A PROJECT REPORT ON

WOMEN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND

RIGHT TO VOTE

SUBMITTED TO:

MS. MADHURIMA DE SARKAR

(FACULTY, WOMEN AND LAW)

SUBMITTED BY

MANISH BEHRA

SEMESTER-X

ROLL NO.66

DATE OF SUBMISSION- 06/04/2017

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

RAIPUR (C.G.)

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS........3
2 LIST OF CASES.......4
3 INTRODUCTION.....5
4 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT.......6
5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....6
6 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION....5
7 CHAPTER 2 PROSTITUTION MEANING................................8
8 CHAPTER 3 - INTERNTIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK..11
9 CHAPTER 4 ASPECT OF LEGALIZATION......15
10 CONCLUSION.......22
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY...........23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

2
The successful completion of any task would be, but incomplete, without the mention of
people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned
my effort with success.

I would like to thank my course teacher Ms.Madhurima De Sarkarfor providing me the

topic of my interest.

Secondly, I would like to thank our Vice Chancellor for providing the best possible
facilities of I.T and library in the university.

I would also like to extend my warm and sincere thanks to all my colleagues, who
contributed in numerable ways in the accomplishment of this project.

LIST OF CASES

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 BaiShanta v. State of Gujarat AIR 1967 Gujarat 211.
BudhadevKarmaskar v. State of West Bengal (2011) 10 SCR 577
Carpenter v. People 8 Barb., N.Y., 610
Com. v. Cook, 12 Metc., Mass., 97;
Gaurav Jain v. Union of India 1990 Supp SCC 709: 1991 SCC (Cri) 140
Gaurav Jain v. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 3021.
In re: Deva Kumar 1972 MLJ (Cr.) 150
In re: John AIR 1966 Mad 167
In Re: Ratnamala and Another v. Respondent AIR 1962 Madras 31
In Re: Ratnamala and Another v. Respondent AIR 1962 Madras 31 5
Krishnamurthy v. Public Prosecutor 1967 Cri LJ 544 (SC)
Mitter v. Curran, C.C.A.N.Y., 18 F. 2d 355, 356
P.N.Swamy, Labour Liberation Front, Mahaboobnagar v. Station House Officer,
Hyderabad 1998 (1) ALD 755.
People v. Rice 277 Ill. 521, 115 N.E. 631, 632
Queen-Empress v. Basava, (1891) 15 Mad 75;
Queen-Empress v. Tippa, (1892) 16 Bom 737
Reg. v. JailiBhavin, (1869) 6 BHC (Cr C) 60;
SahyogMahilaMandal v. State of Gujarat (2004) 2 GLR 1764.
State of Rajasthan v. Mst. Wahida 1981 RCC 42
State v. Anderson, 284 Mo. 657, 225 S.W. 896, 897; U.S. ex rel.
Sushila v. State of Tamil Nadu 1982 Cr LJ 702 (Mad)

CHAPTER -1- INTRODUCTION

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The term 'political participation' has a very wide meaning. It is not only related to 'Right to Vote', but
simultaneously relates to participation in: decision making process, political activism, political
consciousness, etc. Women in India participate in voting, run for public offices and political parties at lower
levels more than men. Political activism and voting are the strongest areas of women's political
participation.[1] To combat gender inequality in politics, the Indian Government has instituted reservations for
seats in local governments.

Women turnout during India's 2014 parliamentary general elections was 65.63%, compared to 67.09%
turnout for men.[2] India ranks 20th from the bottom in terms of representation of women in Parliament.
[3]
Women have held the posts of president and prime minister in India, as well as chief ministers of various
states. Indian voters have elected women to numerous state legislative assemblies and national parliament
for many decades.

OBJECTIVES

1. To examines the political participation of women in India.

2. To understand the voting right of women in India.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This is a descriptive & analytical research paper. My research paper is largely based on the
critical review of secondary and electronic sources of information. References used as guided
by the faculty of women and law were of great use in completing this project.

LIMITATION

Although the research paper has reached its aims, but for the sake of convenience and for
detail study, the researcher has limited the present topic to the nature and scope as mentioned
within the Constitution .

CHAPTER 2 PROSTITUTION-MEANING

Prostitution is often thought of as a threat to the marriage-family institution; law-makers are often
afraid that, the delicate threads which binds the society together will be broken if people are free to
engage in coitus for pleasure; laws, it is stated, are often not enforced adequately because the police
have too many other things to do; judges also know that incarceration will not rehabilitate a
prostitute, nevertheless, laws exist to emphasise that prostitution is not a socially acceptable form of
behaviour1.
1 Law Commission of India: Sixty Fourth Report, The Suppression of Immoral Traffic in Women and GirlsAct, 1956,
Chapter I: Introduction, March 1975

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 - Law Commission of India: Sixty Fourth Report
Prostitution in most general sense may be defined as common lewdness of a woman for
gain; whoredom; the act or practice of a woman who permits any man who will pay her price
to have sexual intercourse with her2. In the case of People v. Rice3, prostitution was defined
as, the act or practice of a female of prostituting or offering her body to an indiscriminate
intercourse with men for money or its equivalent. In the case of, Carpenter v. People4, it was
held that, the word prostitute in its most general sense means the act of setting ones self to
sale, or of devoting to infamous purposes; it also means, what is in onesower that is: the
prostitution of talents or abilities; the prostitution of the press.

