TR 4 (English)

REPORT NO.
EXPERIMENTAL USE OF
23
FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE (FPRDC)
In collaboration with
Indonesian Sawmill and Woodworking Association (ISWA)

and
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
Project Pd 286/04 Rev. 1 (I) : Strengthening the Capacity to Promote
Efficient Wood Processing Technologies in Indonesia.

TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 4
EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN

LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES
Prepared by
In collaboration with
INDONESIAN SAWMILL AND WOODWORKING ASSOCIATION (ISWA)
and
ITTO PROJECT PD 286/04 Rev. 1 (I) Strengthening the Capacity to Promote Efficient
Wood Processing Technologies in Indonesia
TECHNICAL REPORT NO. 4
EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN

LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES
ISBN : No. 978-979-19082-2-1
First Edition : January 9th, 2009
Copy Right : FPRDC
Publishing Right : ISWA dan FPRDC
RESEARCH TEAM :
DR. Ir. Maman Mansyur Idris, MS.
Prof. DR. Ir. Osly Rachman, MS.
Ir. Ridwan A. Pasaribu, MS.
DR. Ir. Han Roliadi, MSc.
Ir. Nurwati Hadjib, MS.
Drs. Mohammad Muslich, MSc.
Dra. Jasni, MSi.
Dra. Sri Rulliaty, MSc.
Ir. Rena Mutiara Siagian, MS.
Cover Design By : WILLO PRODUCTION
Photos : ISWA
Publisher : PT. PUSAKA SEMESTA PERSADA
ii EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. This Technical Report pertains to Activity 5. The information on geographical distribution

2.1. of ISWA-ITTO Project PD 286/04 Rev. covers the area in Indonesia as well as
1 (I)Strengthening the Capacity to Promote abroad (outside Indonesia). The information
Efficient Wood Processing Technology in in Indonesia is presented by province (e.g.
Indonesia. It has been prepared by the West Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, or
Forest Products Research and South Sumatera); or by particular area such
Development Centre (FPRDC) of FORDA as island, group of islands, or archipelago
(Forestry Research and Development (e.g. Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Bangka, or
Agency) at the request of ISWA (Indonesian Muna). Meanwhile, the corresponding
Sawmill and Wood-working Association) as information outside Indonesia refers to the
the Executing Agency of the Project. country name itself (e.g. Philippines,
Malaysia, France, Germany, UK, or USA) or
2. The Report presents basic information and
particular area in the country (Sarawak of
properties, as well as results of technical
Malaysia, Sabah of the Philippines, or
utilization of 23 lesser used species. Basic
Malay Peninsula of Malaysia).
information and properties cover
commercial name, botanical name, local 6. The information on general characteristics
name, name in other countries, geographic covers color, figure, texture, tactile, grain,
distribution, habitus, general characteristics, gloss, hardness, specific gravity, and
and silviculture. Meanwhile, results of strength class. The information was
experimental utilization comprise durability generated by FORDA and had been
and treatability, wood drying, veneer and compared with the data which are available
plywood, wood working, pulp for paper, and in several references.
uses.
7. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio
3. The botanical names as presented is between weight and volume of wood at 15%
basically the product of FORDA based on moisture content. The average and range
the research works carried out by several values of specific gravity anggerit wood for
scientists since the colonization era, which instanse is written as 0.90 (0.86-0.95) to
have been published and disseminated indicate that the average specific gravity of
nationwide. Each wood species has its own 0.90, ranging from 0.86 to 0.95.
distinct botanical name and is written in a
8. Wood strength was grouped into five
straightforward manner. It should be noted,
classes (i.e. I, II, III, IV, and V) based on the
however, that a commercial wood name
value of specific gravity. In essence, the
may include several botanical name and the
larger the value of specific gravity, the
most representative one was chosen. For
higher the strength class of a wood species.
this purpose, Special Publication No. 6 of
The common practice is to indicate wood
FORDA had been consulted.
strength class after the value of specific
4. The commercial name of a wood species is gravity. For example, strength class of
the name of wood that has been widely anggerit wood is written as 0.90 (0.86-0.95);
used in the domestic market, which is II, indicating the average specific gravity of
expected to become a recognized name. 0.90 and strength class of II; and strength
The same commercial name may be used class of wadang wood is as 0.44 (0.30-
for a number of groups of wood species due 0.56): III-IV, indicating the average specific
to similarity in their general characteristics gravity of 0.44 and strength class of III-IV.
and usage of the species. For example,
9. Wood durability is determined using the
durian is the commercial name of those
data on herbarium labels which were
species in the genus Durio. Another
recorded during the collection of wood
example, wadang is the commercial name
species referred to from various forest
of those species in the genus
areas. Those data were matched
Pterospermum.
thoroughly with the data obtained from
general experiences regarding the related
iii EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES
wood species, and also matched with the machine, as also commonly used in veneer
available data in various literatures. and plywood industries. Peeling angle and
Scrutinizing all those data, durability classes veneer thickness as implemented were
of wood species referred to were respectively 90-93.5o and 1.5 mm.
determined according to Oey Djoen Seng
14. Experiment on plywood manufacture
classification, which consists of five classes
through the bonding of veneer assembly
(Table 1 of the Report).
was carried out using urea formaldehyde
10. In addition to the classification based on adhesive. The resulting plywood was
Oey Djoen Seng, wood durability test was tested of its properties, then compared with
also carried out either in laboratory scale or the requirement standards of Indonesia
on the field, against the attack by dry-wood (SNI), Japan (JAS), and Germany (DIN)
termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus
15. Wood-working experiment as conducted
Light.), subterranean termites (Coptotermes
covered planing, moulding, turning, boring,
curvignathus Holmgren), and marine borers.
mortising, and sanding. The machines
Wood resistance against those three kinds
used in the wood working are similar to
of organisms was categorized into several
those used by wood industries. Results of
classes, i.e. five classes for dry-wood
the wood-working experiments were
termites (Table 2) and five classes for
assessed through the criteria of defect-free
marine borers (Table 3).
surface percentage as described in Table 7.
11. Wood treatability presents one of the
16. Experiment on the pulping of those lesser
essential properties that reveal whether a
used wood species was carried out using
particular wood species is easy or difficult to
kraft process. Examination results of the
be penetrated by preservative solution. One
wood pulping (pulp yield, processing
of the wood properties that determines
properties, and pulp strength properties)
treatability is permeability. Class of wood
added with basic properties of the wood
treatability was determined using IUFRO
itself (density, fiber dimensions, and its
method, resulting in four treatability classes
derived values) were used to assess
as presented in Table 4.
particular wood species as raw material in
12. Experiment on wood drying was carried out the manufacture of kraft pulp for paper. The
in two methods, i.e. air seasoning and assessment was conducted by referring
artificial drying (conventional kiln drying, those results to the quality criteria as
solar drying, and solar drying combined with presented in Table 8.
the use of biomass fuel). For air seasoning
17. Based on basic properties and results of
experiment, wood was arranged neatly in
experimental utilization of 23 lesser used
open space under the roofs. Based on the
species, uses were proposed their
duration required to dry wood from green to
appropriate, which cover heavy and light
air-dry moisture content, wood was
construction materials, bridges, electric and
classified into four groups (Table 5).
telephone poles, housing, door and window
Meanwhile, in artificial drying, referring also
frames, wood construction in fresh water as
the drying duration for wood to dry from
well as sea water, veneer and plywood,
green to air-dry moisture content, wood was
ordinary and fancy veneer and plywood,
classified as well into four groups (Table 6).
other wood-based panels, furniture, sports
Drying duration and drying defects that may
tools, matches (boxes and picks), moulding,
occur were used as the basis to determine
carvings, packing crates, cabinet, pencil,
minimum and maximum temperatures in the
turnery items, kraft pulp for paper. The data
drying kiln (artificial drying).
about wood uses were referred to or
13. Experiment on the manufacture of veneer matched with those available in references.
was conducted using rotary veneer lathe
iv EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

LIST OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ iii

LIST OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... v
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1
II. DESCRIPTION ON THE CONTENT .......................................................................... 2
A. Commercial Names .......................................................................................... 2
B. Botanical Names ............................................................................................... 2
C. Local Names ..................................................................................................... 2
D. Names in Other Countries ................................................................................ 2
E. Geography Distribution .................................................................................... 3
F. Habitus .............................................................................................................. 3
G. General Characteristics .................................................................................... 3
H. Durability and Treatability ................................................................................. 3
I. Wood Drying ..................................................................................................... 6
J. Veneer and Plywood ......................................................................................... 7
K. Wood Working .................................................................................................. 7
L. Pulp for Paper ................................................................................................... 8
M. Uses .................................................................................................................. 9
N. Silviculture ......................................................................................................... 9
III. TWENTY THREE LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES .............................................. 10

1. Anggerit ........................................................................................................... 10
2. Angsana .......................................................................................................... 12
3. Cempaka Hutan .............................................................................................. 14
4. Durian.............................................................................................................. 16
5. Jirak................................................................................................................. 18
6. Kandis ............................................................................................................. 19
7. Kayu hujan ...................................................................................................... 22
8. Kelat ................................................................................................................ 24
9. Kenanga .......................................................................................................... 26
11. Ketapang ......................................................................................................... 30
12. Langsat lutung................................................................................................ 32
v EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

13. Mahang ........................................................................................................... 34
14. Membacang .................................................................................................... 36
15. Menjalin ........................................................................................................... 38
16. Petai ................................................................................................................ 41
17. Putat ................................................................................................................ 43
18. Saga ................................................................................................................ 45
19. Sepalis ............................................................................................................ 47
20. Tapos .............................................................................................................. 49
21. Tepis ............................................................................................................... 51
22. Terap ............................................................................................................... 53
23. Wadang ........................................................................................................... 55
LITERATURES CITED .................................................................................................. 57
vi EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the potency of commercial commercial names, local names, names in

wood species has been so declining concurrent other countries, geography distribution, habitus,
with the widespread destruction of natural general characteristics, durability, treatability,
production forest due to deforestation and drying, veneer and plywood, wood working,
degradation. In order to cope with the problems pulp for paper, uses, and silviculture.
of lacked raw material supply to wood
This report is composed with the
processing industries as the consequences of
objectives to introduce twenty three wood
those situations, it is essential to look for other
species growing in Indonesia and currently still
substitute materials among others through the
less used. This report that contain the
utilization of particular wood species which are
description of those twenty three wood species
currently still less used or less known in world
can have their potencies expectedly more
trade.
developed in industrial timber estates (ITE) and
In order that those lesser used species social forestry (SF) to satisfy the needs of round
can replace the role of commercial wood wood (logs) supply for primary as well as
species that currently become scarce, it is community-managed wood processing
necessary to conduct wood identification with industries.
the detailed accounts of their description
including the experiment on their uses. Results
of this description identification cover
1 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

II. DESCRIPTION ON THE CONTENT
Wood description presented in this example, tapos wood written as

report contains the accounts of 23 Indonesian Elateriospermum tapos Blume, family
lesser used wood species. These accounts Euphorbiaceae. To select the most important
cover wood name, general characteristics, botanical species in each commercial wood
wood properties and uses. Explanation about species, besides referring to the fact that those
wood name comprises commercial names, botanical species have been commonly existed
botanical names, local names, names in other in trades, many in uses are also the items
countries, geography distribution, and habitus. available in special communications published
Meanwhile, general characteristics cover by Forestry Research Institute No. 6
among others colors, figure, texture, grain (Anonymous, 1952) and others such as
direction, tactile, smells, hardness, and gloss. Lemmens et al., 1995; Kochummen 1972,
Explanation about properties and uses of wood 1978, 1989; Argent et al., 1988; Supadmo,
comprises durability, treatability, drying, veneer, 1973; Whitmore, 1972, 1973, 1990, 1997; Airy
plywood, wood working, pulping for paper, and Shaw, 1981; Soerianegara, 1984; Nooteboom,
uses. At the end of this description are 1985; Ng, 1972 and Hou, 1962, 1978.
described explanations about silviculture
aspects of each wood species. C. Local Names
The data as employed in the arranging
In Indonesia, there are local names with
of this wood description are acquired
different dialects, therefore it is understandable
particularly from the results of observation,
that one particular wood species often has
survey, and experiments conducted by the
various local names that occasionally reach
Forest Products Research and Development
hundreds of names. As the consequences, it is
Centre (FPRDC) and the Forest and Nature
impossible to cover all local names for each
Conservation Research and Development
wood species in this report. In this regard,
Centre, both situated in Bogor. In addition,
when the local names are not too many, then
there are also used research results from other
all those names should be included. However,
countries such as Malaysia and the Philippines.
when their number is too many, then it should
include at least one name in each island or
A. Commercial Names archipelago commonly used in that region.
Those local names are particularly acquired
Wood names introduced in this from the list of tree names issued by the
description may so far follow those commonly Forestry Research Institute beginning 1949
used in wood trade. These names are further (Prawira et al., 1970, 1971, 1972; Hildebrand
mentioned as commercial names, which 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954;
expectedly become standard names in wood Anonymous 1952, 1963; Heyne 1950).
trade. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish
between commercial and botanical names D. Names in Other Countries
implying that the commercial names as used
frequently present group name of botanical
Names in other countries in this report
species. The grouping is conducted, since
implies names of commercial wood species that
wood originated from the botanical species
apply outside Indonesia, either producing
concerned have almost similar characteristics,
countries that turn out the wood species
properties, and uses.
referred to or consumption countries that do not
produce those wood species but have already
B. Botanical Names
used or at least recognized them. For example,
it has been commonly known that durian wood
Commercial wood species that consist
in most other countries is prevalently mentioned
of one botanical species in this description are
as durian.
directly written with their botanical names
followed with their author and family. For

