP) and pseudowire
redundancy, Ethernet link aggregation group (LAG) and SDH/SONET and
microwave links hitless 1+1 play complementary roles together to form a
highly resilient network.
With rapid adoption of autonomous mining systems, it is crucial that the
operating center continuously monitor the systems to ensure safety. Any
breakdown will result in activity stoppage that could cause significant
economic loss. Therefore the end-to-end network, from mining pit to the
WAN, requires strong network robustness that can withstand multi-fault
failure. It is notable that not all new packet technology, such as Carrier
Ethernet, can offer such an extra level of resiliency.2
5. High scalability for future growth
To meet future application needs, the network must scale in capacity, control
plane and link bandwidth. An IP/MPLS router family ranging from a terabit core
router supporting a 400 Gb/s slot in a central office setting to a multi-gigabit,
hardened outdoor router allows operators to select a cost-effective choice
dimensioned for projected traffic growth.
Effectively utilizing fiber or microwave transport assets requires advanced
techniques such as optical CWDM and DWDM, industry-first 200 Gb/s
wavelength, high-order microwave modulation (2048 QAM), MPLS-aware
compression and cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC).
All of these enable operators to scale the transport infrastructure.
6. Seamless TDM migration
While TDM network equipment and carrier services are being retired, many
deployed legacy applications such as emergency communications and SCADA
systems are here to stay. To migrate TDM applications onto the network, it
is imperative that low-speed interfaces such as E&M, FSX/FSO and serial are
supported in order not to disrupt current operations and that the network
services can be provisioned with the acceptable range of delay and jitter.3 To
ensure a smooth migration process, network operators also need to take into
consideration certain engineering guidelines when designing the network.4
7. Strong security
Following the ITU-T X.805 security framework, based on the Nokia Bell
Labs security model, security considerations need to be given to both
the infrastructure layer and services layer. For the infrastructure layer,

2 See MPLS for mission-critical microwave networks: Building a multi-fault tolerant microwave network for more de-
tailed discussion (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/175593)
3 The 7705 SAR product family has a wide portfolio of legacy interface. Please read the 7705 SAR Legacy Interface
Adapter Cards datasheet (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/174425)
4 For a detailed discussion of TDM migration, please read Transformation of mission-critical communications networks:
Migrating from SDH/SONET networks to IP/MPLS networks (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/145072)

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it is necessary to protect management, control and data planes with
comprehensive authentication and logging, packet filtering and IP Security
(IPSec). For the services layer, features such as service-aware network group
encryption (NGE)5, which encrypts at the MPLS layer, stateful firewall and
network resource partitioning are pivotal to defend the service integrity.6
Encryption at the optical and microwave layers is also available to protect the
data.7

Evolving radio communications to broadband LTE

Since the first commercial Long Term Evolution (LTE) network deployment
in 2010, it has become a prevalent wireless technology for consumers and
enterprises. LTE exhibits immense potential as a broadband, non-line of sight
(LOS) radio technology for in-pit and pit-to-port applications, complementing
todays PMR and Wi-Fi radio networks. Dependent on the frequency
spectrum, it propagates better than legacy radio technology such as Wi-Fi and
proprietary VHF or PMR, particularly in the challenging topography of an open-
pit mine. It is well placed to support broadband speed with QoS management
to facilitate in-pit real time machine-to-machine communications, high-
definition video surveillance and broadband radio access by mine staff from
anywhere in the pit. It forms a robust and reliable converged radio access
network (RAN) catering to all data applications used in mining areas (Figure 6).
With impending support of mission-critical voice, it can be extended to replace
existing PMR/LMR radio systems, further consolidating pit communications
systems.
Figure 6. A converged LTE radio system

Asset
management
Voice
CCTV Application
M2M

LTE

IP/MPLS

Transport
Microwave Optics

5 For more information on NGE, please read Nokia network group encryption: Seamless encryption for mission-critical
networks (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/187584)
6 For a more detailed discussion of security framework, please read Nokia 7705 Service Aggregation Router: Security
overview for mission-critical networks (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/174129)
7 For layer 1 encryption at optics and microwave layer, please read footnote 12 below and Security for Microwave Links:
Risks and Mitigations for Point-to-Point Microwave (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/157676) respectively

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A unified cross-layer, cross-domain network manager
The traditional boundary of layer- and domain-specific management has
made the tasks of service provisioning, network configuration, performance
monitoring, fault correlation and troubleshooting complicated, cumbersome
and error-prone. A cross-layer, cross-domain service-aware manager helps
operators to attain a unified view at radio, IP/MPLS and transport layer (Figure
7). Together with an easy-to-use GUI, service templates and scripting, scalable
collection of network and OAM statistics and powerful cross-layer fault
correlation, operators can achieve high efficiency and attain agility to respond
to changes in network and applications needs.
Figure 7. Cross-layer, cross-domain unified management