According to Section 2 (f) of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act (104 of 1956) read with
Section 372 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), prostitution is the act of a female
offering her body for promiscuous sexual intercourse for hire, whether in money or in kind.
In the case of In re: Deva Kumar5, it was held that, prostitution involves indiscriminate
employment of a womans body for hire.

The Common Lawdefines brothel as a place where people of opposite sexes are allowed to
resort for illicit intercourse, whether the women are common prostitutes or not; keeping a
bawdy house is a nuisance at common law. As per Section 2(a) of the Immoral Traffic
(Prevention) Act, 1956, brothel includes any house, room, conveyance or place, which is
used for purposes of sexual exploitation or abuse for the gain of another person or for the
mutual gain of two of more prostitutes.it is worthy to note that ,in the case of Sushila v. State
of Tamil Nadu6 it was held that, a solitary instance of prostitution in a place does not make
the place a brothel; a similar view was reiterated in the case of, In re: John7, in this case,
it was held that, prostitution of a woman should be for the gain of another person, as to the
2 See: Com. v. Cook, 12 Metc., Mass., 97; State v. Anderson, 284 Mo. 657, 225 S.W. 896, 897; U.S. ex rel. Mitter v.
Curran, C.C.A.N.Y., 18 F. 2d 355, 356

3 277 Ill. 521, 115 N.E. 631, 632

4 8 Barb., N.Y., 610

5 1972 MLJ (Cr.) 150

6 1982 Cr LJ 702 (Mad)

7 AIR 1966 Mad 167

6
premises to be called as brothel. Later, in the case of Krishnamurthy v. Public
Prosecutor8, the Supreme Court held that, a place used once for the purposes of prostitution
may not be a brothel. In the case of, State of Rajasthan v. Mst. Wahida9, it was held that,
any person who keeps or maintains or acts or assists in the keeping and management of a
brothel in India, is liable to be punished under the provisions of the Immoral Traffic
(Prevention) Act, 1956.

According to P. RamanathaAiyars Law Dictionary (Fifth Edition), prostitution means the

sexual exploitation or abuse of individuals for commercial purposes. Also, a public prostitute
is a woman who is a prostitute by profession and whose trade is to let-out her body on hire to
all visitors or to all visitors of a specified class. When a woman rests content with one lover
for years though she may have changed her lovers at intervals of some years, she is not a
public prostitute.

A woman is not a prostitute who indulges in illicit sexual intercourse with only one man;
thus, a man cannot be guilty of enticing a female away from her home for the purpose of
prostitution, where the proof shows that he enticed her away for the purpose of having coitus
with her and not to induce her to have coitus indiscriminately with other men. The most usual
motive for indiscriminate sexual intercourse is the money paid there for; hence, prostitution
is sometimes defined as indiscriminate sexual commerce for gain.

The word prostitution is not confined to acts of natural sexual intercourse, but includes
any act of lewdness. It means surrender of a girls chastity for money 10. There is no
specific lawto regulate the so-called immoral practice of prostitution in India; no doubt the
Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 read with the Indian Penal Code, 1860 tries to tackle
the problem of prostitution, but it does so, indirectly. Although much is known about
prostitution and sex-trade in India, but almost all research apropos it, has been confined to the
female sex-workers and their clients. Studies albeit men, who sell sex, either to women or to

8 1967 Cri LJ 544 (SC)

9 1981 RCC 42

10Ratanlal & Dhirajlal, The Indian Penal Code, Chapter XVI: Criminal Force & Assault, Wadhwa & Company (Nagpur),
30th Edition (2006), p. 675

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other men in India has hardly been undertaken 11. There is a growing need to study this niche
area of research in India.

Data Analysing the Indian Experience: Prostitution in India is estimated to be an $8.4

billion industry12. The largest red-light areas across India are: Sonagachi (Kolkata), inhabiting
more than 11,000 sex-workers; Kamathipura (Mumbai); BudhwarPeth (Pune), inhabiting
around 5,000 commercial sex-workers; Meergunj (Allahabad); G.B. Road (Delhi);
Chaturbhujasthan(Muzaffarpur); Itwari (Nagpur); and Shivdaspur (Varanasi). As per the
National Crime Records Bureau (NCBR), the number of registered cases albeit human-
trafficking in India has increased by 38.3% in last five years, that is, from 2848 in 2009 to
3940 in 2013. A further analysis of the NCBR data reveals that in 2013, maximum crimes
(around 65.5%) were registered under the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1956; whereas
procuring of minor girls (Section 366-A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860) accounted for
31.1% of the crimes. The State of West Bengal is the hub of human trafficking in India, with
a registered human trafficking cases of 669 in the year 2013, followed by Tamil Nadu (549
cases), Andhra Pradesh (531 cases), Karnataka (412 cases) and Maharashtra (345 cases)13.