For beneficial information regarding the ground for trees without buttress or 20 cm
commercial wood species in other countries, above the buttres.
many in uses are the Wood Dictionary, and
Other characteristics considered
besides several references from neighboring
essential are presented in black-white colored
countries such as the literatures composed by
pictures/photos featuring the arrangement and
Burgess (1966) and Desch (1941) as well as
position of leaves, flowers, and fruits on twigs
several other books that cover description about
with leaves.
wood species in South East Asia such as those
by Lemmens et al. (1995), Kochummen (1972, As sources of information about
1978, 1989), Argent et al., (1998), Soepadmo description of tree habitus are the reports by
(1973), Whitmore (1972, 1973, 1990, 1997), Prawira (1979, 1980), Prawira and Tantra
Airy Shaw (1981), Soerianegara, et. al. (1994), (1976), Prawira dan Oetja (1975, 1976), and
Nooteboom (1985), Ng (1972) and Hou (1962, Prawira and Sutisna (1979).
1978).
G. General Characteristics
E. Geography Distribution
What is meant by general
In this report, distribution of wood characteristics in this description are those in
species is arranged by the province with general sense and determined based on results
exception that Special Region of Jakarta (the of macroscopic observations that cover color,
State Capital) and Banten Province are figures, textures, grain direction, tactile, gloss,
incorporated into West Java Province, and smells, and hardness. Results of observations
Special Region of Yogyakarta into Central Java on these general characteristics are then
Province. When the distribution region is matched with the available data in various
confined only to particular region smaller in area literatures by Den Berger (1926), Den Berger &
than the province region, then the name of that Endert (1925), Heyne (1950) and Beekman
distribution location is written between (1920). Meanwhile, the clustering of meranti
parenthesis after the name of province region species as a basis uses the report by Sarayar
referred to, for example South Sumatera (1975).
Province (Palembang).
Indonesian wood species reveal a lot of
The determination of distribution region similarities with other species from neighboring
referred to is based on the card data available countries. In this regard, other publications
at Forest Products Research Institutes, and used for the comparison are Anonymous (1956)
then matched with the available data in the list and Lemmens, et al. (1995).
of tree names (Prawira et al., 1970, 1971,1972;
Hildebrand 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, H. Durability and Treatability
1954; Kartasujana and Martawijaya, 1979).
Distribution region located outside Indonesia is
also mentioned in this report, since it is known 1. Wood durability
that many wood species exist naturally in other Wood durability is determined using the
countries, particularly Malaysia and Philippines. data on herbarium labels which were recorded
during the collection of wood species referred
F. Habitus to from various forest areas. Those data were
matched thoroughly with the data obtained from
general experiences regarding the related wood
The habitus of trees is their species, and also matched with the available
characteristics in order to distinguish from those data in various literatures. Scrutinizing all those
of other species. The essential characteristics data, durability class of wood species referred
described in this report cover crown shapes, to is using classification methods as described
trunk (stem) and branching shapes, bark color, in Table 1.
surface, rooting characteristic above or below
the ground surface, length of clear bole, and
stem diameter at breast height or 130 cm above

Table 1. Durability class of wood
Durability class
Conditions
I II III IV V
Always in contact with damp soil 8 years 5 years 3 years Very short Very short
Only affected by weathers, but kept not
Several
immersed in water and not suffering from air 20 years 15 years 10 years Very short
years
deficiency
Indoor, not in contact with damp soil, and not Several
Unlimited Unlimited Very long Short
lacked of air years
As above, but carefully maintained and
Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 20 years 20 years
regularly painted
Attacks by subterranean termites None Seldom Fast Very fast Very fast
Attacks by powder-post beetles Almost
None None Negligible Very fast
none
Source: Oey (1990)
The testing on wood durability is Table 2. Classification of wood resistance

conducted in laboratory as well as on the field. against dry-wood termites
Laboratory testing conducted as of this Class Resistance
occasion is just on fungi and dry-wood termites,
while the field tests are carried out through I Very resistant
graveyard tests and rack trials (weathering II Resistant
tests). The data presented in this description
cover results of laboratory tests on dry-wood III Moderate
termites Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. IV Poor
(Martawijaya and Sumarni, 1979) added with
results of semi-laboratory tests on those V Very poor
termites (Martawijaya, et al., 1973).
Resistance of wood against dry-wood On the other hand, wood resistance
termites is tested in laboratory using air-dry against subterranean termites is divided into 5
wood specimens size of 5 cm x 2.5 cm x 1.5 classes based on results of laboratory tests
cm. Further, on one of the largest surface (Sumarni and Roliadi, 2002). The test is
areas of the specimen (the side with the conducted by placing wood samples each with
greatest widths) is placed vertically a glass tube size of 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm into glass
with one-cm diameter. Subsequently, into the bottles. Further, into the bottle is put the
glass tube are put 50 dry-wood termites. For mixture of wet sand and humus such that they
each wood species are prepared 10 wood cover the wood samples underneath.
samples (Martawijaya and Sumarni, 1979). Subsequently, 200 subterranean termites of
The number of dry-wood termites that still worker type are put into the glass bottle.
survives and the weight loss in wood sample Observation is conducted after all those
due to the attack by dry-wood termites after assembly tests (i.e. glass bottle containing
exposing those samples to the termites for 12 wood specimens, wet sand and humus, and
weeks are used to determine wood resistance subterranean termites in the inside) last for four
against those termites. In addition, observation weeks. The classification criteria of wood
is also conducted ocularly on the degree of resistance against subterranean termites is
attack by those termites on each wood sample. similar to those used for dry-wood termites
Classification of wood resistance against dry- (Table 2).
wood termites Cryptotermes cynocephalus
Light. is presented in Table 2.

Resistance of wood against marine Location of research on wood resistance
borers is conducted whereby wood test wood against marine borers was conducted at
samples tied up vertically one another using Rambut Island (Seribu Archipelago).
plastic rope through the prepared holes on the
Table 3. Classification of wood resistance
centre of those samples. Further, between test
against marine borers
wood samples are set up vertically flexible
plastic hose, and then the assembly is put Resistance Attack Criteria of attack
together into a raft-like arrangement (Muslich classs intensity (%) intensity
and Sumarni, 2005). I <7 Very resistant
The raft-like arrangement equipped with II 7 27 Resistant
weight load and floating ball is placed vertically
III 27 54 Moderate
on the sea. Six months afterwards, those test
wood samples are taken from the raft-like IV 54 79 Poor
assembly, and then observed regarding the
V > 79 Very poor
attack intensity by marine borers. Initially, the
wood sample is splitted parallel to the sample Sources: Anonymous (2006)
length through its thickness into two similar-size
portion. Afterwards, the assessment on attack In identifying species of marine borers
intensity is conducted on the surface of the that attack test wood specimens, it can be done
splitted samples. Classification of wood by observing structure of their shell and pallet,
resistance against the attack by marine borers and traces of the boring holes on the
is described in Table 3. specimens due to their borer activity in
accordance with the identification key prepared
by Turner (1971).

2. Wood treatability wood dimension, can also render the wood free
of strains and stresses that can bring about
Wood treatability presents one of the
checking, splitting, distortion, or other drying
essential properties that reveal whether a
defects. The wood drying practices commonly
particular wood species is easy or difficult to be
employed commercially as of this occasion are
penetrated by preservative solution. This is
air-drying or air seasoning and the drying in the
very important for tropical wood species that
kiln.
consist mostly of hardwoods, considering that
those wood species is usually more difficult to The data regarding air seasoning, solar
preserve than softwood species. drying kiln, the drying that uses the combined
solar power and biomass fuel, and conventional
Wood treatability is determined by
drying kiln are acquired from the report by Basri
several factors, i.e. the properties of wood itself,
and Hidayat (1993), Basri et al. (1999), and
prerserving methods, wood preservative agents
Basri (2000). Other drying data are obtained
as used. One of the wood properties that
from the data about results of drying research
determine treatability is permeability.
by the FPRDC.
Class of wood treatability is determined
For air seasoning, the methods as
using IUFROs method (Smith and Tamblyn,
practiced are described in the report by Basri et
1970). In this case, the wood pieces with size
al. (1999). The capacity of solar drying kiln
of 5 cm x 5 cm x 100 cm are initially dried
runs about 2 m3, while the conventional drying
naturally until reaching moisture content of 10-
kiln affords 2 m3 capacity as well. Methods of
20%, then preserved with CCB (chromated
classifying the drying properties are based on
copper boron) salt at 3% concentration using
drying duration, either air seasoning or drying in
the preservation scheme as follows:
the conventional kiln. Meanwhile, for the drying
- Initial vacuum period 50 cm Hg for 15 minutes that uses conventional drying kiln, it employs
the criteria set up in the report by the Nederland
- Pressure period 10 atmosphere for 60
Organization for Applied Scientific Research -
minutes
TNO (Anonymous, 1990). The classification is
- Final vacuum period 50 cm Hg for 15 minutes based on drying duration and drying defects as
a base to determine minimum at maximum
Classification of wood treatability as temperatures in the drying kiln that uses
adopted is presented in Table 4. methods of Terazawa (1965).
Classification of wood-drying duration
Table 4. Classification of wood treatability for air seasoning (Basri et al., 1999) are
Class Penetration (%) presented in Table 5 as follows:
I (easy) Greater than 90
II (moderate) 50 90 Table 5. Classification of wood-drying duration
in air seasoning
III (difficult) 10-50
Drying duration
IV (very difficult) Less than 10 Classification
(months)
Fast <1
Data regarding wood treatability are also
obtained from the report by Barly and Rather fast 12
Martawijaya (2000), Martawijaya and Barly Rather slow 23
(1982), and the recent data about results of
treatability research by the FPRDC. Slow >3
Classification of wood-drying duration in

I. Wood Drying the drying kiln with maximum temperature at
80oC (Anonymous, 1990) is presented in
Table 6.
Drying represents one of important
methods to improve wood properties. Drying
which is conducted properly, besides stabilizing

Table 6. Classification of wood-drying duration mechanical properties of plywood must satisfy
in the drying kiln the requirement for bonding strength, i.e. 7
Drying duration kg/cm2.
Classification
(days) b. German (DIN No. 68075-IW 67)
Fast <5 Test specimens with size of 10 cm x 2.5
Rather fast 59 cm are immersed in hot water at 67oC for three
Rather slow 9 14 hours, and then put into cool water for two
hours. Test results of mechanical properties of
Slow > 14 plywood must satisfy the requirement as
follows:
J. Veneer and Plywood (1) Bonding strength of 12 kg/cm2 for plywood

with density up to 0.56 g/cm3
1. Veneer
(2) Bonding strength of 10 kg/cm2 for plywood
Veneer refers to thin wood sheet (< 6 with density up to 0.56 g/cm3
mm thick) where its manufacture can be
conducted using rotary lathe machine, slicing The testing of plywood mechanical
machine, or sawing device (Anonymous, 1966). properties is conducted according to the
However, most of veneer production is methods of ASTM No. D805-52 (Anonymous,
performed using rotary lathe machine as 1995). The data regarding veneer and plywood
implemented by plywood industries, wood- properties as presented in this description are
match factories, and wood-tooth pick factories. acquired from research results by the FPRDC
The woods commonly used for veneer among others reports by Sutigno et al. (1976,
manufacture are those with the density about 1977, 1978, 1979). Further, what is meant by
0.40-0.70 gram/cm3, while the best woods are Japan and German standards in this description
with the density about 0.50-0.55 gram/cm3. about plywood at each wood species imply
consecutively JAS of type II and DIN No.
Wood veneering can be performed in 68075-IW as described above.
room temperature condition or without
preliminary treatment on bolts. Meanwhile, for In several particular wood species are
particular wood species, the veneering must be added adjustments of bonding strength for
done in hot condition through the steaming or plywood using SNI (2000). For the
cooking in water for one or several days. determination of veneer and plywood properties
According to Fleischer (1949), the factors that in this report, it refers to research results by
affect the veneering results besides preliminary Kamil and Sutigno (1973), Memed et al. (1981),
treatment are also veneer thickness and Sutigno et al. (1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981),
peeling angle that commonly varies about and data about research results of veneer and
90.0o-93.5 o. plywood by the FPRDC.
K. Wood Working
2. Plywood
Bonding strength of plywood in this Qualities of wood-based items such as
description is compared with that of Japan furniture, household utensils, and handcrafts,
(JAS) Standard of Type II (Anonymous, 1973) depend among others on results of wood
or German (DIN) Standard No. 68075-IW 67 working. In this description, it will elaborate
(Anonymous, 1975). The requirement in wood-working properties, either using machine
accordance with those two standards is or with hand tools.
described as follows:
Wood-working properties as included in
a. Japan (JAS of type II) description cover sawing, planing, boring,
Test specimens measuring 8.26 cm x turning, moulding, mortising, and sanding.
2.54 cm are immersed in hot water at 60oC for Wood-working properties that use machine
three hours, and then put into cool water until such as sawing, planing, boring, turning,
reaching room temperature. Test results of moulding, mortising, and sanding are

