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 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED ENGINEERING C2I 2005 TIMISOARA-
ROMANIA

INTEGRADED SYSTEM FOR PLUG GAGE DESIGN,

MODELATED ON AN OBJECTUAL RELATIONAL DATABASE

Sorin Borza1 and Carmen Simion1

ABSTRACT: At present, objectual relational database are the most usual database. Object
orientation is proving to be an technology that makes it easy to construct and maintain complex
system from individual components. Object-oriented databases remove the so-called semantic gap
between an application domain and its representation in persistent storage. Object oriented
databases achieve their modeling capability through the object oriented concepts of abstract data
typing, inheritance, and object identity. Defining the object-relational databases is a process, which
tries to maintain the preservation of the relational characteristics of the databases in an object
medium. The paper present an integrated system for plug gage design, where the information are
stored in to a relational database. The way in which the integrated system is realized, as well as the
information running from the database are archived with the assistence of an object oriented
software.
KEY WORDS: plug gage, database, objectual, relationa, table, user interface

1 INTRODUCTION 2 WHAT ARE GAGES USED FOR ?

The object-oriented model is richer than the
relational one. It offers features such as object
identity, definition of abstract types, type and class
hierarchies, not present in the relational one.
However, this richness also generates new problems
in the definition of derived classes and makes the
definition of object schemas more difficult. The
development of an OODB object schema definition
mechanism entails the development of a derived
class definition mechanism, the integration of the
derived classes, the selection of a definition
semantic, the definition of syntax to define object
schemas, and the development of object schemas
generation algorithms. Object schemas must be
organized in a hierarchical structure similar to the
conceptual schema. To realised the integrated
system for plug gage design we used Visual Fox
ORDBMS software. In addition, the capabilities of
object relational databases allow to consider
dynamic modeling aspects, too. UML statechart
diagrams are an appropriate way to specify these
aspects. UML statecharts specify dynamic aspects
of a class or an operation.
The object schemas were realized with Visual
Modeler software.
1
Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu, Facultatea
de Inginerie Herman Oberth E-mail:
sorin.borza@ulbsibiu.ro; carmen.simion@ulbsibiu.ro
In order to know whether the dimension of a
manufactured part are within tolerances specified by
the part design drawing, these dimensions must be
inspected after processing. We can use universal
measuring tools, such as vernier calipers,
micrometers, etc., to measure the dimensions for
small production volume and gages (gauges) for
large production volume.
Gauges are testing tools which embody the size
and/or the form of the feature which is to be
checked. Gauges can also be designed to check the
position of two workpiece features with reference to
each other. During the testing process, i.e. the
attempt to mat the workpiece and gauge, a Boolean
decision is made if the limits of size are met or not.
A quantitative statement about the value of the
deviations is not possible with gauging, because
gages are preset to a certain dimension and parts
being measured are classified according to whether
or not they meet this dimension. The terms Go and
NoGo are often used to signify this classification.
To use as a "Go/NoGo" functional check, try and fit
both the Go and NoGo gages into or onto a part
being measured. The measured part passes if the Go
gage fits and the NoGo doesn't, otherwise the part
fails. A Go/NoGo check is strictly a pass/fail test.
The actual part size is never measured.
Go/NoGo or fixed limit gages are Attribute gages.
Attribute gages check the extreme limits of the
product tolerance letting you know the product is