11Gagandeep Kaur, Law and Changing Private Morality in India, Journal of Law Teachers of India, Volume II, Issue 1-2,
2011, p. 126

12Palash Krishna Mehrotra, Legalisation of prostitution will help protect vulnerable women in India, Daily Mail,
accessed on 26 March 2017 at 20:21

13 Supra Note 17

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 CHAPTER 3 - INTERNTIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK

There are numerous international treaties and conventions that protect the interests and
human rights of sex workers. Among them, the primary international treaty dealing with sex
workers is the 1949 UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of
the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others14. This Convention reflects the Abolitionist15
view to the point that it has failed adequately to recognize the human rights of sex workers
and that it is based on the promise that sex work should end and that all sex workers should
be regarded as victims who must be saved from themselves and be rehabilitated.Under this
Convention, it is an offence to procure or entice another person even with their consent into
prostitution16, to exploit the prostitution of that person even with their consent 17, state parties
shall agree to punish any person who keeps or manages of finances a brothel 18 or knowingly
rents or lets a building or other place for purpose of prostitution19.

The most recent international instrument on the issue is the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and
Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 20 but this has not yet been
ratified by India and not in force so far. This Protocol criminalizes acts of receipt,
transportation, harbour, recruitment, and transfer of persons; by means of use of force,
abduction, threat of use of force, frauds, deception, and abuse of position of vulnerability; for

14 96 U.N.T.S. 271 (1949) [hereinafter 1949 Trafficking Convention].

15 The Abolitionist approach declares that the institution of prostitution itself constitutes a violation of human rights, akin
to the institution of slavery. The Abolitionist approach requires governments to abolish prostitution through the penalisation
of this 'third party', which profits from the transaction between prostitute and client. The prostitute cannot be punished, as
she is the victim of a process she does not control. See Jo Bindman& J Doezema, Redefining Prostitution as Sex Work on the
International Agenda, http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/redefining.html. As accessed on 26.03.2017 at 20:37

16 Article 1 (1), 1949 Trafficking Convention.

17 Article 1 (2), Id.

18 Article 2 (1), Id.

19 Article 2 (2), Id.

20 G.A. Res. 55/25, U.N. G.A.O.R, 55th Session, U.N. Doc. A/RES/55/25, (2000) (hereinafter Trafficking Protocol).

9
purposes of prostitution, forced labour or other forms of sexual exploitation. 20 It fails to draw
a line between trafficking and forced prostitution on one hand and unforced prostitution on
the other -- providing justification for criminalization and denial of basic rights of these
workers21.The fundamental international framework on human rights22 protection is the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights23 (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights24 (ICCPR) and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination against Women25 (CEDAW) which is perhaps the best basis for the protection
of sex workers. The preamble of the UDHR affirms equal rights and dignities of men and
women, right to life and liberty 26, equal protection before law and right against all forms of
slavery and servitude27, protection against arbitrary interference with privacy, family,
home, or correspondence28and of particular importance to sex workers is right to work, to
free choice of employment and to just and favourable working conditions 29. ICCPR also
reflects the similar rights with emphasis on right to freedom of association that needs to be in
the interests of national security, public safety, the protection of public health and morals, or
the protection of rights of others30 and effective protection against discrimination to be
granted31.The International Labour Organizationhas addressed the issues of discrimination in

21 Id Article 3 (a), Trafficking Protocol

22 Laura Reanda, Prostitution as a Human Rights Question: Problems and Prospects of United Nations Action, 13(2)
HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY 202 (1991). Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 21:15

23 G.A. Res 217 A (III), U.N. G.O.A.R, U.N. Doc A/810, 171 (December 10, 1948).

24 999 U.N.T.S 171, 6 I.L.M. 368 (December 16, 1967).

25 1249 U.N.T.S 13, 19 I.L.M. 33 (December 18, 1979).

26 Article 3, UDHR.

27 Article 4, UDHR.

28 Article 12, UDHR.

29 Article 23, UDHR.

30 Article 22 (2), ICCPR.

31 Article 26, ICCPR.

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employment and occupation32, forced labour33, occupational safety and health34 and
protection of workers health35.

United Nations has come out with a handbook of guidelines to provide examples of best
practices doe legislation in relation to prostitution and it contains many progressive
provisions of relevance to the issue of sex work and also HIV 36. It recommends that an
alternative approach of treating sex work as a personal service industry, which is neither
condemned nor condoned and also removal of a range of offences in fear of prosecution and
harassment by the police.Regionally, India has ratified the SAARC Convention on
Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution 37 which acts
as a combatant in prevention of trafficking and sexual exploitation but this has also been
criticized38.
Legal Framework of Other Countries

1. Netherlands:

32 Discrimination (Occupation and Employment) Convention, No. 111 (1958)

http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm.

33 Forced Labour Convention, No. 29 (1930) http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm

34 Occupational Safety and Health Convention, C155 (1981) http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm

35 Protection of Workers Health Recommendation, R97 (1953)http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/recdisp1.htm.

36 Handbook for Legislators on HIV/AIDS, Law and Human Right: Action to combat HIV/AIDS in view of its devastating
Human, Economic and Social Impact, UNAIDS Best Practice Collection, UNAIDS/99.48E (November 1999)
http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/aids_en.pdf.