Table 8. Quality class of hardwoods as raw material for paper pulp
Class
No Properties I II III IV
Value Score Value Score Value Score Value Score
1 Density, kg/m3 > 200 100 200-150 50 150-120 25 < 120 12,5
2 Fiber felting power, L/D > 100 100 50-100 50 30-50 25 <30 12,5
3 Pulp yield, % >44 100 40-44 50 34-40 25 < 34 12,5
4 Alkali consumption, % < 18 100 18-20 50 20-22 25 > 22 12,5
5 Kappa No. <18 100 18-22 50 22-30 25 > 30 12,5
6 Breaking-length, km >5 25 3.5-5 12.5 2-3.5 6.25 <2 3.125
7 Burst index > 25 25 20-25 12.5 15-20 6.25 < 15 3.125
8 Stretch, % > 2.5 25 1.5 2.5 12.5 1.0 1.5 6.25 < 1.0 3.125
9 Folding endurance, df > 25 25 20 25 12.5 10 20 6.25 < 10 3.125
Total 600 300-599 150-299 75-149
Balfas (1985, 1987), and Rulliaty and Rachman

expressed in qualitative criteria like easy,
(1991).
difficult, good, etc with additional remarks.
The testing of wood-working properties
is conducted in accordance with the methods of L. Pulp for Paper
ASTM No. D-1666-64 (Anonymous, 1974),
which has been modified as reported by
Abdurachman and Karnasudirja (1982). Qualities of a particular wood species as
Meanwhile, the parameters as observed are raw material for kraft pulp for paper are
results of planing, moulding, turning, boring, assessed from wood density, fiber felting
mortising, and sanding with machines. Each of power, pulp yield, pulp kappa number, alkali
those results is further divided into 5 classes consumption in pulping, and strength properties
based on defect-free test specimens as of pulp sheet. Referring to quality of particular
described in Table 7. wood species based on its approximate uses as
raw material for paper pulp, then the wood is
Table 7. Classification of wood-working categorized into four classes as presented in
properties Table 8 (Pasaribu and Siagian, 1987).
Defect-free Wood with quality I refers to a wood
Class Remarks
value species considered very good as raw material
80 100 I Very good for paper pulp, because of high pulp yield, low
60 80 II Good alkali consumption, the pulp easily bleached,
and ability to produce paper with high strength.
40 60 III Moderate
Wood with quality II refers to a wood
20 40 IV Bad
species fairly good as raw material for paper
0 20 V Very bad pulp, because of high pulp yield, rather high
alkali consumption, the pulp easily bleached,
In determining class of wood-working and ability to produce paper with medium
properties, it uses the data resulting from the strength.
research in wood-working laboratory, and Wood with quality III refers to a wood
reports by Martawijaya et al., (1983), species not good as raw material for paper
Abdurachman and Gadas (1979), pulp, because of low pulp yield, high alkali
consumption, the pulp difficult to bleach, and
Abdurachman and Karnasudirdja (1982), producing paper with low strength.
Karnasudirdja et al., (1982), Rachman and

Wood with quality IV refers to a wood N. Silviculture
species not suitable as raw material for paper
pulp.
Description about silviculture aspects
covers habitus, regeneration, fruiting and
M. Uses flowering. The factors that affect tree habitus
are described briefly that comprise rainfall types
according Schmidt and Ferguson (1951),
The data regarding wood uses are
altitude above sea level, kinds of soil, and
mostly based on research results of basic
others. Silviculture systems as implemented in
properties and experimental use of the the
Indonesia are articulated in the decision decree
wood concerned by the FPRDC. Based on
by the Minister of Forestry No. 485/Kpts-II/1989
those data can be determined the uses of wood
regarding the silviculture systems in the
such as light and heavy construction, bridges,
management of natural production forest in
telephone and electric poles, railway sleepers,
Indonesia, and decision by the Minister of
housing, harbour pier, veneer and plywood,
Forestry and Crops Estate No. 309/Kpts-II/1999
door and window, furniture, moulding, sports
issued on 17 May 1999 about silviculture
goods, handycraft, floor, wooden shoes, toys,
system and rotation of main plants in the
pencil, pulp for paper, etc.
management of natural production forest as
That information was then added with well. In that management, the implementation
the data acquired from Burgess (1966) and abides by the decision decree by the
Desch (1941), and from the publications by Directorate General of Forestry Production
Den Berger (1926), Den Berger and Endert Enhancement, Ministry of Forestry No. 226/VI-
(1925), and Heyne (1950). Those publications BPHA/2005, issued on 1 September 2005
seem to make use of the data and information regarding the guidance on Selective Cutting
written on herbarium labels, because during the System with Indonesias Intensive Planting
collection of those herbariums were also (intensive silviculture).
recorded information and experience from
The fruiting season of a particular tree
inhabitants regarding the uses of the related
species is essential to recognize for the
wood species.
importance of seed collection. Description
Also that information made use of the about fruits also mentions number of seeds per
data in literature by Heyne (1950). In addition, kg and germination percentage after the seeds
was also used report by Kartasujana and are stored for particular duration.
Martawijaya (1979). For comparison, were
Other data sources used as references
incorporated the data in publications by
are obtained from literatures by Soerianegara et
Burgess (1966), Desch (1941), Lemmens et al.
al. (1994) and Sosef et al. (1998).
(1998), Mandang (1996), and Mandang and
Barly (1996).

III. TWENTY THREE LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES
1
1. Anggerit
ANGGERIT
Botanical Names
Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr., family
Rubiaceae, syn. Naucle lanceolata Blume,
Neonauclea gracilis (S.Vidal) Merr.,
Neonauclea philippinensis (Havil.) Merr.,
Neonauclea schlechteri (Valeton) Merr. & L.M.
Perry.
Commercial Names
Anggerit, bangkal
Figure 1. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of anggerit
Local Names
Ki anggrit (Sunda); Klepu pasir (Java); Tunjang General Characteristics
gunung (Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara). Color
Heartwood is yellowish brown
Name in Other Country Figure
Philippines: tiroron (Bikol) In radial surface shows unclear strips rather
dark and bright alternately
Geographic Distribution Texture

Wood surface is moderately fine
This species in naturally distributed widely in
Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Grain
Sumbawa, and Maluku. Grain is rather interlocked
Gloss
Habitus Wood surface is lustrous
The tree is with buttresses reaching 2 m in
height, the stem is straight with the diameter Hardness
about 80-150 cm. Tree height can reach 20 - Wood is hard
25 m.
Specific gravity and strength class
0.90 (0.86 0.95); II

produces water-resistant plywood complying
with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No.
01.5008-2000, Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639
and Germany (DIN) No. 68705.
Wood Working
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Planing 91.50 Very Good ( I )
Moulding 83.50 Very Good ( I )
Turning 91.25 Very Good ( I )
Boring 80.50 Very Good ( I )
Figure 2. Anggerit (Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Sanding 81.50 Very Good ( I )
Merr.)
Uses
Durability and Treatability Anggerit wood can be commonly used for
Durability construction, bridges, window sills, flooring,
Anggerit wood (Neonauclea schlechteri M.et.P) wooden boat, furniture, cabinet, fence pole,
belongs to durability class II/III. Resistance telephone pole, staking pole, turnery. In
against dry-wood termites (Cryptotermes addition, this wood can also be used for veneer
cynocephalus Light.) and subterranean termites and charcoal. Aggerit wood can be used for
(Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) belongs pulp and paper but with special pretreatment,
to class V. Meanwhile, resistance against since its extractive content is high.
marine borers belongs to class II.
Silviculture
Treatability Habitat
Treatability class: III (difficult to be preserved) This species generally finds growing on lowland
forest, hill forest, and mountain forests at
altitude reaching 1,800 m. This species requires
Drying good-drained soil.
Naturally, the wood is rather slow to dry (70
Regeneration
days) from the green to reach air-dry moisture
Propagation can be done using seeds
content (16%), without causing drying defects.
previously grown on nursery and also through
Air seasoning temperature ranges about 20-
the vegetative propagation.
33oC at Rh of 62-85%. In solar drying kiln, the
wood takes 50 days to dry from green to 16%,
Fruiting
but with end checking and cupping.
In Java, this species blossoms in rainy seasons
Temperature in the kiln ranges about 40-63oC.
as well as dry seasons. The fruits usually
become mature in the early dry season.
Veneer and Plywood
Veneer
Anggerit wood can be peeled with good results
without pretreatment, using peeling angle of
90o30 for veneer with 1.5 mm thick.
Plywood
The gluing of veneers with urea formaldehyde

2 A N G 2.
S AAngsana
NA
Botanical Name
Pterocarpus indicus Willd., family Papiliona-
ceae.
Local Names
Angsana, sonokembang (Java); asana,
cendana, cenrana, linggua, sondana
(Sulawesi); linggoa, leinara, nala, tema
(Maluku); matani, kayu merah (Nusa
Tenggara); bemiang, etawa, sieka, wainari
(Papua).
Names in Other Countries

Figure 3. Tree (1), leaves and flowers (2), and fruits
Narra (Philippines, USA); amboyna, (3) of angsana
Manilapadauk, (UK, USA); amboine (France,
Germany); amboina (Spain, Italy, Sweden,
Nederland, Germany); sandalo royo indico
(Spain); sena (Malaysia); angsana (New General Characteristics
Zealand); vital (Philippines).
Color
Heartwood varies very much in color from
Geography Distribution straw-yellow, light rust-brown, until heavy rust-
brown, light red, salmon-color, and blood-red, is
Overall Java and Sulawesi, Maluku, Bali, West irregularly grained with rather dark color. The
Nusa, East Nusa Tenggara, Papua. color of sapwood is white, light straw-color,
yellow or light brown and have clear
demarcation with heartwood, 3-8 cm thick.
Habitus
The tree can reach 10-45 m in height with clear Figure
bole of 2-16 m in length; diameter is up to 150 On radial surface appear band-like features,
cm; the crown is wide, round, and dense; the while on tangential surface are curved features
tree is with buttresses reaching 3 m in height. due to the pore and growth ring arrangements.
Outer bark is grey-brown in color, peels
(sloughs) largely, and releases red-colored
exudate (resin).

Treatability class: III (difficult to be preserved)
Drying
Angsana wood can dry satisfactorily without
meaningful defects
Veneer and Plywood

Veneer
Angsana wood can be peeled to veneer with
good results without pretreatment, using
peeling angle at 90o-91o.
Plywood
Gluing veneer with urea formaldehyde
produces plywood that meets German standard
specification.
Figure 4. Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) Wood Working

Angsana wood is easily workable either with
hand tools or with machine, can be lathed,
Texture colored, varnished satisfactorily; and can hold
The wood texture is rather fine to moderately nail quite well.
coarse.
Grain Pulp for Paper