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 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED ENGINEERING C2I 2005 TIMISOARA-
ROMANIA
within its manufacturing limits. This will eliminate
the extremely sensitive measuring equipment,
which must be used under controlled laboratory
conditions. It will also eliminate many devices,
which have been designed to check concentricity,
squareness, parallelism, exact position and other
relationships between features, which are required
in assembly.
Gages are used for a wide range of work, from
rough machining to the finest tool and die making.
Gages are highly accurate, economical and easy to
use. The accuracy required of the same type of gage
will be different, depending on the use and,
generally, they may be furnished in four (4)
tolerance classes, as follows: class XX - very close
tolerance and typically used for master gages; class
X - close tolerance for products requiring the
highest grade of precision (most commonly used);
class Y - larger tolerance than class X and used as
working gages; class Z - used as working gages for
more liberal product tolerances.
Gages are available in tool steel, chrome plate, and
carbide. Chrome plate and carbide are harder and
therefore provide additional wear resistance.
Gages are primarily used to check dimensions and
geometry; plug gages check internal and ring gages
external dimensions and geometry. Plug gages are
available in two types: plain cylindrical and thread,
and in several popular styles: reversible,
progressive, taperlock and trilock. Style is usually
determined by the size of the gage. Ring gages are
also available as plain cylindrical and thread type
gages.
The generally-observed rule-of-thumb, which has
some statistical reasoning behind it, is that the gages
can have a total tolerance no greater than ten
percent of the part tolerance. So, the normal practice
for determining gage tolerance is to allow 10% of
product tolerance to be divided between the Go and
NoGo gages. For plug gages Go is normally a plus
tolerance and NoGo a minus tolerance. For ring
gages the opposite is true: Go is normally a minus
tolerance and NoGo a plus tolerance. Using this
practice as a guideline, gage tolerance is always
included in the part tolerance and accounts for up to
10%. This means that 10% of good product could
potentially fail the inspection but that no bad
product would ever pass.
3 CYLINDRICAL PLUG GAGES
A good choice for checking holes is a fixed
gage such as a Go/NoGO cylindrical plug gage.
Portable and independent of power, these gages can
be used anywhere in the shop with no need for
2
support equipment. Inexpensive and easy to use,
fixed gauging provides fast, positive dimensional
information (yes or no) which rarely calls for
human judgement. Plug gages are the most widely
used gage for inspecting holes. They consists of two
members: Go end - its diameter corresponds to the
low limit of the hole and NoGo end - its diameter
corresponds to the high limit of the hole (see figure
1).
High limit
NoGo
Low limit
Go
Workpiece
Figure 1 The Plug Gages
The concept of Go/NoGo gauging is so simple
in its logic that it has been known to delight
philosophers. For them, a Go/NoGo situation is the
very rare case where there are only two alternatives
- black and white - with no gray in between. In
practice it is not quite so simple as this, since there
are a few borderline cases which require a little
human judgment. But the ground rules for using the
cylindrical plug gage are certainly not complicated.
If the Go end can enter the hole and the NoGo end
cannot enter the hole, it proves that the diameter of
the hole is within tolerance. If both the Go end and
the NoGo end can enter the hole, the hole diameter
is larger than its high limit. If both the Go end and
the NoGo end cannot enter the hole, the hole
diameter is smaller than its low limit. In either case,
the hole is out of tolerance.
Cylindrical plug gages come in different
designs based on size and application. The
following is a presentation of the different designs.
The taperlock plug gage is so-called because of the
tapered shank, which locks into the tapered hole in
the end of the handle. There is an advantage in the
fact that these gages have the size and tolerance
marked on the shank of the members. If or when
they are removed from the handles there is no
confusion as to what they are. As a further aid in
identification, the Go and NoGo members have a
different length of gauging surface. It is permissible
Figure 2 The taperlock Plug Gage
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED ENGINEERING C2I 2005 TIMISOARA-
ROMANIA
to make the NoGo gage shorter because it is not
supposed to enter the part.
In some special cases, a little gauging time can be
saved by putting the Go and NoGo diameters on a
single gage member. A progressive plug gage, for
example, is suitable for checking a short hole,
which is open at both ends. Obviously, the hole
cannot be deeper than the Go section of the plug.
Progressive style gages are usually in the taperlock
style, but any of the designs can be made
progressive. The progressive style plug gage is a
single end gage having Go and NoGo members
combined. This enables complete inspection of a
hole to be performed with one insertion of the gage.
Figure 3 The Progressive Plug Gage
The reversible plug gage was more recently
introduced and standardized, after it became
possible to reach the necessary precision with
centerless grinding and lapping techniques. The
design of the reversible plug permits the members
to be reversed end for end, in the handle, resulting
in double wear life. The gauging members are
simple pins that can be removed from the handle by
loosening the collet nuts at the ends. Larger gage
members can be identified by marking the size and
tolerance on the ends. When the gage is too small to
permit this, it is not possible to distinguish between
the Go an NoGo members without resorting to
Figure 4 The Reversible Plug Gage
measuring instruments. The collet nuts at the ends
of the handle are different colors green for Go and
red for NoGo. This traffic light system is often used
in attribute gauging.
The taperlock and reversible (pin) type designs
are not well suited for large, heavy gages. The
trilock design has been found best suited for gages
of large diameter. The trilock feature is the source
for the name of this design. The handle has three
prongs on the ends, which fit into three grooves
equally spaced around the central hole of the gage
members. A bolt holds the member to the handle
and the trilock grooves and prongs stabilize the
member. Like the reversible type, trilock plug
gages are reversible, since either face can be locked
to the handle. Thus, if the reversibility feature,
3
allowing double the use, is important to the user, he
can order reversible gages for all size ranges.
Figure 5 The Trilock Plug Gages
4 THE OJECTUAL - RELATIONAL
DATBASE
The programming and database concepts have
come together to provide what we now call object-
oriented databases. Perhaps the most significant
characteristic of object-oriented database
technology is that it combines object-oriented
programming with database technology to provide
an integrated application development system.
There are many advantages to including the
definition of operations with the definition of data:
The defined operations apply ubiquitously and
are not dependent on the particular database
application running at the moment.
The data types can be extended to support
complex data such as multi-media by defining new
object classes that have operations to support the
new kinds of information.
Other strengths of object-oriented modeling are
well known.
Inheritance allows one to develop solutions to
complex problems incrementally by defining new
objects in terms of previously defined objects;
Polymorphism and dynamic binding allow
one to define operations for one object and then to
share the specification of the operation with other
objects. These objects can further extend this
operation to provide behaviours that are unique to
those objects.
Dynamic binding determines at runtime,
which of these operations is actually executed,
depending on the class of the object requested to
perform the operation.
Polymorphism and dynamic binding are
powerful object-oriented features that allow to
compose objects, to provide solutions without
having, to write code that is specific to each object.
All of these capabilities come together
synergistically to provide significant productivity
advantages to database application developers.
Object/relational database management
systems (ORDBMSs) add new object storage
capabilities to the relational systems at the core of
 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED ENGINEERING C2I 2005 TIMISOARA-
ROMANIA