37 SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, 2002,
http://www.humantrafficking.org/uploads/publications/SAARC_Convention_on_Trafficking___Prostitution.pdf

38The main criticism levied against the SAARC Convention is its narrow definition of trafficking, which is limited to
prostitution; also that it makes no distinction between women and children. Trafficking has been defined to include the
moving, selling or buying of a person, but does not include recruitment, labour, transfer or receipt that does not essentially
constitute buying or selling, See NHRC-UNIFEM-ISS Project, A Report on Trafficking in Women and Children in India
2002-2003, Volume 1, 248, http://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/ReportonTrafficking.pdf.

11
The current law regarding prostitution in Netherlands 39 legalizes brothels as long as they do
not disrupt the public life and they will operate like any other commercial establishment. The
law aimsto legalize the organization of voluntary prostitution and penalize involuntary
prostitution characterized by coercion, exploitation and fraud for which imprisonment is
guaranteed. Powers are vested with local authorities to control and regulate the conditions
under which prostitution is permitted40. Sex work is organized in a variety of ways in
Netherlands, for e.g. window prostitution, street sex work both of which work independently.
The tolerant nature of Netherlands portrays that sex workers have good working conditions
which are similar to other industries but reality is far from it. Even though public policy has
taken a pragmatic approach towards sex work, they are victims of stigma, marginalization
and bereft of human rights protection41.

2. Sweden:
The new legislation in Sweden criminalizes buying of sexual services. Its main aim is to
reduce the numbers of sex workers and encourages them to retrain 42. It targets men as clients,
that the sex workers and penalizes them with imprisonment. This approach has led to
collaboration of social services and law enforcement officials in sensitive treatment of the sex
workers. The aim is to contain socially unacceptable behaviour and to encourage the sex
workers back into the mainstream of the society.

3. Victoria, Australia:
The Victorian government has continued to criminalize all forms of prostitution except for
prostitution through escort services or licensed brothels (zoning and licensing requirements

39Jo Visser, The Dutch Law Proposal on Prostitution: Text and Explanation, http://www.mrgraaf.nl/2_ef.htm; Ministry
of Justice, Press Release: Heavier Penalties for Abuse of Prostitution, http://www.minjust.nl/8080
/c_actual/persber/pb0121.htm. Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 20:47

40 Supra Note 47.

41 Jo Visser, The Dutch Law Proposal on Prostitution: Text and Explanation, http://www.mrgraaf.nl/2_ef.htm; Ministry
of Justice, Press Release: Heavier Penalties for Abuse of Prostitution, http://www.minjust.nl/8080
/c_actual/persber/pb0121.htm. Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 20:47

42 Judith Kilvington et al, Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time for Change, 67 FEMINIST REVIEW 78, 83 (2001).
Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 21:48

12
for brothels to be determined by the proper municipal authorities) 43. The Victoria experiment
has failed for two reasons: firstly, because municipal authorities have control over issuance
and revocation of licenses and due to community pressure legal brothels have existed in very
small numbers44.This results in an increase in illegal prostitution as there is a limited
opportunity to work at the legal brothels. Secondly, because legal brothels are so limited, the
brothel owners have substantial power in their hands to exploit sex workers who want to
work legally (there isa huge employment demand by such sex workers) and this has
led to nefarious and horrible working conditions for these sex workers45.

CHAPTER 4 - INDIAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK

43 Martha Shaffer & Sylvia Davis, Prostitution in Canada: The Invisible Menace or the Menace of Invisibility?,
http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/sdavis.html. Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 22:00

44 M. Neave, The Failure of Prostitution Law Reform, 21 AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF
CRIMINOLOGY 202, 203 (1988) c.f. Martha Shaffer and Sylvia Davis, Prostitution in Canada: The Invisible Menace or the
Menace of Invisibility? http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/sdavis.html. Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 22:00.

45 Mary Sullivan, What Happens When Prostitution Becomes Work? An Update on Legalization of Prostitution in
Australia, http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?x=84641. Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 22:00

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The laws governing sex work in India are entailed in the Constitution of India, 1950; the
Indian Penal Code, 1860 and the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. The Constitution
apart from the equality provisions46 and provisions of freedom of association 47, right to life
and personal liberty48, guarantees prohibition of trafficking of human beings and forced
labour49. Under Part IV of Directive Principles of State Policy: the State is required to direct
its policies towards securing, inter alia, that both men and women have an equal right to an
adequate means of livelihood50, that health and strength of workers not be abused, and that
citizens are not forced by necessity to enter avocations unsuited for their age and strength 51,
promotion of the educational and economic interests of weaker sections of the society,
ensuring their protection from social injustice and exploitation(emphasis supplied) 52,
requirement of fostering respect for international law and treaty obligations53, obligation on
the state to raise the levels of standard of living 54 and the renunciation of practices by citizens
that are derogatory to the dignity of women 55. The Andhra Pradesh High Court has also
affirmed that these combined duties are placed on the state and a corresponding right is
placed on citizens including sex workers56.

46 The equality provisions are Articles 14 and 15 in Part III dealing with Fundamental Rights of the Constitution of India,
1950. Article 14 provides for equality before the law and equal protection of the laws; Article 15 prohibits the state from
discriminating on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, though it can make special provisions for women,
children, socially and educationally backward classes, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.