The orientation is straight or irregularly wavy,
frequently interlocked Angsana wood can be pulped using kraft
process producing pulp yield, processing
Gloss properties (Kappa number and alkali
Wood surface is attractively lustrous consumption), and physical properties, which
belong to class II.
Tactile
Wood surface is fine, often with coarse portion
Uses
Hardness Angsana wood is very suitable for furniture and
Wood is rather hard drawing tools. It can be used for poles and
boards (panels) for housing or bridges and also
Specific gravity and strength class boats, kraft pulp and paper. Gall of angsana
0.65 (0.39-0.94); II-(I-IV) wood can be used for cigarette pipes and
decorative veneer.
Durability and Treatability
Durability Silviculture
Durability of angsana wood varies greatly,
Habitat
belongs to durability class II-(I-IV). Resistance
Angsana does not require special habitat, it can
of wood against dry-wood termites
grow well on various kinds of soils, except on
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) belongs to
dense clay soil. It sometimes grows on sandy
class II. Meanwhile its resistance against
soil and water-flooded soil such as peat soil. Its
marine borers belongs to class III.
roots are resistant to the lack of oxygen for 40-
50 days. This species grows scattered, mixed
Treatability

with other species in tropical forest, with rainfall Commercial Name
type A-D at altitude 0-800 m. Cempaka
Regeneration
Natural regeneration often occurs in bush Local Name
forest, grass land, land of former shifting Cempaka hutan kasar (Sulawesi)
cultivation. It grows with other pioneer species.
Propagation requires open land, since this
species necessitates full sun light. Angsana Names in Other Countries
belongs to fast-growing species, frequently
Wau beech. Malaysia: chempaka
planted on the roadside as shade trees and
suitable for reforestation. The planting can use
seedlings from vegetative propagations, seeds,
Geography Distribution
and stumps. Seeds must be grown on nursery
and one month after germinating, transferred to Malaysia, Sulawesi (Muna), Maluku (Morotai,
plastic polybags. After reaching 20-25 cm in Ambon)
height or 4-6 months in age, the young trees
are ready to be planted on the field. The
proposed size of vegetative propagations Habitus
should measure 15-20 cm in length and 2-7 cm Trees
in diameter, and they can be directly planted on Trees are big, can reach 45 m in height. Main
the field. Stumps can be obtained from the stem is straight, cylindrical. Generally, a clear-
nursery or natural regeneration. The proposed bole can reach 12 m in height, diameter is up to
size for stem portion is 10-20 cm in length and 100-200 cm; twigs, supporting leaves, and
1-1.5 cm in diameter; and root portion is 20-40 petioles are not hairy or hairy yellow; the leaves
cm in length. The planting is performed in the are bumpy in shapes measuring 7-36 cm x 4-16
morning after a quite lot of raining with spacing cm, not hairy, or hairy on the back (lower)
of 3m x 3m. surface. Tip of leaves is round, tapering. The
lowest part of leaves is round, usually tapering.
Fruiting Number of secondary veins is (10-) 14-21 pairs.
Flowering and fruiting seasons occurs all Tips of secondary veins connected one another
through the year, the fruit matures between forming angle. Petioles are not hairy or
May-December. Number of seeds is 1300 per rudimented such as twigs. Length of petioles
kg or 1800 per kerosene tin. Fresh seeds afford (1-) 2.4 4.5 (-7) cm. Flowers are creamy or
70% germination, but after they are stored for white in color. Number of tent leaves is 6 in 2-3
one month under air-dry condition, their rotations, more or less rinded, 8-14 mm in
germination decreases to about 60%. length. Stamen is 8-14 mm in length. Will-be-
seeds are 4 - 6 in number. Fruits are oval-
shaped, containing 1-4 seeds.
3 CE
3.MCempaka
P A K A HHutan
UTAN
Botanical Names
Elmerrillia ovalis (Miq.) Dandy, family
Magnoliaceae, syn. Talauma ovalis Miq.,
Talauma vrieseana Miq., Elmerrillia vrieseana
(Miq.) Dandy

Grain
The orientation is interlocked
Gloss
Wood surface is less lustrous
Hardness
Wood is rather soft
Smell
Wood smells fragrant

0.43 (0.31 0.50); III
Figure 5. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of cempaka Durability and Treatability

hutan
Durability
General Characteristics Cempaka hutan wood belongs to durability
Color class II. Its resistance against subterranean
Heartwood is greenish yellow, with quite clear termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)
demarcation with yellowish white-colored belongs to class V, while that against marine
sapwood. borers falls into class V.
Texture Treatability
Wood texture is moderately fine Treatability class: III (difficult to be preserved)
Veneer and Plywood

Veneer
Cempaka hutan wood can be peeled to veneer
with good results without pretreatment, using
peeling angle at 90030' to produce veneer with
1.5 mm thick.
Plywood
The gluing of cempaka hutan veneer using urea
formaldehyde produces plywood which is water
resistant, complying with Indonesian National
Standard (SNI) No. 01.5008-2000, Japan
Standard (JAS) No. 1639 and German
Standard (DIN) No. 68705.
Wood-working
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Figure 6. Cempaka Hutan (Elmerrillia ovalis (Miq.) Moulding 87.00 Very Good ( I )
Dandy) Turning 40.00 Moderate (IIII )
Boring 79.00 Good ( II )
Sanding 90.30 Very Good ( I )

Uses (Kalimantan); ambetan, duren, durian, kadu
(Java); dulian, dulianga, duriang, duwuan,
Cempaka hutan wood is very durable and
hoian, lurian, madue (Sulawesi); dulen, durene,
favored for housing (beam, board, and floor),
rulen, tureno (Malay Peninsula).
particularly for building support in fresh water.
Besides, it is also used for furniture, cabinet,
panel, window frame, ship bulding including
canoe deck, sports utensils, pencil, energy
source, moulding carving, kraft pulp for paper, Durian (Philippines, Sabah, UK, USA, France,
coffin, and traditional building in Tana Toraja Spain, Italy, Nederland, Germany).
(South East Sulawesi).
Silviculture
Overall Indonesia
Habitat
It grows naturally in primary natural forest as
well as logged-over area, on low land to the Habitus
area with altitude up to 1,000 m. This species Durian tree can reach 40 m or over in height
grows in volcanic soil and clay soil not flooded and 100-200 cm in diameter; clear bole is up to
with air. 25 m in height. It has low buttresses. Outer bark
is brown to dark red in color, coarse, and peels
Regeneration off irregularly.
This species can regenerate very abundantly
on logged-over area, while in primary forest, its
regeneration is very limited. Propagation can be
conducted through the seed germination under
the shade roofs. Its seeds are recalcitrant and
therefore must be germinated. Viability of seeds
in dry condition decreases fast.
Fruiting
Flowering and fruiting season of this species is
not yet known exactly. Number of seeds is
91,000/kg.
Figure 7. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of durian
4 DURIAN
4. Durian General Characteristics
Color
Botanical Names Heartwood is reddish brown in color, if it is still
Durio spp, family Bombacaceae (especially D. fresh; sooner or later, its color becomes gray-
carinatus Mast., D. oxleyanus Griff., D. brown or purplish brown. Sapwood is white in
zibethinus Murr.). color and clearly discernible from heartwood, 5
cm thick.
Commercial Name Texture

Wood texture is rather coarse to coarse, and
Durian evenly distributed
Grain
Local Names
Grain orientation is straight and interlocked
Derian, deureuyan, duriat, tarutung, turian
(Sumatera); Jian, dhuian, jatu, lampun

Tactile Veneer and Plywood
Wood surface is rather fine
Veener
Durian wood can be peeled off without
Gloss
pretreatment with peeling angle at 90, and
Wood gloss is lustrous or rather lustrous
produces veneer quite well.
Plywood
Gluing of durian veneer with urea formaldehyde
produces plywood that meets German
Standard.
Wood working
Durian wood is easily sawn, although its
surface tends to be fuzzy.
Pulp for Paper

Durian pulped with kraft process affords pulp
yield, processing properties (Kappa number
and alkali consumption), physical properties,
which belong to quality class II.
Figure 8. Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)

Uses
Durian wood can be used for construction after
Specific gravity and strength class being treated (preserved). In additon, it can also
D. carinatus 0.58 (0.40 0.67); II III be used for crates (boxes), cigar boxes,
D. oxleyanus 0.61 (0.63 0.66); II III plywood, kraft pulp for paper, wooden shoes,
D. zibethinus 0.57 (0.42 0.69); II III and furniture.

Silviculture
Durability
Habitat
Durian wood commonly belongs to durability
class IV V. Resistance of wood against dry- Durian grows on dry land soil or stony soil with
wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus wet tropical climate; the climate on the site is
Light.) belongs to class IV, while that against humid tropical with rainfall of type A and B;
marine borers falls into class IV. altitude is 1000 m.
Regeneration
Treatability
Treatability class: II-III (moderate to difficult to Natural regeneration does not occur much in
be preserved). the forest, but it is planted a lot as fruit-
producing trees. Regeneration is conducted by
seeds which should be immediately planted on
Drying the nursery under the temporary roofs. After the
Durian wood can be dried fast without seedlings growth in the nursery, they are
meaningful defects. Thin board should be transferred into cylindrical-shaped bamboo; or
stacked up with great care, since it easily the seeds can be directly planted on the field.
deforms (becomes concave). Drying schedule Spacing as commonly used is 4 m x 3 m.
as proposed is at temperature 48.8C 76.6C
with Rh 79% - 33%.

Fruiting
Durian trees fruits each year at end of dry
season in October December.
5 JIRAK
5. Jirak
Botanical Names
Symplocos brandisii K.et V., family
Symplocaceae, syn. Symplocos koordersiana
Brandis
Commercial Name
Jirak Figure 9. Leaves, flowers, and fruit of jirak
Names in Other Regions Fruiting

Flowers that will become fruits reach 1-15 mm
Jirak (Sunda); janiti seseng (West Nusa in height; pistil twigs are hairy a little; drupe with
Tenggara); juyah, mudang pauh (South hard stone crowned by the persistent calyx
Sumatra); jirek, sasah and kemesu (Java). lobes, oval-shaped, with 10-16 x 5-7 mm in
size. Number of seeds is one or two, filling
completely the space of box.
Agosip, himamaliu (Philippines), mueat General Characteristics
(Thailand), dung (Vietnam)
Color
Heartwood is brownish yellow in color
Figure
Java, Nusa Tenggara (Lombok)
Wood figure is plain
Texture
Habitus
Wood texture is rather soft
Trees
Jirak tree can reach 30 m in height and 40 cm Grain
in diameter; its twigs are without leaves. Leaf is The orientation is somewhat interlocked
single, bare, oval-shaped, narrow at the lower
part. Edge of the leaf is denticulate; leaf tip is Gloss
tapering, (5-22) x (2-5) cm. Secondary veins Wood surface is rather lustrous
consist of 7-18 pairs, their tips coinciding with
each other, forming traps with ligament of leaf Hardness
edge. Petioles are 6-15 mm in length. Wood is rather hard
Flowering Specific gravity and strength class

Flowering of penicles reaches 10 cm in length, 0.56 (0.52 0.63); III
occasionally shorter. Main twigs are with
infrequent hair; the bracts fall off fast, rather
hairy, obovoid to oval-shaped, 1-4 mm in size.
Petals are without leaf or hairy a little at lower
end of tube, measuring 1.5-2.5 mm in length.

Plywood
The gluing of jirak veneer using urea
formaldehyde produces plywood which is water
resistant, complying with Indonesian National
Standard (SNI) No. 01.5008-2000, Japan
Standard (JAS) No. 1639 and German
Wood-working
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Planing 73.53 Good ( II )
Turning 76.25 Good (II )
Boring 87.50 Very Good (I)
Figure 10. Jirak (Symplocos brandisii K.et V.) Sanding 83.50 Very Good ( I )

Uses
Durability
Jirak wood is suitable for light construction
Jirak wood belongs to durability class III-IV;
which is temporary, fence poles, turnery items,
resistance against dry-wood termites
furniture, match picks, and carving. This wood
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) is
may be suitable for pulp and paper as well as
categorized as class V, while that against
energy wood.
marine borers is as class IV.
Treatability Silviculture
Treatability class: III (difficult to be preserved)
Habitats
It grows abundantly in vulcanic soil or
Drying limestone. This species is found growing at
Air seasoning of jirak wood proceeds rather fast various altitudes from low-land area to the area
(34 days) from green moisture until reaching with altitude of 4,000 m.
air-dry moisture content (16%), without causing
inflicting defects. Temperature of air seasoning Regeneration
ranges about 20-33C with Rh at 62-85%. Regeneration can proceeds using seeds.
Wood drying in the solar-powered kiln from
green to 16% content takes 19 days, without
causing defects. Temperature in the kiln ranges
about 39 - 61C with Rh at 75-33%. 6 KANDIS
6. Kandis
Veneer and Plywood Botanical Name

Veneer Garcinia nervosa Miq.
Jirak wood can be veneered without
pretreatment using peeling angle at 9030, and Local Names
produces veneer quite well for veneer with 1.5 Selapan (Bengkulu); ampampung, bulu-bulu
mm thick. hutan, jambu-jambu, kandis, melapan, singkup,
tandar (West Kalimantan); anglau (Aceh-
Simeuleu).

Names in Other Countries Flowering
Flowers are compound in big cluster shape. At
Malaysia: asam garam, kandis, gajah, pokok
leaf axillary, flowers are petaled and have 5
lapan taun (Malay Peninsula). Philippines:
crowns.
buradgis (Bikol), gatatan (Tagbanua), kabal
(Tagalog). Thailand: cha muang nam, phut, ma
Fruits
phut pa. Vietnam: b[uws]a.
Fruits are obovoid to round, 8 cm in cross-
section area. Dry fruits are lustrous, blackish
Geography Distribution brown in color.
Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Seeds

Philippines. Fruits have five seeds inside, red with thin
white-colored lines.
Habitus
Trees General Characteristics
Trees are small to medium in size. It can reach Color
up to 21 m in height, and 30 cm in stem Heartwood is yellow in color; sapwood is
diameter. brownish yellow as thick as 10-20 cm.
Figure
Wood figure is plain; except on radial surface
appear prominent horizontal bands with white
color caused by rays.
Figure 11. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of kandis
Bark surface
Bark surface is blackish-gray or greenish-gray
in color, coarse, with white or brownish yellow- Figure 12. Kandis (Garcinia nervosa Miq.)
colored dammar.
Texture
Leaf Wood texture is rather fine
Leaf is simple, tapered oval to obovoid, 30-50
cm x 9-15 cm in size; dry leaf is greenish-gray Grain
to yellowish-gray; secondary veins are almost Grain orientation is straight
parallel, clearly visible on the lower leaf surface;
petioles are 3-4 cm in length.