modern information systems. These new facilities
integrate management of traditional fielded data,
complex objects such as time-series and geospatial
data and diverse binary media such as audio, video,
images, and applets. By encapsulating methods with
data structures, an ORDBMS server can execute
complex analytical and data manipulation
operations, to search and transform multimedia and
other complex objects. As an evolutionary
technology, the object/relational (OR) approach has
inherited the robust transaction, performance
management features of its relational ancestor and
the flexibility of its object-oriented cousin.
Database designers can work with familiar tabular
structures and data definition languages (DDLs),
while assimilating new object management
possibilities. Query, procedural languages and call
interfaces in ORDBMSs are familiar.
Object/relational databases organize information in
the familiar relational tabular structures. In fact,
object/relational implementations subsume the
relational database model.
ORDBMSs are an incremental upgrade to
their RDBMS predecessors and unlike the move to
object database systems object-relational migration
will not necessarily entail wholesale recoding.
characteristics of the databases in an object
medium. That is why the relations defined as
classes of a predefined type (cursor) are preserved;
the database of relational medium is defined as a
class data environment. To this class will be
attached types of class objects from relational
database. The existing relations between the tables
inside the database are defined as predefined type
classes named cursor. All the relations and views
will be cursor type classes and inside the data
environment class will exist objects of these type
classes. The concepts of derived class, partial
derived class, external schemes etc., will be applied
in order to get the object database. A particular
approach is the producing of object database
corresponding to each tool type with the help of
specific classes, which aim at generating the source
code for each object database.

