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GROUP: D7 Thursday, 10 AM
I hereby declare that the calculation, results, discussion and conclusions submitted in this report
is entirely my own work and have not copied from any other student or past student.
Student Signature:
___________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
The intention of this laboratory is to get familiarisation with equipment used in the practices. Among these
equipment there are DC Power supply, digital multimeters, function signal/waveform generator, digital
signal/storage oscilloscope, breadboard and assorted wire lengths, wire side cutter and resistors. Also, setup,
use and configure all these cited equipment.
It will be showed that the accuracy of the instruments influences in the results of electrical measures. In
the series circuit, due a lower power used, the errors are lesser comparing with the parallel circuit. In
addition, it is verified the Ohms law using the results from the laboratory.
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CIRCUITS
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RESULTS PAGE
Voltage divider rule theoretical and measured results
Variable Theoretically calculated results Measurements Accuracy (%)
VAB (V) 2 2 99.90
VBC (V) 1 0.99 99.00
VC (V) 3 3 100
VB (V) 2 2 100
IS (A) 0.1 0.1 100
Table 1 - Voltage divider rule theoretical and measured results
It is showed in the table 1 the values of voltage and current calculated and measured. However, due
the accuracy of the instruments and the uncertainty, the values were not as precise as in the calculations.
Current divider rule theoretical and measured results
Variable Theoretically calculated results Measurements Accuracy (%)
I1 (A) 0.6 1 98.36
I2 (A) 0.3 0.31 96.77
Is (A) 0.9 0.91 98.90
VAB (V) 3 2.973 99.10
VS (V) 3 2.973 99.10
Table 2 - Current divider rule theoretical and measured results
As in the table 1, the table 2 shows the values collected in the laboratory and calculated. Also,
there are some deviation due the accuracy of the instruments and the uncertainty. For example, the
multimeter has an accuracy of 1.5%+3 when is reading values of AC circuits.
Power of all elements figure 1
Resistors Fig 1 (k) Power calculated (mW) Power measured (mW) Accuracy (%)
20 0.20 0.2002 99.900
10 0.1 0.099 99.000
30 0.3 0.3 100
Total power 0.6 0.5992 99.867
Table 3 - Power of all elements from figure 1
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It is showed in the Table 3 and Table 4 the power of all elements in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
The values of power calculated and measured have deviation because the accuracy of the
multimeter, once the values of the voltages and currents are multiplied and the error is also
multiplied. It is also possible see that the circuit from Figure 2 consume more power than the circuit
in Figure 1.
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RESULTS GRAPHED
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y = 19.944x - 0.1213
y = 20x
VOLTAGE (V)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
-2
CURRENT (mA)
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DISCUSSION
TYPICAL SOURCES OF ERROR
There are some common sources of error such as magnet fields, tribo-electric effect,
electrochemical effects and instrument limitations. The magnet fields can be generated when there
is loops in the wires, tribo-electric effects often happen when there is contact between conductor
and isolator, electrochemical effects are caused by polluted and/or humid places and the instrument
limitations when the instrument is used out outside of its capacity (Alferink, 2016).
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= = 30 0.005 = 0.15
The power decreased four times.
CONCLUSIONS
As is showed in the tables, the percentage of accuracy of the circuits are very close to the
calculated values, however, the parallel circuit was slightly less accurate than the series circuit. This may
be attributed by the reason that the power source using higher voltage may increase some errors in the
instruments due the resolution and the accuracy of measurement. Also, was verified that the Ohws law
correctly relate the resistance, current and voltage, showing a constant gradient.
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APPENDICES
Figure 5 - Figure showing the circuit in parallel and the measurement being done
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REFERENCES
Storr, W. (2013). Relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance. Retrieved from Basic
Electronics Tutorials: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_1.html
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