Gloss Wood-working
Wood surface is rather lustrous
Working % Defect
Working Class
Tactile Properties Free
Tactile on tangential surface is smooth Planing 84.50 Very Good ( I )
Hardness
Wood is very hard Turning 80.00 Good (II )
Boring 70.25 Good (II )
0.91 (0.74 1.08); I-II
Uses
Durability and Treatability Kandis wood is used for temporary
Durability construction, poles, interiors, furniture, and
Kandis wood belongs to durability class IV. fence. Wood which is heavier is used for semi-
Resistance against dry-wood termites permanent building, poles, beam, rafter,
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) is class II, flooring, bridges, vehicle bodies, turnery items,
while that of marine borers belongs to class V. tool handles, rafter, dowels, joists, ruler,
chessmen, pallets, and pulp for paper. In
Treatability addition, kandis wood can be carbonized to
Treatability Class: class II (moderate to be good charcoal.
preserved).
Silviculture
Drying Kandis plants grow scattered from sea level to
In air seasoning, kandis wood dries rather fast altitude of 1,200 m, in primary as well as in
(36 days) from green to air dry moisture content secondary forests, on sandy soil, in bamboo
(14%), with end checking. Air seasoning forest, and on savannah.
temperature ranges about 20 - 33C with Rh 62
- 85%. In solar drying kiln, wood takes 22 days Regeneration
to dry from green to 15%, with also end Regeneration of kandis plants can proceed with
checking. In that kiln, the temperature ranges seeds, vegetative propagation, grafting,
about 39 - 61C with Rh 78 - 43%. transplanting, and oculation. Propagation can
be performed with tissue culture but still in
research stage. One kg of seeds contains about
Veneer and Plywood 3,000-8,500 seeds. Seeds lose fast their
viability after 4-6 weeks. Seed germination
Veneer begins after 1-3 weeks, and reaches maximally
Kandis wood can be peeled to veneer with after 5-12 weeks with germination percentage
good results without pretreatment, using about 35-100%. Seeds are planted with spacing
peeling angle at 91 30 producing veneer with of 2 m x 3 m. Before seed planting, it is
1.5 mm thick. necessary to plow soil and clear it of wild
shrubs or other disturbing plants.
Plywood
Gluing of kandis veneer with urea formaldehyde Fruits
adhesive produces water-resistant plywood that Fruiting of kandis occurs three times a year in
meet Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. the middle of August and late December to
01.5008-2000, Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639 middle of April, in late July to middle of August,
and German Standard (DIN) No. 68705. and end of December until middle of January.
Fruiting season occurs throughout rain season,
and fruits are mature before rain season ends.

7 K A Y7.UKayu
H U Jhujan
AN
Botanical Name
Engelhardtia spicata Lechen. ex Blume, family
Juglandaceae
Commercial Name
Kayu hujan
Local Names
Galumpit, ki hujan, ki keper (Sunda); sawo,
klimasawa, marasawa, mesawa, pasowan
(Java).
Figure 13. Leaves and flowers of kayu hujan

Flower
Malay beam (UK). Malaysia: dungun paya,
Flowers are in clusters, aggregated into lateral
sansanglang, tansanglang (Sarawak). Papua
arrangement with clusters. Female flower is
New Guinea: engel. Philippines: lupisan.
surrounded by 2-5 cluster bodies of male
Thailand: kha hot. Vietnam: ch[ej]o. Timor:
flowers. Male cluster is (5-)10 -18 cm in length,
Duar, kajambi namang, netabatu, tatar.
stamens are 8-13 in number; cluster in fruit
measures 2-10 cm in length.
Perak, India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, General Characteristics
Indochina and Malaysia.
Color
Heartwood is brown in color with gray
apperance
Habitus
Trees Figure
Trees are rather high to high (5-) 12 - 30 Wood figure is plain
(-36) m, sometimes with small buttresses.
Stems are brownish gray in color, rather Texture
grooved. Wood texture is rather coarse
Leaves Grain
Main twigs of leaves are not hairy or scaled to Grain orientation is rather interlocked and wavy
long hairy, measuring (5.5-) 10 - 30 (-40) cm;
leaves consist of 4-6 pairs, are in paired with Gloss
petioles 5 (-15) mm in length. Leaf sheets are Wood surface is dull
oval-shaped, measuring (1.7) x 2.4 - 3.0 x (-3.4)
cm; tip of leaves taper, lower part of leaf is Hardness
rounded; edge of leaf is even; surface of lower Wood is rather soft
part of leaf sheet is without scales to somewhat
hairy. Specific gravity and strength class
0.46 (0.33 0.58); III

Plywood
Gluing of kayu hujan veneer with urea
formaldehyde adhesive produces water-
resistant plywood that comply with Indonesian
National Standard (SNI) No. 01.5008-2000,
Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639 and German
Wood-working
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Figure 14. Kayu hujan (Engelhardtia spicata Lechen. Turning 50.00 Moderate (III )
ex Blume) Boring 18.00 Very Bad (V)
Durability
Kayu hujan wood belongs to durability class IV- Pulp for paper
V. Wood resistance against dry-wood termites
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) is Kayu hujan wood can be pulped using kraft
categorized as class IV-V. Resistance against process affording pulp yield, processing
subterranean termites (Cryptotermes properties (Kappa number and alkali
cynocephalus Light.) belongs to class V, while consumption), and physical properties, which
that against marine borers is as class V. belong to class II.
Treatability
Uses
Treatability class: II (moderate to be preserved)
Kayu hujan wood can be used for light
construction indoor, cartwheels, agriculture
Drying tools, turnery items, rifle butts, packing boxes,
In air seasoning, kayu hujan wood dries slowly crates, and canoe. In India, this wood is used
(100 days) from green to air dry moisture for tea boxes, while in Myanmar it is for
content (16%), with end and surface checking. matches. Rather dark-colored heartwood
Air seasoning temperature ranges about 20 - portion of kayu hujan wood may be used for
furniture. In addition, this wood is also suitable
33C with Rh 62 - 85%. In solar drying kiln,
for plywood and sometimes for firewood. It is
wood takes 56 days to dry from green to 16%,
used for the manufacture of kraft pulp for paper,
with drying defects comprising end and surface
but with special pretreatment because of its
checking. Temperature in that kiln ranges about
high extractive content.
40 - 63 C.
Silviculture
Veneer and Plywood
Habitat
Veneer
This species grows naturally particularly on
Kayu hujan wood can be peeled to veneer with
mountainous area especially in natural forest
(climaxed) on clay soil or sandy soil. It grows
peeling angle at 900301 producing veneer with
scattered at altitude about 50 m - 2.500 m.
1.5 mm thick.

Regeneration
Natural regeneration of this species is seldom,
and scattered far from its host trees.
Propagation can be conducted with seed
nursery. The seeds germinate 17 days after
being in the nursery, the germination is epigeal.
Fruits
Fruiting season take places approximately in
July to October. The number of seeds weighing
1 kg is 59,000 seeds, while 1,000 seeds weigh
18.8 g.
8 KELAT
8. Kelat
Botanical Names
Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston, family
Myrtaceae, syn., Eugenia grandis Wight. Figure 15. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of kelat
Bark surface
Commercial Name Bark surface is brownish gray or brownish
Kelat violet, coarse, shallowly fissured, sometimes
with scales particularly on large stems.
Local Names Leaf

Leaf is simple, oval-shaped or widening oval,
Kelat jambu, klokos (Lombok, West Nusa measuring 10 - 25 cm x 6 - 12 cm; secondary
Tenggara). petioles consist of 14 (-20) pairs,
interconnected close to leaf edge; petioles
reach 2 cm in length.
Kelat jambu, jambu air laut, jambu jembah Flowering
(Malaysia); toung-thabyay, thabyaykyee Flowers are compound, at end of petioles or
(Myanmar); mao, yamuyimma, wa-dong leaf axillary, white in color, with 4 sepals that
(Thailand); Sea-apple (UK). have length less than 7 mm.
Fruiting
Geography Distribution Fruit is obovoid, narrowing or oval; fruit length
achieves 40 mm; mature fruit is green in color
Kalimantan, India, Ceylon, Myanmar, Vietnam,
Thailand, Malay Peninsula.
General Characteristics
Color
Habitus
Heartwood is reddish brown in color; sapwood
Tree is pale or gray-brown
Trees are 30 m in height, and 80 cm in stem
diameter; stem is cylindrical and flattened at the Figure
lower portion. Wood figure is plain

Drying
In air seasoning, kelat wood dries slowly (130
days) from green to air dry moisture content
(16%), with end and surface checking. Air
seasoning temperature ranges about 20 - 33C
with Rh 62 - 85%. In solar drying kiln, wood
takes 87 days to dry from green to 16%, with
drying defects comprising end and surface
checking. Temperature in that kiln ranges
about 40 - 63 C.
Veneer and Plywood

Veneer
Kelat wood can be peeled to veneer with good
results without pretreatment, using peeling
angle at 90030 producing veneer with 1.5 mm
thick.
Figure 16. Kelat Plywood

(Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston) Gluing of kelat veneer with urea formaldehyde
adhesive produces water-resistant plywood that
meet Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No.
Texture 01.5008-2000, Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639
Wood texture is rather coarse and German Standard (DIN) No. 68705.
Grain
Grain orientation is rather interlocked Wood-working
Gloss % Defect
Wood surface is rather dull Working Properties Working Class
Free
Hardness Planing 87.81 Very Good ( I )

Wood is hard Moulding 89.37 Very Good ( I )
Specific gravity and strength class Turning 71.50 Good ( II )

0.80 (0.75 0.84); II Boring 88.50 Very Good ( I )
Durability Uses
Kelat wood belongs to durability class III. Wood
Kelat wood is used for light and heavy
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) is construction, housing, window panel, floor,
telephone pole, bridges, railway sleepers,
categorized as class IV, while that against
veneer and plywood, fiberboard, pulp for paper.
marine borers is as class IV.
Treatability
Silviculture
Treatability class: II - III (moderate until difficult
to be preserved). This species grows abundantly on sandy soil,
stony; is frequently found in bamboo forest,
savannah forest, coast forest, with altitude up to
1,200 m.

9 KENANGA
9. Kenanga
Botanical Names
Cananga odorata (Lamk) Hook.f.et Th., family
Annonaceae
Commercial Name
Kenanga
Local Names
Nuari (West Aceh); kananga wangi (Ambon);
kananga, wangsa, sandat (Bali); sandat Figure 17. Leaves, Flowers, and fruits of kenanga
wangsa, lalingiran (Java); wangurer, wale im
puket, raringidan, amok, kumpul, pumpun
(North Sulawesi); luit, wanggulita (Gorontalo); Twigs
kenanga (Sunda). Young twigs are hairy, become not hairy later,
dark in color, and grooved.
Names in Other Countries Leaves

Kenanga leaves look like membrane, if dry is
Thailand: kradang nga tai, sabing nga tom black in color, tapering oval to widening oval in
shape, 5-20 cm in length, and 3.5-10 cm in
width. Tip of the leaves tapered or tapering.
Under surfaces of leaves is rounded, often
This wood species is scattered from India to asymmetric, more frequently wedged in shape.
Fiji, and Northern Autralia, Philippines, all parts Secondary veins and primary veins (midrib) on
of Malaysia both upper and under leaf surfaces are hairy.
Primary veins protrude; secondary veins consist
of 8-9 pairs; tertiary veins shape like net, clearly
Habitus visible on upper and lower leaf surface, small
glands are frequently found at axillary of
Trees
secondary veins; leaves can reach 10-20 cm in
Kenanga tree is generally moderate in size, up
length, 4-9 cm in width; twigs is 1-1.5 cm in
to 23 m in height, and up to 55 cm in stem
length and hairy. Petioles is 0.5-2.5 cm in
diameter.
length.
Outer bark surface
Flowering
Outerbark surface is fine, light gray.
Kenanga flowers smells strong fragrant, each in
short bunches; flower stem is 1-5 cm in length,
Inner bark
hairy. Sepales are 7 mm in length, triangular
Inner bark is rather pale yellow-brown.
obovoid, interlocked at a flower base. Petals
are like bands or belt, green in color then
Branching
become yellow with brown-violet spots at base
Branching of this tree species bends downward
side of crown leaf, 5-7 cm in length and 5-7 mm
or is slender upright.
in width. Stamen looks like pointed, two-edged
knife, 3 mm in length.

