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ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS (ELEN1000)

STUDENT NUMBER: 18279966

NAME: FRANCIS LEMEN FRANQUILIN GOMES

GROUP: D7 Thursday, 10 AM

LABORATORY: 1 Laboratory 1: Equipment Familiarisation

LABORATORY SUPERVISOR: A. Datta

LABORATORY PARTNERS: Daniel Scott 17162942

DATE PERFORMED: 17.04.2016

DATE DUE: 07.04.2016

DATE SUBMITTED: 07.04.2016

I hereby declare that the calculation, results, discussion and conclusions submitted in this report
is entirely my own work and have not copied from any other student or past student.

Student Signature:
___________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION

The intention of this laboratory is to get familiarisation with equipment used in the practices. Among these
equipment there are DC Power supply, digital multimeters, function signal/waveform generator, digital
signal/storage oscilloscope, breadboard and assorted wire lengths, wire side cutter and resistors. Also, setup,
use and configure all these cited equipment.

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

It will be showed that the accuracy of the instruments influences in the results of electrical measures. In
the series circuit, due a lower power used, the errors are lesser comparing with the parallel circuit. In
addition, it is verified the Ohms law using the results from the laboratory.

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CIRCUITS

Figure 1 Series circuit used in the laboratory practice (Wong, 2015)

Figure 2 Parallel circuit used in the laboratory practice (Wong, 2015)

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RESULTS PAGE
Voltage divider rule theoretical and measured results
Variable Theoretically calculated results Measurements Accuracy (%)
VAB (V) 2 2 99.90
VBC (V) 1 0.99 99.00
VC (V) 3 3 100
VB (V) 2 2 100
IS (A) 0.1 0.1 100
Table 1 - Voltage divider rule theoretical and measured results

It is showed in the table 1 the values of voltage and current calculated and measured. However, due
the accuracy of the instruments and the uncertainty, the values were not as precise as in the calculations.
Current divider rule theoretical and measured results
Variable Theoretically calculated results Measurements Accuracy (%)
I1 (A) 0.6 1 98.36
I2 (A) 0.3 0.31 96.77
Is (A) 0.9 0.91 98.90
VAB (V) 3 2.973 99.10
VS (V) 3 2.973 99.10
Table 2 - Current divider rule theoretical and measured results

As in the table 1, the table 2 shows the values collected in the laboratory and calculated. Also,
there are some deviation due the accuracy of the instruments and the uncertainty. For example, the
multimeter has an accuracy of 1.5%+3 when is reading values of AC circuits.
Power of all elements figure 1
Resistors Fig 1 (k) Power calculated (mW) Power measured (mW) Accuracy (%)
20 0.20 0.2002 99.900
10 0.1 0.099 99.000
30 0.3 0.3 100
Total power 0.6 0.5992 99.867
Table 3 - Power of all elements from figure 1

Power of all elements figure 2


Resistors Fig 1 (k) Power calculated (mW) Power measured (mW) Accuracy (%)
20 7.20 7.32 98.361
10 0.90 0.92163 97.653
30 2.70 2.78163 97.065
Total power 10.80 11.02326 97.975
Table 4 - Power of all elements from figure 2

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It is showed in the Table 3 and Table 4 the power of all elements in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
The values of power calculated and measured have deviation because the accuracy of the
multimeter, once the values of the voltages and currents are multiplied and the error is also
multiplied. It is also possible see that the circuit from Figure 2 consume more power than the circuit
in Figure 1.

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RESULTS GRAPHED

Ohw's law verification


14

12

10
y = 19.944x - 0.1213
y = 20x
VOLTAGE (V)

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

-2
CURRENT (mA)

Figure 3 - Graph showing the verification of the Ohw's law

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DISCUSSION
TYPICAL SOURCES OF ERROR
There are some common sources of error such as magnet fields, tribo-electric effect,
electrochemical effects and instrument limitations. The magnet fields can be generated when there
is loops in the wires, tribo-electric effects often happen when there is contact between conductor
and isolator, electrochemical effects are caused by polluted and/or humid places and the instrument
limitations when the instrument is used out outside of its capacity (Alferink, 2016).

DSO and DMM measurements in DC


The DSO is not able to perform better than a DMM in DC. This is because some limitations
imposed in the equipment. For example, in DC, the maximum voltage, which it is possible to show
is 50 V offset/division at 4 divisions, or 70 V, and allow measuring signals until 300 V (Tektronix
Inc, 2003).

METER LOADING IN DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT


The meter loading affects the circuit because its high resistance. The multimeter needs a
high resistance to show the most accurate value of voltage, and doing the total resistance be closer
to the lower resistance of the circuit (Ta3lom.net, 2016).

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT OF A RESISTOR


The relationship between the voltage and current of a resistor is the Ohms law,
V = R x I. However, as is showed in the results, the value of the resistance of real resistors is not
precise and the values of the voltage and current may vary in function of it (Alferink, 2016). This
explains the values of power in the table 3 and 4 varying.

INCREASING THE VOLTAGE AND DECREASING THE RESISTANCE


Supposing the following values to the circuit in Figure 1: VS= 30 V, R1= 1 k, R2= 1k, R3= 3k.
RT= 6 k
30
= = = 5
6 103
Therefore, the power would be:

7
= = 30 0.005 = 0.15
The power decreased four times.

APPLICATIONS OF CIRCUIT IN SERIE USING 6 VDC POWER AND A CIRCUIT IN PARALLEL


USING 12 VDC
The circuits in series using 6 VDC power may be used with applications such as toys that needs a battery to
work. The circuits with 12 VDC in parallel may be used in car circuits to feed lights inside it. Both the circuits
are also recommended to educational applications due the low voltage.

CONCLUSIONS
As is showed in the tables, the percentage of accuracy of the circuits are very close to the
calculated values, however, the parallel circuit was slightly less accurate than the series circuit. This may
be attributed by the reason that the power source using higher voltage may increase some errors in the
instruments due the resolution and the accuracy of measurement. Also, was verified that the Ohws law
correctly relate the resistance, current and voltage, showing a constant gradient.

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APPENDICES

Figure 4 - Figure showing the digital storage oscilloscope

Figure 5 - Figure showing the circuit in parallel and the measurement being done

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REFERENCES

Alferink, F. (2016). Measurement errors :: Electronic Measurements. Retrieved April 5, 2016,


from http://meettechniek.info/measurement/faults.html

Storr, W. (2013). Relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance. Retrieved from Basic
Electronics Tutorials: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_1.html

Ta3lom.net. (2016). Electronics Ta3lom.net Loading Effect of a Voltmeter. Retrieved April 5,


2016, from http://physics.ta3lom.net/loading-effect-of-a-voltmeter/

Tektronix Inc. (2003). TDS2000C and TDS1000C-EDU Series. Beaverton.

Wong, B. (2015). Electrical systems ELEN1000. Department of Electrical and Computer


Engineering.

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