47 Article 19(1), Constitution of India, 1950.

48 Article 21, Constitution of India, 1950.

49 Article 23, Constitution of India, 1950.

50 Article 39 (a), Constitution of India, 1950.

51 Article 39 (e), Constitution of India, 1950.

52 Article 46, Constitution of India, 1950.

53 Article 51, Constitution of India, 1950.

54 Article 47, Constitution of India, 1950.

55 Article 51 A (e), Constitution of India, 1950.

14
The Indian Penal Code has at least 20 provisions 57 that make trafficking punishable. Most of
them deal with abduction for illicit intercourse 58, wrongful confinement after abduction59
inter alia.
The primary piece of legislation dealing with sex work is the Immoral Traffic (Prevention)
Act, 1956 (hereinafter ITPA). The Act mainly makes pimping and other activities
punishable, which gives a commercial aspect to prostitution that is likely to exploit the
person of the prostitute. The Act does not prohibit prostitution per se but it does prohibit
commercial activities of the flesh trade. It has been held that all that is necessary to in order
to prove prostitution is that a woman or girl has offered her body for promiscuous sexual
intercourse for hire, and that sexual intercourse is not an essential ingredient. Section 3 of the
ITPA provides for the punishment of any person in charge of the premises who uses or
knowingly allows someone else to use it as a brothel. From case law, it seems that even a
single incident of prostitution, with surrounding circumstances, is sufficient to prove the
offence of keeping a brothel. Offences under the ITPA are under Sections 3 to 960. It has
been held in a couple of judgments that the ITPA did not aim to abolish prostitutes and
prostitution as such, and did not make it per se a criminal offence for a woman to
prostitute herself, but was rather intended to inhibit or abolish the commercialized vice of
trafficking in women61. The Gujarat High Court in another case refused to recognize
prostitution as a legitimate means of livelihood, as that would give an open invitation for
women to be trafficked and also that the right to prostitution in not a fundamental right of

56P.N.Swamy, Labour Liberation Front, Mahaboobnagar v. Station House Officer, Hyderabad 1998 (1) ALD 755.

57 SECTIONS 293, 294, 317, 339, 340, 341, 342, 354, 359, 361, 362, 363, 365, and 366, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376,
496, 498, 506, 509, 511, Indian Penal Code, 1860.

58 SECTION 366B, Indian Penal Code, 1860.

59 SECTION 368, Indian Penal Code, 1860.

60 3 provides for punishment for keeping a brothel or allowing premises to be used as a brothel, 4 provides for
punishment for living on the earnings of prostitution, 5 provides for offences in procuring, inducing or taking persons for
the sake of prostitution,6 provides for detaining a person in premises where prostitution is carried on, 7 provides for
offences regarding prostitution in or the vicinity of public places, 8 provides for seducing or soliciting for the purpose of
prostitution, 9 provides for seduction of a person in custody: Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.

61In Re: Ratnamala and Another v. Respondent AIR 1962 Madras 31 5; BaiShanta v. State of Gujarat AIR 1967
Gujarat 211 8.

15
women or girls62. Under the ITPA, a Magistrate, if he deems it to be necessary, can order the
removal of a prostitute from any place in the interest of the general public63.
It is interesting to note that the client faces no punishment whatsoever 64.
The 2006 Bill65 omits S.8 of the original Act, thus removing the offence of soliciting or
seducing for the purpose of prostitution, it also omits S.20 of the Act regarding the removal
of the prostitute from any place. However, the responsibility, on the flipside, and severity of
punishment of traffickers and clients is increased. The newly proposed S.5(c) provides for
punishment of any person visiting a brothel for the purpose of sexual exploitation of any
person. These proposals have been criticized as the livelihoods of the workers would be
stifled by the increased punishments of the clients66.

Rehabilitation of Prostitutes and their Children:Section 16 of the Immoral Traffic

(Prevention) Act, 1956, provides for the rescue of persons living or carrying on, or made to
carry on prostitution, in a brothel. Section 16 provides that, a Magistrate (that is,
Metropolitan Magistrate, Judicial Magistrate of First Class, District Magistrate or Sub-
Divisional Magistrate) may direct a police officer not below the rank of a sub-inspector to
enter any brothel and remove any person there from; after removing the person, the police
officer must forthwith produce him before the Magistrate.
Rehabilitation of sex-workers has been an issue of considerable importance qua which
substantial amount of time and efforts have been invested by the Apex Court since the very
commencement of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. Not very long ago, in the case
of BudhadevKarmaskar v. State of West Bengal67, the Apex Court reiterating its
observations, as made vide order dated 02.08.2011, held as follows:

62SahyogMahilaMandal v. State of Gujarat (2004) 2 GLR 1764.

63 Section 20, ITPA, 1956

64PrabhaKotishwaran, Preparing for Civil Disobedience: Indian Sex Workers and the Law, 21(2) BOSTON COLLEGE
THIRD WORLD JOURNAL 161, 170 (2001). As accessed on 27.03.2017 at 09:44 AM

65 The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Bill, 2006.

66LayaMedhini et al,, Indian Sex Workers rally over law, BBC News, March 8,
2006,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4787580.stm. As accessed on 27.03.2017 at 09:44 AM

67 (2011) 10 SCR 577

16
 We are fully conscious of the fact that simply by our orders the sex workers in
ourcountry will not be rehabilitated immediately. It will take a long time, but we
have to work patiently in this direction. It is ultimately the people of the country,
particularly the young people, who by their idealism and patriotism can solve the
massive problems of sex workers. We, therefore, particularly appeal to the youth
of the country to contact the members of the panel and to offer their services in a
manner which the panel may require so that the sex-workers can be uplifted from
their present degraded condition.