5 DATABASES IN RELATIONAL
OBJECTUAL MEDIUM
In OODBs, conceptual schema and object
schemas have to be object schemas defined Figure 6 The Relational and Objectual Database
according to the object-orientation paradigm. In this
sense, from the end-users point of view, there The properties and the methods of the non derived
should be no difference between working over the classes, Cursor class and Data Environment class
conceptual schema or over an external schema: are presented in figure 7
The data has the same kind of organization in
both schemas. Its classes represent the information
contained in the conceptual schema.
Object schemas are derived from the database
conceptual schema. The information contained in
each object schema is derived from the information
of the conceptual schema, this does not necessarily
mean that the classes included in an external
schema need to have been previously defined in the
conceptual schema.
A derived class may represent a relevant
concept in an object schema, but this concept does
not have to be especially significant to be explicitly
represented in the conceptual schema. A derived
class that hides some property of a class already
included in the conceptual schema. Figure 7 The Properties and the methods of Data
Defining the databases is a process which tries Environment and Cursor Clsses
to maintain the preservation of the relational
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 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED ENGINEERING C2I 2005 TIMISOARA-
ROMANIA

The classes for generating the data objects is

presented in figure 8.

Figure 10 STAS 2980/1 for the plug gauge with

measure limits

Then, depending on the part dimensionn being

gauged (for instance D>100 mm), we choose the
standardized drawing for the ring gage (fig.11).

Fig. 8 The classes for generating data objects

6 PLUG GAGE DESIGN FOR DIRECT

GAUGING
To design a ring gage, a software application
as an executable program was created, which
enables to determine quickly the ring gage
dimensions, depending on the part dimension being
gauged.
We considered the gage relational database
presented in figure 9, where are memorized all
needed information for integrated system Figure 11 The Plug Gauge GO/NOT GO side drawing
application. class

Figure 9 Relational database for plug gage design

From the window application presented in figure

10, we choose the adequate standard to check a part
Figure 12 The Executions Tolerence Class
outside diameter, for instance STAS 2980/1-87-90.

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 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED ENGINEERING C2I 2005 TIMISOARA-
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Then we must operate the Next button. In the
window that appears (fig.12) we choose the desired
dimension, afterwards we push the Calculate
button(fig. 13) and it is possible to calculate the GO
side, used GO side and NOT-GO side of the ring
gage, according to standard STAS 8222-68.
Figure 13 The Precision of Piece 9 Class
The calculated results for the GO diameter,
used GO diameter and NOT-GO diameter of the
plug gage that inspects a shaft with a diameter of
D>100 mm are shown in figure 14.
Figure 14 The Results Class
Pushing the Table button from the figure 11, it
is possible to visualize all the plug gage dimensions.
For a plug gage inspecting a part with a diameter
>100mm the results are shown in figure 15.
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Figure 15 STAS 2981 Class
7 CONCLUSION
To check workpiece features in mass and batch
production, usually, limit gages are used as
standards to determine whether or not one or more
dimensions of a manufactured part are within
specified limits. Consistent use of an executable
program, like the software application presented in
this paper, provides an indisputable method of
determining quickly the plug gage dimensions
depending on the part dimension being gauged. All
the procedures necessary to the administration of
data can be found in a specific class.
From the viewpoint of the conceptual and
programming aspects there are a lot of differences
between the object designer and relational designer,
but the time of the object programs execution is
exactly like the relational programs execution.
8 REFERENCES
S. Agrawal, S. Chaudhuri, V.R. Narasayya,
Automated Selection of Materialized Views and
Indexes in SQL Databases, VLDB Conf. 2000
Jepson, B., Object-Oriented Apps in a Relational
Database, CMP Media LLC, 2002
D. Shasha, P. Bonnet: Database Tuning,
Principles, Experiments, and Troubleshooting
Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
J. R. Evans, W. M. Lindsay, The Managementt
and the Control of Quality, West Publishing
Company, St-Paul Minneapolis, U.S.A. 1993