LTE LTE LTE EPC LTE

Backhaul domains
Wi-Fi RAN RAN core

IP routes

Backhaul MPLS paths

Microwave/
optics
layer

Revamping the data center with SDN

From SDH/SONET to Frame Relay/ATM to IP/MPLS, the WAN has gone through
multiple iterations of technology change in the last 30 years. However, data
center networking has not changed much since Ethernet became the de facto
enterprise technology. Today, driven by adoption of the cloud computing
paradigm, the part of the enterprise network under the most severe strain
from ICT technology change is the data center fabric network that connects
all servers and the branch gateway connecting a branch locations internal
networks to a converged IP/MPLS network.
SDN-powered data center fabric8
The traditional model of expanding data center compute capacity to cater
for developing as well as turning up applications is to add new dedicated
bare metal servers, even in a consolidated data center hosting servers for

8 Please read Unconstrained Datacenter Networks for the Cloud Era

(http://www.nuagenetworks.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2013-03-28-Nuage-White-Paper_final_r2.pdf)

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different company operators and departments. While a bare metal server
is suitable when dedicated compute resources are dedicated to a single
user and application, it is inefficient and insufficient when application
workloads are becoming elastic, driven by mining cycles. With server
virtualization technology, virtual machines (VMs) can now be created and
deleted as business needs changes. It makes compute resources dynamically
consumable. New VMs can now be created to serve different users and
applications on an as-needed basis, on any servers in any locations that have
the required capacity and bandwidth connectivity. In the cloud computing age,
VM is an unexpendable technology to manage compute capacity with agility
and efficiency.
However, this new paradigm requires an equally agile data center network
fabric. Today, while it may take only minutes to instantiate a new VM through a
cloud orchestrator, it often takes hours, if not days, to configure the underlay
fabric network to provide the necessary connectivity. SDN has emerged as the
de facto data center networking solution to unleash the constraints. Through
seamless coordination with a cloud orchestrator in the data center, the SDN
overlay network can respond to VM creation and movement automatically by
reconfiguring itself over the existing underlying network, which is typically an
IP or Ethernet network, accordingly. Evolving the data center network to an
SDN architecture would remove the existing data center underlay network
constraint, automate the required network configuration change, and enable
users to share and consume compute resources more dynamically and
efficiently without having to replace the underlying network infrastructure.
This is particularly attractive to multi-tenant data centers that serve multiple
operations teams supporting mines around the world.
An extensible DCI network9
With the data center becoming an integral component of the ICT
infrastructure, operators have become acutely aware of the vulnerability
of maintaining mission- and business-critical information in a single site.
Site diversity, or geo-redundancy, is crucial to their business continuity and
disaster recovery strategy. A WDM-based service platform can form a scalable
data center interconnect (DCI) optical gateway to extend the Ethernet LAN and
storage area network (SAN) connecting compute and servers in multiple data
centers (Figure 8).

9 For more detailed discussion of DCI technology and solution, please read: Data Center Interconnect Market Trends and
Requirements
(http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/181666) and Data Center Interconnect Solutions for Large Enterprises
(http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/181670)

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Figure 8. An optical DCI solution
Primary data center Backup data center

LAN LAN
Server farm/ Ethernet
NAS server LAN

SAN SAN
WDM optical
Fiber Optical Optical
Storage array network
channel gateway gateway

10, 40, 100 and

HPC 200 Gb/s WDM links HPC
InniBand
HPC

With the adoption of the cloud computing paradigm, distributed computing in

the form of VM can now be placed in any data center where unused compute
capacity can be found. A distributed application, typically written with a
three-layer architecture (web-GUI, business logic and database), can reside in
multiple VMs placed in different centers that can be moved around to scale
up or down as well as accommodate server maintenance. As a result of the
movement, the DCI network also needs to be re-configured to instantiate new
IP connectivity across data centers. An SDN-controlled data center gateway on
top of the optical gateway can instantiate IP subnet connectivity across data
centers automatically (Figure 9).
Figure 9. An SDN-based DCI solution
Data center #1 Data center #2

Branch ofces
Cloud Service Cloud Service
Services Cloud
Management Management
Policy Engine orchestrator
Plane Plane

Multi-protocol BGP4
Data center Data center
Control SDN IP/MPLS network SDN Control
Plane Controller controller Plane

Data center Data center

Data Plane Data Plane
Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor

Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor

Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor Hypervisor

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Securing the cloud
In addition to the usual physical security measures firewall and intrusion
detection systems when connected to external networks, with the advent of
compute virtualization and the increased volume of inter-data-center traffic,
new security measures need to be considered.
Inside the data center, it is crucial to protect inter-VM communications.
With the frequent creation, deletion and movement of VMs, applying packet
security policies with access control lists manually is prone to errors. The
innovative SDN-based approach of preserving security settings with VMs
closes this vulnerability.10
Once the data leaves the secure perimeter of the data center, they become
vulnerable. A knowledgeable intruder can now easily purchase the necessary
components to eavesdrop on an optical fiber. To prevent data from being
stolen, it is necessary to encrypt the data. The encryption scheme must
support multiprotocols including IP, Ethernet, Fibre Channel and InfiniBand,
with negligible added latency not to exceed the budgeted synchronous data
replication round trip delay. Moreover, operators can also proactively stop
any fiber eavesdropping activity by using optical intrusion detection (OID)
mechanisms to locate security breaches.11