Women found in flesh trade should be viewed more as victims of adverse socio-economic
circumstances rather than as offenders in our society. The commercial exploitation of sex is
to be regarded as crime, but those trapped in custom-oriented prostitution and gender-
oriented prostitution should be viewed as victims of gender oriented vulnerability. It is
pertinent to mention that, the customary initiation of women in the practice of Devadasi,
Jogins and Venkatasins is still prevalent in not just Andhra Pradesh, but also Karnataka and
Maharashtra. This in fact is affront to human dignity and self-respect but pursuit of
customary beliefs traps the fair sex into this glorified unworthy self-sacrifice, which
ultimately leads to prostitution in temples and other charitable institutions, this in turn is a
crime against humanity and violation of human rights. Devadasi, JoginsandVenkatasins, in
catena of judgments it has been held that, dedication ofminors to the service of a temple as
dasis (servants) amounts to a disposal of such minors, knowing it to be likely that they will
be used for purpose of prostitution68.

In the case ofGaurav Jain v. Union of India69, the issue that came up before the Supreme
Court was the rehabilitation of the children of the prostitutes. The Apex Court observed that,
segregating children of prostitutes by locating separate schools, and providing separate
hostels, would not be in the best interest of the children and the society at large. The
Honourable Court directed that, these children should be segregated from their mothers and
should be allowed to mingle with others and become a part of the society. The Court further

68 (1881) 1 Weir 359 (FB); Queen-Empressv.Basava, (1891) 15 Mad 75; Reg.v.Jaili Bhavin, (1869) 6 BHC (Cr C) 60;
Queen-Empressv.Tippa, (1892) 16 Bom 737

69 1990 Supp SCC 709: 1991 SCC (Cri) 140

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contemplated that, the children of prostitutes should, however, not be permitted to live in the
inferno and other undesirable surroundings of prostitute homes.

In another case, Gaurav Jain v. Union of India70, the moot question that came up before the
Supreme Court for adjudication was this: What are the rights of the children of fallen
women, the modules to segregate them from their respective mothers and others, so as to
give them protection, care and rehabilitation to bring them back to the mainstream of
national life? And as a facet of it, what should be the scheme to be evolved to eradicate
prostitution at the source itself?The Court in this case, through K. Ramaswamy, J., observed
that, prostitutes are victims of circumstances and hence, should be treated as human beings
like others, so as to bring them back into the mainstream of the social order without any
stigma attached to them. The prostitutes and their children need to be treated with humanity
and compassion so that their integration into the social mainstream is plain-sailing. Victims
of flesh trade need care and consideration of the society.

CHAPTER 4 ASPECT OF LEGALIZATION

The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, does not criminalize prostitution or prostitutes
per se; but it does punish acts of third-party facilitation of prostitution, like brothel-keeping,
living on the earnings of prostitutes or procuring a person for the sake of prostitution. The
two-fold argument in favour of legalising prostitution is that, firstly, to criminalize
prostitution and expect that an $8.4 billion industry will evaporate from India is a far-fetched
thought; secondly, legalising prostitution would mean that, brothel-owners would be held
accountable/responsible for the treatment of fallen women, and that, the abused/ill-treated
sex-workers will have an option of turning to the law for their protection.

70 (1997) 8 SCC 114

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Prostitution has been legalised in: Netherlands, New Zealand, Germany, Iceland,
Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Greece, Turkey, Senegal, Venezuela, the State of Nevada in
the United States, and among the Australian States- in- Victoria, Queensland .In Netherland,
like ordinary citizens, prostitutes have been brought under the tax net; whereas prostitution
in India is an $8.4 billion underground industry, if prostitution in India is legalised then it
can result in better economic growth of the country and at the same time it can result in
increased protection, health and safety benefits qua the prostitutes.
Under Decriminalization or Tolerationist system, prostitution is not regarded as either a
crime or a licensable activity; it is based on voluntariness and considered an act between two
consenting adults where the role of the State is limited to eradicate coercive prostitution. The
state can only bring in certain measures to curb excessive exploitation and preserve public
health. This system does not seek to abolish prostitution per se but is only targeted at
trafficking in women and girls for prostitution, brothel-keeping, pimping, procuring and
renting premises for prostitution; here prostitutes are not criminalized for their work and
they have more or less the same rights as other citizens in the society. Decriminalization will
enable sex workers to practice their work without police harassment. It is at least a partial
solution to some of the problems suffered by men and women within prostitution.
Decriminalization is a way to protect workers rights and to make the brothel owners
responsible criminally. This approach of penalizing everyone involved in prostitution except
for the sex worker works against her interest. Along withchanges in maintenance of
rehabilitative homes, the corrupt police and judicial authorities who demand sexual favours
from sex workers have to be dealt with severely punished heavily. Finally coming to
Legalization or regulation as it is sometimes called, attempts are made to license or register
prostitutes and brothels and to require that prostitutes be monitored and checked for venereal
diseases.
But at the same time there exists views contrary too, according to Janice G. Raymond of the
Convention Against Trafficking in Women (CATW), in her article71,there are ten reasons for
not legalizing prostitution have been mentioned. These ten reasons are:
1. Legalization of prostitution is a gift to pimps, traffickers and the sex industry because
it will give legitimacy to the consumers (including third-party businessmen, brothel