Fruiting Durability and Treatability
Fruits are tapering oval to obovoid upside
Durability
down, 1.5-2.3 cm in length, not hairy; mature
Kenanga wood belongs to durability class V.
fruits become black; fruit stem is up to 1.2-18
Wood resistances against dry-wood termites
cm in length.
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) and
subterranean termites (Cryptotermes
Seeds
cynocephalus Light.) belongs to class V, while
The number of seeds is 2-12 in two rows;
that against marine borers is as class V.
seeds are light brown in color with their spotted
surfaces.
Treatability
Treatability class: I-II (moderate until easy to be
preserved)
Color
Both heartwood and sapwood are grayish Drying
white.
In air seasoning, kenanga wood dries rather
fast (16 days) from green to air dry moisture
Figure
content (14%), without drying defects. Air
Wood figure is plain, except on radial surface
found horizontal bands caused by rays.
takes 9 days to dry from green to 15.5%,
Texture
without drying defects. Temperature in that kiln
Wood texture is rather coarse.
ranges about 39-61oC. It is suggested in kiln
drying to use 48 - 78 C with Rh 75 - 33%.
Grain
Grain orientation is straight.
Veneer and Plywood
Veneer
Kenanga wood can be peeled to veneer with
peeling angle at 910 producing veneer with 1
mm thick.
Plywood
Gluing of kenanga wood veneer with urea
formaldehyde adhesive produces moisture-
resistant plywood that meets German Standard
(DIN) No. 68705.
Wood-working
Working
% Defect Free Working Class
Properties
Figure 18. Kenanga
(Cananga odorata (Lamk) Hook.f.et Th.) Planing 78.00 Good ( II )
Moulding 75.00 Good ( II )
Gloss
Wood surface is rather lustrous Turning 74.50 Good ( II )
Boring 80.00 Good ( II )
Hardness
Wood is very soft Sanding 75.00 Good ( II )
0.33 (0.12 0.50); V

Pulp for Paper
10 KENARI
Kenanga wood can be pulped using kraft
process affording pulp yield, processing
properties (Kappa number and alkali Botanical Name
consumption), and physical properties, which
Santiria laevigata Bl., family Burseraceae
belong to class II.
Commercial Name
Uses
Kenari
Kenanga wood can be used for light
construction, concrete panels, boxes and Local Names
cabinets, handycraft items (statues and
Dalhi, hatapul miak (North Sumatera); bintanak,
carvings), pulp for paper as well as energy
damar putih, gedundung, katuko lagan, lalan,
sources.
madang keladi, sumbulayang (West Sumatera);
balam pauh, lalan, siampi, terantai, murak, kayu
Silviculture kalas, logan, resung bunga (Riau); balam putih,
parah putih (Bengkulu); amparah, malapar,
Habitat pegah, kabu, damar putih, gedungdung damar
This species grow optimally on area with putih, gedungdung bintanak, kabu, tengeh,
altitude about 150-200 m, with average rainfall tetak tunjuk (South Sumatera); mengkabu,
of 3,000 m per year and temperature of 25 - 30 ranggung (Bangka); berambang, berinas,
C. This species grows on lime soil, volcanic biaumbang (West Kalimantan); asem, gandis,
soil, alluvial soil. Naturally, this species is found kambajau burung, merasam, pusan (East and
growing at altitude up to 1,500 m. Usually, it South Kalimantan); bakata pute, longori, topi-
grows in secondary forest on low-land area or topi (Sulawesi).
degraded soil.
Natural Regeneration Names in Other Countries

Natural regeneration is seldom encountered.
Chenarah, gerunggun, kedondong, karantai,
Meanwhile, propagation can be conducted
kumboi nyiur, ledah kerah, panjong bruang,
through transplanting. Seed nursery is
surian (Malaysia).
conducted under the roofs, and the seeds begin
to germinate three weeks after being grown in
the nursery. This species has not yet been Geography Distribution
cultivated a lot, and generally is only planted in
community forest with limited area. Sumatera, Bangka Belitung, Kalimantan,
Central Sulawesi, and Malay Peninsula.
Fruiting
Fruiting occurs throughout the year, but in
general it flowers twice a year. Kenanga begins Habitus
to flower 7 years after planting. Trees
Kenari trees reach 45 m in height with 100 cm
or over in diameter; tree stem is buttressed;
twigs are 0.25-1.50 cm in diameter, without
leaves; twig end is 0.5-2.5 cm in length.

Figure
Texture
Wood texture is moderately fine
Grain
Grain orientation is straight.
Gloss
Wood surfaces are lustrous
Tactile
Tangential surface is fine
Hardness
Gambar 19. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of kenari Wood is moderately hard
Leaves Specific gravity and strength class

Leaves are compound, with odd-numbered 0.61 (0.47 0.86); III
pinnate; petioles are 3 - 22.5 cm in length;
young leaves are obovoid to oval, bare;
frequently smooth hairy on the centre bones at
the back of leaf sheets. Under surface of
young-leaf sheet is rounded to wedge-shaped,
its tips are sharp with short taper. Primary and
secondary rachis are clearly visible, protrude at
the back of leaf sheet; secondary bones consist
of 8-22 pairs, initially are straight then bent
close to the edge of leaf sheet.
Flowering
Flowering of this tree species belongs to the
dioecious category; flowering of panicle occurs
at leaf axillary; flowers are hairy, when still
young; male-flower panicle is 4-37 cm in size,
with twigs 18 cm long; female-flower panicle is
2.5-27 cm in size, with twigs 12 cm long.
Fruiting
Fruits are edible; it is necessary to know that Figure 20. Kenari (Santiria laevigata Bl.)
there are two forma that comprise forma of
laevigata which is regularly arranged on under
surfaces of petioles with small leaf oval in
shape, its fruits measures 12-20 x 14-18 mm; Durability and Treatability
and forma of glabrifolia with its twigs smaller, Durability
i.e. 3-6 mm, under surfaces of petioles is Kenari wood belongs to durability class IV.
cylindrical, small leaf is obovoid- oval, its fruit Wood resistance against dry-wood termites
measures 9 -15 x 7 -12 mm. (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) is
categorized as class V, and against
General Characteristics subterranean termites (Cryptotermes
cynocephalus Light.) as class III. Meanwhile,
Color resistance against marine borers belongs to
Heartwood is pale red in color; sapwood is light class IV.
brown in color.

Treatability
Treatability class: II (moderate to be preserved) 11 KETAPANG
11. Ketapang
Drying Botanical Name

In air seasoning, kenari wood dries rather fast Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb., family
(51 days) from green to air dry moisture content Combretaceae
(15%), without drying defects. Air seasoning
temperature ranges about 20-33C with Rh 62-
85%. In the drying kiln that uses solar energy Commercial Name
combined with biomass fuel, wood takes 7 days Ketapang
to dry from green to 12%, without drying
defects. Temperature in that kiln ranges about
40-75 C. Local Names
Joko, jaha kebo, jaha sapi (Java); jaho
Uses (Lampung); jao (West Sumatera); antalun
(Aceh); punggiru (East Kalimantan); layoli
Kenari wood in general is only for light (South Sulawesi); krismitan (East Nusa
construction materials indoor, planking, flooring, Tenggara).
laminates, door and window frames, pulp and
paper, and energy wood. In addition, it is also
used for furniture, cupboard, turnery items, Names in Other Countries
knife handles, rifle butts, packing cases,
particleboard, veneer and plywood. Wood from UK: beleric myrobalan, belliric myrabolan,
the buttresses is usually used for machete bedda nut tree. France: Myrobalan beleric.
cover in Malaysia. Malaysia: jelawai, simar kulihap (Malay
Peninsula). Myanmar: thitsein. Kampuchea:
srmr piphk. Lao: hn, nam king dam.
Silviculture Thailand: haen-khao, haen-ton, samo-piphek.
Vietnam: b[af]ng n[uw][ows]c, mung tr[awf]ng,
Habitat b[oo]ng d[ee]u.
This species grows naturally on low-land area
and occasionally on swampy peat area.
Naturally, this species is scattered especially on Geography Distribution
low-land area, but can be found at altitude up to
1,500 m. Sumatera, Java, Bali, Central Sulawesi,
Maluku, East Kalimantan, Ceylon, India,
Regeneration Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaya.
Natural regeneration of this species in primary
forest is not much. Generally, on logged-over
area, natural regeneration is very abundant Habitus
such as in Riau and Sulawesi. Propagation can Trees
be conducted through the seed sowing on the Trees are deciduous, reach 50 m in height and
nursery. Seeds begin to germinate 2 m in diameter, with big buttreses; young twigs
approximately 3 weeks after being sown. The thicken, initially hairy a lot but later less hairy
germination characteristics are epigeal. Its
growth is categorized as slow whereby 16
months after seed planting, the sprouts only
reach 60 cm in height.
11
11

Figure 21. Leaves, and fruits of ketapang Figure 22. Ketapang
(Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb.)
Leaves
Leaves are simple, initially harden but later Grain
thicken; leaf arrangement is scattered along the Grian orientation is straight
twig or abundantly clustered at the tip of twig,
occasionally whirled. Leaf sheet is oval, rather Gloss
upside-down obovoid or upside-down oval that Wood surfaces is rather lustrous
looks like narrow two-edge knife at the nursery
stage; leaves measure 4-18 x 2-11 cm, their tip Hardness
rounded, blunt, occasionally tapering, while Wood is rather hard
their under surfaces of leaf is rounded, blunt, or
wedge-shaped. Secondary veins usually Specific gravity and strength class
consist of 6-8 pairs, rather widely spaced; 0.61 (0.47 0.86); III
petioles are initially hairy but later become
hairless, 3-9 cm in length.
Flowering Ketapang wood belongs to durability class IV.
Ketapang flowers are yellowish in cluster, 3-15 Wood resistance against dry-wood termites
cm in length (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) is
categorized as class V. Resistance against
subterranean termites (Coptotermes
General Characteristics curvignathus Holmgren) belongs to class I,,
Color while that against marine borers is as class IV.
Heartwood is pale light brown or straw-yellow in
color
Drying
Figure In air seasoning, ketapang wood dries rather
Wood figure is plain fast (44 days) from green to air dry moisture
content (15%), but with end and surface
Texture checking, and deformed. Air seasoning
Wood texture is moderately coarse temperature ranges about 20-33C with Rh 62-
85%. In solar drying kiln, wood takes 29 days to
dry from green to 15.5%, with also end and
surface checking, and deformed. In that kiln,
the temperature ranges about 39-61C.

Veneer and Plywood 12. Langsat
12 LA NG S A T Llutung
UTUNG
Veneer
Ketapang wood can be peeled to veneer with
peeling angle at 90 30 producing veneer with Botanical Names
1.5 mm thick.
Aglaia subcuprea Merr. & Perry. (syn. Aglaia
versteeghii Merr. & L.M. Perry), Aglaia boanana
Plywood
Harms, family Meliaceae
Gluing of ketapang veneer with urea
resistant plywood that meet Indonesian Commercial Name
Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639 and German Langsat lutung
Local Name
Wood Working Iwu (North Sulawesi)
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Malaysia: bekak, pasak (Malay Peninsula),
Moulding 86.50 Very Good ( I ) segera (Iban, Sarawak), langsat-langsat
Turning 70.83 Good ( II ) (Sabah), lantupak (Dusun Sabah). Phillipines:
Boring 69.17 Good ( II ) guijo, makaasim, katong, Myanmar: thanatka-
wa. Kamboja: chomnay poveang. Thailand:
Sanding 75.00 Good ( II ) tasua, sangkhriat. Vietnam: gloojli tia, gloojli
trang.
Pulp for Paper
Ketapang wood pulped with kraft process Geography Distribution
produces pulp yield, processing properties
(Kappa number and alkali consumption), and Kalimantan, Malaysia, Philippines, Myanmar,
physical properties, which belongs to class II. Thailand, Kampuchea, Papua and Papua New
Guinea.
Uses
Habitus
Ketapang wood is used for light construction,
door and window frames, coffin, moulding, Trees
board, supporting beam, flooring, furniture, Trees are up to 30 m in height with 160 cm in
carts, agriculture tools, tool handles, boat and diameter.
canoe, sailing poles, plywood, kraft pulp for
paper, and energy wood. Ketapang wood is Outer bark
very unresistant to termite attack, therefore it Outer bark surface is rather fine, brown or
should be previously treated with appropriate black, with large gray-colored spots,
preservatives. occasionally loose, small in size like irregular
scales; inner portion of bark is pale brown to
reddish brown.
Silviculture
Habitat
This species is found growing at altitude about
5-100 m.