Conclusion
Mining companies today are at a critical tipping point. As they strive to meet
todays production requirements, attain eco-sustainability and deliver improved
shareholder value, they need to re-imagine their mining paradigms, and explore
and embrace new innovations and technologies. Integral to the new paradigms
is a revamped and transformed network infrastructure, connecting pits, ports,
operating and data centers and offices seamlessly and unfailingly, delivering
information when and where needed.
A successful execution of network transformation rests not only on
technology. With a broad and deep product portfolio that spans from IP/
MPLS to microwave and optical transmission to SDN to LTE, complemented
by full suite of professional services including audit, design and engineering
practices12, Nokia has the unique capability and flexibility to help mining
companies plan and transform their networks for 2020 and beyond.

10 For more discussion on this topic, please read Network Security Use Case Brief (http://resources.alcatel-lucent.com/
asset/184234)
11 Please read the whitepaper entitled Data Center Connect Security for a detailed discussion of this topic: (http://re-
sources.alcatel-lucent.com/asset/159767)
12 Please visit https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/services/professional-services to learn more about professional services

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Acronyms
1830 PSS Nokia 1830 Photonic Service Switch
5620 SAM Nokia 5620 Service Aware Manager
5780 DSC Nokia 5780 Dynamic Services Controller
7210 SAS Nokia 7210 Service Access Switch
7450 ESS Nokia 7450 Ethernet Service Switch
7705 SAR Nokia 7705 Service Aggregation Router
7750 SR Nokia 7750 Service Router
7950 XRS Nokia 7950 Extensible Routing System
9412 Nokia 9412 eNodeB Compact e-NodeB
9471 WMM Nokia 9471 Wireless Mobility Manager
9500 MPR Nokia 9500 Microwave Packet Radio
9711 Nokia lightRadio 9711 Indoor Base Stations
9712 Nokia lightRadio 9712 Outdoor Base Stations
9926 Nokia 9926 eNodeB
ACL access control list
ADS autonomous drilling system
AHS autonomous haulage system
ATM asynchronous transfer mode
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
CCTV closed circuit television
CES circuit emulation service
CIR Committed Information Rate
CWDM coarse wavelength division multiplexing
DCI data center interonnect
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing
E&M earth and magneto, also known as ear and mouth
ECMP equal-cost multipath

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eNodeB Evolved Node B
FSO foreign exchange office
FSX foreign exchange subscriber
GIS geographical information system
GPS Global Positioning System
H-QoS hierarchical QoS
IPSec IP Security
LAG link aggregation group
LMR land mobile radio
LOS line of sight
LSP label-switched path
LTE Long Term Evolution
M2M machine-to-machine
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
NGE network group encryption
OAM operation, administration and maintenance
OID optical intrusion detection
PMR private mobile radio
QAM quadrature amplitude modulation
QoS quality of service
RAN radio access network
SAN storage area network
SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition
SDH synchronous digital hierarchy
SDN software-defined network
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SONET synchronous optical network
TDM time division multiplexing
VLL virtual leased line
VM virtual machine

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VPLS virtual private LAN service
VPN virtual private network
XPIC cross-polarization interference cancellation

References
1. Nokia 1830 Photonic Service Switch.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/1830-photonic-service-switch
2. Nokia 5620 Service Aware Manager.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/5620-service-aware-manager
3. Nokia 7210 Service Access Switch.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/7210-service-access-switch
4. Nokia 7450 Ethernet Service Switch.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/7450-ethernet-service-switch
5. Nokia 7705 Service Aggregation Router.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/7705-service-aggregation-router
6. Nokia 7750 Service Router.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/7750-service-router
7. Nokia 9500 Microwave Packet Radio.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/9500-microwave-packet-radio
8. Nokia Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Platform.
https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/products/
nuage-networks-virtualized-services-platform
9. International Engineering Task Force. RFC 4090: Fast Reroute Extensions to
RSVP-TE for LSP Tunnels. May 2005.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4090.txt
10. International Engineering Task Force. RFC 4364: BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs). February 2006.
http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc4364
11. International Engineering Task Force. RFC 4553: Structure-Agnostic TDM
over Packet (SAToP). June 2006.
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4553
12. International Engineering Task Force. RFC 5086: Structure-Aware Time
Division Multiplexed (TDM) Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched
Network (CESoPSN). December 2007.
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5086.txt
13. International Engineering Task Force. RFC 6718: Pseudowire Redundancy.
August 2012.
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6718

18 Strategic White Paper

Re-imagine mining networks for 2020 and beyond
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19Nokia 2016
Strategic White Paper
nokia.com
Re-imagine mining networks for 2020 and beyond