71 Janice G. Raymond, 10 Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution, http://action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/10_Reasons_9-

15-03_FINAL_[1].doc; See also Janice G. Raymond, Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress (Mellissa Farley ed.,
Binghamton: Haworth Press, 2003). Accessed on 26.03.2017 at 22:00

19
 owners and pimps) of sex who would buy sex and would not be beneficial to the sex
worker herself. Legalization will dignify only the industry but not the sex worker.
2. Legalization of prostitution and the sex industry promotes sex trafficking as there
would be no method to ensure that immigrant sex-workers from other countries
would voluntarily consent to their being a part of the sex industry.
3. Legalization of prostitution does not control the sex industry. It expands it.
Prostitution as an industry would flourish with private entrants coming into the
business.
4. Legalization of prostitution increases clandestine, illegal and street prostitution
because many sex workers would not be eligible to register with the local authorities.
Some could be minors, some could be illegal migrants, and some could have diseases
such as HIV or other venereal diseases which would lead them to stay away from
legalization.
5. Legalization of prostitution increases child prostitution as research shows that after
sex work was legalized in Netherlands and Victoria, Australia, child prostitution has
grown exorbitantly and this leads to various forms of commercial sexual exploitation
of children.
6. Legalization of prostitution does not protect the women in prostitution as there would
be no safeguards against abuse during sexual contact. Legalization would instead
benefit the client rather than the sex worker herself.
7. Legalization of prostitution increases the demand for prostitution. It encourages men
to buy women for sex in a wider and more permissible range of socially acceptable
settings. When such legal barriers disappear, the men forget their social and ethical
barriers and view women as just sexual merchandise and this leads to
commoditisation of women.
8. Legalization of prostitution does not promote womens health as it is necessary that
the clients also need to be monitored for Sexually Transmitted Diseases such as
HIV/AIDS. With such mandatory health check-ups in place only for the sex workers.
The enforcement of a condom policy has also failed as it is left to the sex worker
herself to decide whether she wants to practice safe-sex or not.
9. Legalization of prostitution does not enhance womens choice in terms of wages
earned for their sex work. Many are victims of trafficking and illegal pathways and
land up in prostitution beyond their will. So, legalization would in turn deny them
their freedom.
10. Women in systems of prostitution do not want the sex industry legalized as this
would increase the risks and humiliation that is faced by the sex workers. They are

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 definite that this would increase violence against them and they do not consider this
to be their rightful profession as it destroys their life and health.

CONCLUSION

Legalization of Prostitution is not the best way to go forward in tackling the problem of human
trafficking and the necessary social evil of prostitution. In India, with such diverse societal
ingredients, sex work has survived in parallel with the society where it is looked down upon due
to the degrading aspects of the profession. Sex Workers across the country, especially in major
cities, have been largely limited to a particular area where thousands of sex workers live as a
community72. Provisions such as licensing, registration with local police and local municipal
72 Dharmendra Chatur,Legalization of Prostitution in India, Available at: http://works.bepress.com/dchatur/1, Available at:
http://works.bepress.com/dchatur/1, Accessed on 27.03.2017 at 10:10

21
bodies will not be possible until the stigma attached with sex work is done away with. For this,
the police need to be further sensitized to the field of sex work and they need to respect the
human rights of such sex workers. The legislature first needs to provide all the basic human
rights of these sex workers that are guaranteed under international law and municipal law. Their
social conditions need to be uplifted; they have to be rehabilitated and trained to transfer to better
paying jobs where they are given dignity and reasonable support. With legalization, the sex
workers problems will just worsen and prostitution will be further entrenched into our society
without a way of getting out of it. A distinction needs to be made between sex workers who have
taken up the profession voluntarily and sex workers who have been or are being forced into this
profession. Both sections are to be looked after with the latter requiring immediate proactive
support. They need to be given life insurance73 and voters rights74. Only when the complicity of
the policemen and the brothel owners is broken off and the nexus between them is annihilated,
will the sex workers have a say in their own matters. The best way to go ahead for India will be
decriminalization of prostitutes and criminalization of brothel-owners along with penalizing
demand in form of the consumer of sexual services. The sex worker needs to be rehabilitated
with State protection and care and has to be relocated to another sector of the industry with
proper training.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Legislation:
India:
1. The Constitution of India, 1950.
2. Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.
3. Indian Penal Code, 1860.

International:

73 India Sex Workers get life cover, BBC News, May 1, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7376762.stm.
Available at: http://works.bepress.com/dchatur/1, Accessed on 27.03.2017 at 10:15

74 National Commission for Women has suggested that sex workers in red-light areas should be included in the voters list
as a proposal to amend the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. http://ncw.nic.in/page3.htm. Accessed on 27.03.2017 at
10:35

22
 1. Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979.
2. International Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery, 1926.
3. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1967.
4. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially
Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime, 2000.
5. SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and
Children for Prostitution, 2002.
6. Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, Slave Trade, and
Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, 1956.
7. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
8. UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the
Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 1949.