Fruit
Fruits are encapsulated; upside down rounded-
obovoid, measure 2.7 cm x 1.5 cm.
Seeds
Seeds are with membranes, pale yellow in
color.
Color
Heartwood is brown, dark brown (reddish
brown) to purple; sapwood is pinkish brown.
Figure
Wood figure is striped, dark and rather bright in
Figure 23. Leaves and flowers of langsat lutung color, alternately on longitudinal surface
Wood Texture
Heartwood contain white-colored resin; twigs Wood texture is moderately coarse
are soft to hard, covered with peltatus scales
pale brown, reddish brown, or pale orange Grain
brown in color. Grain orientation is slightly interlocked and
wavy
Leaves
Leaves are compound with pinnate, 67 cm in Gloss
length, 45 cm in width; leaf arrangement at Wood surface is moderately lustrous
twigs is scattered; twigs are 17 cm in length,
consist of (3-) 7 - 9 (-11); young leaves Hardness
measure 5-24 x 2.5-8 cm, twigs of young leaves Wood is hard
are 1 - (-2) m in length. Leaf sheet is rather
thick, occasionally its edges are folded Specific gravity and strength class
backward; under surfaces of leaf is asymmetric, 0.91 (0.91 0.92); I - II
wedge-shaped; tips of leaves are rounded and
occasionally tapering; secondary veins consist
of 6-15 pairs. Almost all parts of leaves are
closed with scales, like scales on the twigs, but
the upper surface of old leaves is usually not
hairy.
Flowering
Flowering occurs at twig axillary or generally
above leaf axillary, ramiflori. Flowering can
reach 30 cm in length with 20 cm in width,
covered with scales like scales on twigs
Flowers
Flowers are unisexual; petals are white, pale
yellow, or yellow. Ovary is almost rounded; pistil
of ovary is 12-13 cm in length, while those for
fruit is 5.5 cm length; pistils of ovary as well as
fruit are covered with scales like those at twigs.
Figure 24. Langsat lutung
(Aglaia subcuprea Merr. & Perry.)

Durability and Treatability Uses
Langsat lutung wood is used for as follows:
Durability
heavy wood is used for housing and bridge;
This wood belongs to durability class II. Wood
medium-weight wood is for light construction
and interiors. The attractive figured wood is
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) is
used for furniture, cabinet, turnery items, rifle
categorized as class II, and that against
butts, flooring, decorative wall panelling, and
face veneer. This wood can be use as energy
curvignatus Holmgren) is as class III.
wood, but less suitable as material for kraft pulp
Meanwhile, resistance against marine borers
for paper.
belongs to class III.
Treatability
Silviculture
Treatability class: III (difficult to be preserved).
Habitat
This species grows in primary as well as
Veneer and Plywood
secondary forest, on low-land area to
Veneer mountainous area, or around the river, on clay
Langsat lutung wood can be peeled to veneer soil or clay soil which is sandy and granite.
with good results without pretreatment, using Naturally, this species grows scattered at
peeling angle at 9030 producing veneer with altitude ranging about 5- 2,570 m.
1.5 mm thick.
Regeneration
Plywood Natural regeneration rarely occurs, while
Gluing of langsat lutung veneer with urea propagation can proceed through seeds. The
formaldehyde adhesive produces water- seeds are sown on the nursery inside a
resistant plywood that meet Indonesian seedbed and begins to germinate 15 days
National Standard (SNI) No. 01.5008-2000, afterwards. Seed-germination characteristics of
Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639 and German this species are epigeal.
Flowering and fruiting
Flowering takes place in June, and fruits mature
Wood Working in September to November.
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
13 M A H 13.
A NMahang
G
Moulding 67.43 Good ( II )
Botanical Names
Turning 7.20 Very Bad (IV )
Macaranga hypoleuca (Reichb.f.et Zoll.) M.A.
Boring 58.49 Moderate ( III )
syn. Nappa hypoleuca Reichb.f.et Zoll., family
Sanding 90.77 Very Good ( I ) Euphorbiaceae
Pulp for Paper

Commercial Name
Langsat lutung wood pulped with kraft process
Mahang
affords pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa
number and alkali consumption), and physical
properties, which are less suitable for pulp and Local Names
belongs to class III.
Mahang (Sumatera, Kalimantan); purang (West
Kalimantan)

Name in Other Country General Characteristics
Mahang puteh (Malaysia). Color
Heartwood is reddish brown; sapwood is
greyish brown
Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Figure
Kalimantan. Wood figure is plain
Habitus
Trees
Trees are small to medium in size, can reach
30 m in total height and 40 cm in diameter.
Outer bark surface

Outer bark surface is gray to grey, smooth, and
often with spots.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, spirally, stipuled, three-
rayed in shape; leaf edge is even; veins are
five-rayed; petioles are long and peltate; under
leaf surface is white in color; young stem and
young petioles are white.
Flowering Figure 26. Mahang

(Macaranga hypoleuca (Reichb.f.et Zoll.) M.A.)
Flowers are compound; panicle shortens at leaf
axillary.
Texture
Fruits Wood texture is moderately coarse
Fruits are capsule, fine; seeds are black.
Grain
Grain orientation is slightly interlocked and
wavy.
Gloss
Wood gloss is moderately lustrous.
Tactile
Tangential surface of wood is smooth.
Hardness
Wood is slightly soft.

0.34 (0.21-0.47); III IV.

Durability
This wood belongs to durability class V. Wood
Figure 25. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of mahang
categorized as class III, and that against

subterranean termites (Coptotermes Uses
curvignatus Holmgren) is as class V.
Mahang stem wood after being barked is often
used by community for light construction not in
belongs to class V.
contact with soil. The wood is for light frame,
interiors, moulding, rafter, packing cases,
Treatability
floating device, canoe, and particularly match
Treatability class: I (easy to be preserved)
picks. In Philippines, mahang wood is preferred
for wooden shoes. Mahang wood can be
processed into kraft pulp for paper, and used
Drying
for plywood manufacture. This wood is fairly
In air seasoning, mahang wood dries rather fast good for firewood as well.
(42 days) from green to air dry moisture content
(16%), with end checking and deformed. Air
seasoning temperature ranges about 20-33C Silviculture
with Rh 62-85%. In the drying kiln, it is
Habitat
suggested to use temperature in the range of
This species grows as pioneer species in
39 - 61C with Rh 75-33%.
logged over area at altitude up to 3,000 m. This
species usually grows well on soil that is sandy,
with sedimented stones and clayed.
Veneer and Plywood
Veneer Regeneration
Mahang wood can be peeled to veneer with Seed germination of this species is categorized
good results without pretreatment, using as epigeal. Propagation is conducted using
peeling angle at 9030 producing veneer with seeds but previously sown on the nursery.
1.5 mm thick.
Fruit
Plywood Flowering and fruiting season of this species
Gluing of mahang veneer with urea are relatively regular, which occur several times
formaldehyde adhesive produces water- a year. Seeds are black, containing endosperm
resistant plywood that comply with Indonesian with orange and red color.
Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639 and German
14 MEMBACANG
Wood Working 14. Membacang
Working % Defect
Working Class Botanical Names
Properties Free
Planing 65.50 Good (II) Mangifera altissima Blanco. , syn. Buchanania
reticulata Elmer., Mangifera parvifolia Merr.,
Moulding 60.30 Good (II) Mangifera merrillii Mukherji, famili Anacar-
Turning 63.90 Good (II) diaceae.
Boring 45.10 Moderate (III)
Sanding 76.30 Good (II) Commercial Name
Membacang
Pulp for Paper
Mahang wood pulped with kraft process affords
Local Names
pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa
number and alkali consumption), and physical Gawil (Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara);
properties, which are fairly good for pulp and Majakang (Alor); lumisi, manddi (Sulawesi);
belongs to class II. kabawa ma mali (Maluku); binap, mewiejetnik
(Papua).

Names in Other Countries oval to narrowing oval in shape, looks like
upside down two-edged knife, measures (5)
Philippines: appaan, banitan, manga-poli,
15.5 - 43 cm x (2) 3.5 -11 cm; under surfaces of
pahahutan, pahohotan, poponan. Papua New
leaves is tapered or tapers; tip of leaves is
Guinea: wali mango, waromet, weli, wa-wa,
tapered to sharp, occasionally blunt; secondary
yanggemas.
veins consist of (10) 16 - 23 pairs; tertiary veins
net-muscled.
Flowering
Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua, Flowers are compound; panicle is racheme in
Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, New shape at the tip of twigs, occasionally at leaf
Britain Island. axillary, up to 14 cm in length; flowers are white
or cream-white in color.
Habitus Fruits
Trees Fruits are oval, flattens, green in color; mature
Trees are small to medium in size, 12-35 (54) m fruits are yellow, size 5 - 8 cm x 4 - 6 cm
in total height; clear bole is up to 20 m in height;
stem is 35-80 (-100) cm in diameter, cylindrical, General Characteristics
and generally with small buttress.
Color
Outer bark surface Heartwood color is dark brown; sapwood is
Outer bark surface is dark brown, fine. gray white.
Twigs Figure
Twigs are square in shape; former position of Heartwood is with black-brown-colored lines in
leaves is clearly visible. longitudinal direction.
Texture
Wood texture is coarse.
Grain direction
Grain direction is straight
Gloss
Wood surface is slightly lustrous
Hardness
Wood is moderately hard

0.74; III
Figure 27. Tree (1), leaves and flowers (2), and fruit
(3) of membacang
Petioles
Petioles swell at the tip portion, flatten at the
under surfaces of petioles, 1.5-5 (-9) cm in
length.
Leaves
Membacang leaves are simple, spiral in
position, with even edge, not hairy, thickens,

resistant plywood that meet Indonesian
Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639, and German
Wood Working
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Turning 55.62 Moderate ( III )
Boring 15.00 Very Bad (V)
Sanding 69.50 Good ( II )
Figure 28. Membacang
(Mangifera altissima Blanco.)
Pulp for Paper
Membacang wood pulped with kraft process
affords pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa
Durability number and alkali consumption), and physical
Membacang wood belongs to durability class V. properties, which are fairly good for pulp and
Wood resistance against dry-wood termites belongs to class II.
categorized as class V, and that against marine
borers belongs to class V. Uses
Membacang wood is used for light construction.
Treatability Heavier wood is used indoor for cross bars,
Treatability class: II (moderate to be preserved) ceiling, door panels, interiors, moulding,
flooring, crate box, veneer and plywood, rifle
butt, kraft pulp for paper, and charcoal.
Drying
Heartwood with attractive figure is used for
In air seasoning, membacang wood dries rather high-class furniture and wooden bowl where
slowly (90 days) from green to air dry moisture rice is pounded.
content (15%), without drying defects. Air
takes 48 days to dry from green to 15%, without
drying defects. In that kiln, the temperature
ranges about 45-78C with Rh 75 - 33%. 15 M E N15.
J A Menjalin
LIN
Veneer and Plywood Botanical Names

Veneer Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb., famili
Membacang wood can be peeled to veneer with Polygalaceae, syn. Xanthopyllum excelsum
good results without pretreatment, using Miq.
peeling angle at 9030 producing veneer with
1.5 mm thick.
Commercial Name
Plywood
Gluing of membacang veneer with urea Menjalin

Local Names
Jeruan, jerukan, meruwa, mangkokan, endog-
endogan (Jawa); ki endog (Sunda); alafan,
anuntus payo, limau buluh, suwahan, batu-batu
(Aceh); dedak sijau, medang batu (South
Sumatera); paliri (Central Kalimantan); balio,
minyak angat, gading, kayu batu (East
Kalimantan).

Filipina: banig, bok-bok (Tagalog); dugi (Iloko).
Lao: sng dong. Thailand: hu yan (Malay
Peninsula).
Sumatera, Kalimantan, Malay Peninsula,
Thailand, Philippines, Eastern India, and
Bangladesh.
Habitus
Trees
Trees reach 36 m in diameter and 100 cm in Figure 29. Leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds of
diameter. Twigs are without hair; axillary bud is menjalin
usually small and hairy.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, lanceolated and rather oval Color
or upside down obovoid; leaf tips are tapered, Heartwood and sapwood are yellow in color,
under surfaces of leaf also tapers, 7-26 x 3-11 with unclear demarcation.
cm in size; centre bones portrude on upper
surface of leaves; secondary leaves consist of Figure
6-10 pairs, on which, occasionally appears Wood figure is plain
veins parallel with leaf edge; veins of leaf looks
like ladder in shape. Under surface of leaves Texture
are 4-14 glands; at the under surfaces of leaves Wood texture is moderately coarse.
are a pair of glands. Petioles are without hair;
on the face of petioles are also a pair of glands; Grain
twigs are 8-15 mm in length. Grain orientation is slightly interlocked.
Flowering Gloss
Flowers have petals yellow or white, 6-8.5 mm Wood surface is moderately lustrous.
in length.
Tactile
Fruits Wood in tangential surface is smooth.
Fruit is round, yellow in color, up to 2 cm in
diameter. Hardness
Wood is rather hard
Specific gracity and strength class