Case law:
BaiShanta v. State of Gujarat AIR 1967 Gujarat 211.
BudhadevKarmaskar v. State of West Bengal (2011) 10 SCR 577
Carpenter v. People 8 Barb., N.Y., 610
Com. v. Cook, 12 Metc., Mass., 97;
Gaurav Jain v. Union of India 1990 Supp SCC 709: 1991 SCC (Cri) 140
Gaurav Jain v. Union of India AIR 1997 SC 3021.
In re: Deva Kumar1972 MLJ (Cr.) 150
In re: John AIR 1966 Mad 167
In Re: Ratnamala and Another v. Respondent AIR 1962 Madras 31
In Re: Ratnamala and Another v. Respondent AIR 1962 Madras 31 5
Krishnamurthy v. Public Prosecutor 1967 Cri LJ 544 (SC)
Mitter v. Curran, C.C.A.N.Y., 18 F. 2d 355, 356
P.N.Swamy, Labour Liberation Front, Mahaboobnagar v. Station House Officer,
Hyderabad 1998 (1) ALD 755.
People v. Rice 277 Ill. 521, 115 N.E. 631, 632
Queen-Empress v. Basava, (1891) 15 Mad 75;
Queen-Empress v. Tippa, (1892) 16 Bom 737
Reg. v. JailiBhavin, (1869) 6 BHC (Cr C) 60;
SahyogMahilaMandal v. State of Gujarat (2004) 2 GLR 1764.
State of Rajasthan v. Mst. Wahida 1981 RCC 42
State v. Anderson, 284 Mo. 657, 225 S.W. 896, 897; U.S. ex rel.
Sushila v. State of Tamil Nadu 1982 Cr LJ 702 (Mad)

Articles:
1. B. J. George, Jr., Legal, Medical and Psychiatric Considerations in the Control.

23
 2. DharmendraChatur,Legalization of Prostitution in India, Available at:
http://works.bepress.com/dchatur/1,
3. India Sex Workers get life cover, BBC News, May 1, 2008,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7376762.stm.
4. Janice G. Raymond, 10 Reasons for Not Legalizing Prostitution,
http://action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/10_Reasons_9-15-03_FINAL_[1].doc
5. Janice G. Raymond, Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress (Mellissa
Farley ed., Binghamton: Haworth Press, 2003)
6. Jo Visser, The Dutch Law Proposal on Prostitution: Text and Explanation,
http://www.mrgraaf.nl/2_ef.htm; Ministry of Justice, Press Release: Heavier
Penalties for Abuse of Prostitution,
7. Judith Kilvington et al, Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time for Change, 67
FEMINIST REVIEW 78, 83 (2001).
8. Laura Reanda, Prostitution as a Human Rights Question: Problems and Prospects
of United Nations Action, 13(2) HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY 202 (1991).
9. Law Commission of India: Sixty Fourth Report, The Suppression of Immoral
Traffic in Women and Girls Act, 1956, Chapter I: Introduction, March 1975.
10. LayaMedhini et al, Indian Sex Workers rally over law, BBC News, March 8, 2006,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4787580.stm
11. M. Neave, The Failure of Prostitution Law Reform, 21 AUSTRALIAN AND
NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF CRIMINOLOGY 202, 203 (1988) c.f. Martha
Shaffer and Sylvia Davis, Prostitution in Canada: The Invisible Menace or the
Menace of Invisibility
12. Martha Shaffer & Sylvia Davis, Prostitution in Canada: The Invisible Menace or
the Menace of Invisibility?, http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/sdavis.html
13. Mary Sullivan, What Happens When Prostitution Becomes Work? An Update on
Legalization of Prostitution in Australia.
14. National Commission for Women has suggested that sex workers in red-light areas
should be included in the voters list as a proposal to amend the Immoral Traffic
(Prevention) Act, 1956.
15. Palash Krishna Mehrotra, Legalisation of prostitution will help protect vulnerable
women in India, Daily Mail
16. PrabhaKotishwaran, Preparing for Civil Disobedience: Indian Sex Workers and the
Law, 21(2) BOSTON COLLEGE THIRD WORLD JOURNAL 161, 170 (2001)

Books:
1. Janice G. Raymond, Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress (Mellissa
Farley ed., Binghamton: Haworth Press, 2003).

24
 2. Ratanlal&Dhirajlal, The Indian Penal Code, Chapter XVI: Criminal Force &
Assault, Wadhwa& Company (Nagpur), 30th Edition (2006), p. 675
3. Gagandeep Kaur, Law and Changing Private Morality in India, Journal of Law
Teachers of India, Volume II, Issue 1-2, 2011, p. 126
4. Handbook for Legislators on HIV/AIDS, Law and Human Right: Action to combat
HIV/AIDS in view of its devastating Human, Economic and Social Impact,
UNAIDS Best Practice Collection, UNAIDS/99.48E (November 1999)

Websites:
1. http://www.catwinternational.org.
2. http://www.walnet.org.
3. http://ncw.nic.in.
4. http://nhrc.nic.in.

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