0.68 (0.43 0.87); II-III

Wood Working
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Turning 65.50 Good ( II )
Boring 84.50 Very Good ( I )
Drying
In air seasoning, menjalin wood dries very fast
(27days) from green to air dry moisture content
(13.5%), but with end checking and deformed.
Air seasoning temperature ranges about 20 -
33C with Rh 62 - 85%. In solar drying kiln,
combined with the use of biomass fuel, wood
Figure 30. Menjalin
(Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb.)
takes 4-5 days to dry from green to 12%,
without drying defects. In that kiln, the
temperature ranges about 40-75C.
Durability
Menjalin wood belongs to durability class V. Pulp for Paper
Wood resistance against dry-wood termites Menjalin wood pulped with kraft process affords
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) is pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa
categorized as class V, and that against number and alkali consumption), and physical
subterranean termites (Coptotermes properties, which are fairly good for pulp and
curvignathus Holmgren) is as class IV. belongs to class II.
belongs to class V.
Uses
Treatability
Menjalin wood is used for temporary housing or
Treatability class: I (easy to be preserved).
light construction indoor. This wood is suitable
for floor, panel, kraft pulp for paper, cabinet,
coffin, pallet, turnery items, handle of tool, ruler
Veneer and Plywood
and drawing tools, but mostly may be
Veneer manufactured into plywood and laminated
Menjalin wood can be peeled to veneer with beam.
good results without pretreatment, with peeling
thick. Silviculture
Habitat
Plywood
This species grows naturally on primary area
Gluing of menjalin veneer with urea
particularly low-land area. This species is
frequently found growing on swamp area or
forest area. However, naturally this species is
also found growing at altitude up to 1,500 m.
Regeneration
Natural regeneration rarely occurs, while
propagation can proceed with seeds. The

seeds begin to germinate one week after being
in the nursery. Silviculture characteristics of
this species are still not yet known much.
16 PETAI
16. Petai
Botanical Names
Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr. (syn. Parkia
roxburghii G. Don., Parkia javanica (Lamk.)
Merr.), family Leguminosae Mimosoideae.
Commercial Name
Petai Figure 31. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of petai
Leaves
Local Names Leaves are bipinnate, alternate; rachis are 18-
42 cm in length. On petiole are 1-2 extrafloral
Runding (West Aceh); kedawung (Java); nectaries, the largest extrafloral nectaries
rampah (South Sumatera); korpang (Kalsel); measure about 1 x 5 mm, located about 1.5-4
kopang (Sumbawa); olimboto (South East cm from the lower part of twigs, while between
Sulawesi). several pinnates are smaller extrafloral
nectaries. Leaf pinnates consist of 14-31 pairs
with rachis 8.7-11.5 cm in length. Edges of
Names in Other Countries leaflets are in contact with each other. Leaflets
Malaysia: kedaung (Sarawak), kupang (Sabah), consist of 52-72 pairs, measuring 6-10.5 x 1-2
petai kerayong (Malay Peninsula). Phillippines: mm. At sapling stage, leaves are bigger with 62
kupang (Filipino), amarang (Palawan), cm or more in length; leaflets consist of 82 pairs
Myanmar: mai-karien (Shan). Thailand: sato, per pinnate, measuring 14.5-18 x 2.5-35 mm.
kariang riang.
Flowering
Flowers are compound, consisting of 4-7 twigs,
Geography Distribution with 8.5-33 cm in length. Pendulous flower is
5.5-6.7 cm in length with 2.1-2.5 cm in
Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sulawesi, Nusa
diameter. Flowers are bisexual; sepals are 9-
Tenggara, Maluku and Papua. Semenanjung
10.5 cm in length; petals are 10-11 mm in
Malaya, North-Eastern India, Bangladesh,
length. Fruit is leathery or woody, stalked, linear
Myanmar, and Thailand.
to strap-shaped.
Seeds
Habitus
There are 12-19 seeds per legium; each seed is
Trees 1.4-2 cm in length; seed skin is tough, brown in
Trees reach 50 m in height with 2.5 m in color.
diameter

General Characteristics (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) is
categorized as class IV, while that against
Color
marine borers belongs to class V.
Heartwood is yellowish white in color; sapwood
is almost white, difficult to distinguish from
Treatability
heartwood.
Drying
In air seasoning, petai wood dries rather fast
(13.5%), but without drying defects. Air
takes 21 days to dry from green to 16.5%,
temperature ranges about 45-78C with Rh 78-
33%.
Veneer and Plywood

Veneer
Petai wood can be peeled to veneer with good
thick.
Figure 32. Petai (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.)
Plywood
Figure Gluing of petai veneer with urea formaldehyde
Wood figure is plain adhesive produces water-resistant plywood that
. meet Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No.
Texture 01.5008-2000, Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639,
Wood texture is moderately coarse and German Standard (DIN) No. 68705.
Grain
Grain orientation is slightly interlocked Wood Working
Gloss Working % Defect
Working Class
Wood surface is lustrous. Properties Free
Planing 55.50 Moderate ( III )
Tactile
Wood surface is rather rough Moulding 61.00 Good ( II )
Hardness Boring 51.25 Moderate ( III )
Wood is soft
0.42 (0.35-0.46); III-IV Pulp for Paper
Petai wood pulped with kraft process affords
Durability and Treatability pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa
Durability
properties, which are fairly good for pulp and
Petai wood belongs to durability class V. Wood
belongs to class II.

Uses Geography Distribution
Petai wood is used locally for temporary light Java, South Sumatera, Sulawesi, and Nusa
construction material, carpentry wood, furniture, Tenggara.
cabinet, moulding, interiors, lamination board,
concrete shuttering, boxes, crates, matches,
cladding, chop stick, fish-net floating, pulp for Habitus
paper, and energy wood. Trees
Trees have upright stems, 35 m or over in
height and up to 25 m in stem diameter; clear
Silviculture
bole is 25 m in height; buttresses are up to 3 m
Habitat in height.
Naturally, this species grows on latosol and
mediterian soil in secondary forest. Generally, it Outer bark
grows well at altitude in the range of 500-1,000 Outer bark is reddish brown, peels off fissured.
m. Naturally, this species is found growing at Inner bark is red or light brown, 12 mm thick.
altitude 1,500 m.
Leaves
Regeneration Leaves are simple, lanceolate to upside down
Natural regeneration rarely occurs, while obovoid; leaf edges are entirely denticulate;
propagation can be conducted through seeds under surfaces of leaves is tapering; leaf sheet
which have been previously grown in the is rather thick and rigid, glabrous; secondary
nursery. leaf vein is curved. Leaf arrangement is
crowded toward the end of twigs where they are
Fruiting not similar in length. Flowering of panicle is
Old fruits are blackish brown in color. In one located at tip of twigs.
fruit are 12-19 seeds. Seeds begin to germinate
one week after being sown in the nursery. Fruits
Fruits contain 2-8 seeds.
17 PUTAT
17. Putat
Botanical Name
Planchonia valida Bl., family Lecythidaceae
Commercial Name
Putat
Local Names
Putat (Java); kulit dasih (Sumatera); kandihay
(Kalimantan); bebu, kaulo, meu, wuru, nambu
(Sulawesi); je (Lombok); bentenu, ketipu,
lingkok, manaha, wala (Nusa Tenggara).

UK: Planchonia (commercial name), Malaysia: Figure 33. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of putat
putat, Philippines: lamog.

General Characteristics Treatability
Treatability class: III (difficult to be preserved).
Color
Heartwood is brown; sapwood is reddish white
Drying
Figure In air seasoning, putat wood dries rather fast
Wood figure is striped with dark brown color on (27days) from green to air dry moisture content
longitudinal surface (15%), without drying defects. Air seasoning
Texture
- 85%. In the drying kiln, it is suggested to use
Wood texture is moderately fine. temperature at 49 - 80C with Rh 79 - 33%.
Wood dries rather fast (6 days) from green to
Grain
12%, without drying defects.
Grain orientation is slightly interlocked
Gloss Veneer and Plywood

Wood surface is less lustrous
Veneer
Hardness Putat wood can be peeled to veneer with good
Wood is hard results without pretreatment, using peeling
Specific gravity and strength class thick.
0.80 (0.60 0.93); II-I
Plywood
Gluing of putat veneer with urea formaldehyde
01.5008-2000, Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639,
and German Standard (DIN) No. 68705.
Pulp for Paper

Putat wood pulped with kraft process affords
properties, which are less suitable for pulp and
therefore belongs to class II.
Uses
Putat wood which is hard and heavy can be
used for housing (pole, planking, supporting
beam, and rafter), flooring, and pallet
Figure 34. Putat (Planchonia valida Bl.) lamination, wooden stopper, tool handles.
Putat wood is suggested as substitute for teak
Durability and Treatability wood, can be used for energy wood, but less
suitable in pulp manufacture for paper.
Durability
Putat wood belongs to durability class II-III.
Wood resistance against dry-wood termites Silviculture
categorized as class I, while that against marine Habitat
borers belongs to class III. Trees of this species grow naturally on low-land
area, on alluvial soil, swamps periodically
flooded, often grow on river sides .

Regeneration leaflets are sessile, face each other; stipule is
Information about silviculture of this species is linear, falls off immediately. Leaves are 15-40
still not yet known much. Propagation can take cm in entire length; pinnates consist of 5-11
place through seeds after previously being pairs. Very young leaves consist of 9-20 pairs,
sown on the nursery. Seeds begin to germinate lanceolate, measure 1.25 1.75 x 0.75 cm. Tip
two weeks after being from the nursery; of leaves tapers; under surfaces of leaves is
germination type is epigeal. very asymmetry, rather hard like paper,
somewhat hairy.
Fruiting
Maturity of fruits occurs commonly in April
May.
18 SAGA
18. Saga
Botanical Name
Pelthoporum pterocarpum (DC) Backer, family
Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae
Commercial Name
Saga
Local Names
Figure 35. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of saga
Saga, soga (Java); endep (Bali); embora
(Sumbawa); kollo (East Nusa Tenggara);
sogampu (South East Sulawesi); marimpoto
Flowering
(North Sulawesi); liweter (Maluku).
Panicle of flowers is located at tip of twigs,
large, upright facing up, 30-45 cm in length.
Flowers are twigged, measuring 0.25 cm 1
Name in Other Country
cm in dimension and 3.75 cm in cross section;
Jemerlang laut (Malaysia) petals is wavy like tissue paper; stamen is 1.25
cm. Flowers look beautiful, yellow in color, and
fragrant in smell. Sepals are 5 in number with
Geography Distribution short tube; sepals are not similar; petals
All regions in Malaysia until Australia. consist of 5 sheets, almost similar, stamens are
10, short, hairy, long fruit are even, thin, 6.25-
13.75 cm, bluish brown, contains 1-5 seeds,
Habitus flattening, with wings surrounding the seeds.
Trees
Trees are small to medium in size, reach General Characteristics
ocaccionally 120 cm in diameter; canopy is
Color
dome-shaped; outer bark is grey, fine, peels off
fissured. Heartwood is blondish brown; sapwood is pale
brown with clear demarcation
Leaves
Leaves are bipinnate; main twigs are without Figure
extrafloral nectarious; pinnates face each other; Wood figure is lined in dark and bright colors
alternately on radial surface of heartwood

Texture Drying
Wood texture is slightly coarse
In air seasoning, saga wood dries rather fast
Grain
(14%), but with deformation, checks, and
Grain orientation is rather interlocked
cracks. Air seasoning temperature ranges
about 20 - 33C with Rh 62 - 85%. In solar
Gloss
drying kiln, combined with the use of biomass
Wood surface is lustrous
fuel, wood takes 8 days to dry from green to
12%, without drying defects. In that kiln, the
Tactile
temperature ranges about 40-75C.
Tangential surface is smooth
Hardness
Veneer and Plywood
Wood is hard
Veneer
Specific gravity and strength class Saga wood can be peeled to veneer with good
0.66 (0.49 0.84); II results without pretreatment, using peeling
thick.
Plywood
Gluing of saga wood veneer with urea
Wood Working
Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Figure 36. Saga Boring 87.60 Very Good ( I )
(Pelthoporum pterocarpum (DC) Backer)

Pulp for Paper
Durability
Saga wood pulped with kraft process affords
Saga wood belongs to durability class III-IV.
Wood resistance against dry-wood termites
categorized as class I, and that against
belongs to class II.
curvignathus Holmgren) is as class V.
Uses
belongs to class IV.
Saga wood in Indonesia is less known, but in
Treatability Malaysia is used as a substitute for merbau
Treatability class: II (moderate to be preserved) wood. In Vietnam, it is used for ship deck and
train carriage. Growth ring is rather obvious,
causing decorative appearance and therefore

may be manufactured into decorative panel and Habitus
furniture. In Java, saga trees are more
Trees
emphasized for the production of bark. From
Trees reach 48 m in height, 90 cm in diameter;
that bark can be extracted coloring matters for
buttresses are 1.5 m in height.
batik materials and as tanning agent for animal
hides (skins). In addition, saga wood can be
Surface of outer bark
used for energy wood and pulp, but should be
Surface of outer bark is pale brownish gray in
pretreated due to its high extractive content.
color, fine; old stems are spotted a lot,
occasionally fissured and scaled.
Silviculture
Leaves
Habitat Leaves are simple, very thin; leaf edges are
In Indonesia, saga species is found growing at grooved or rarely grooved, and usually
altitude range of 5 - 400 m. denticulate; glabrous, lanceolate, size 5.5-11
cm x 2.5-4 cm; under surfaces of leaves is
tapering and wedge-shaped, tip of leaves is
narrow tapering; leaves dry at upper side,
reddish brown; back surface of leaves is
grayish blue; secondary veins consist of 5 pairs;
19 SEPALIS tertiary veins are clearly visible at under surface
19. Sepalis
of leaf; petioles are 0.5-1.5 cm in length.
Botanical Names
Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Ding Hou. syn.
Lophopetalum reflexum Laws., Hippocratea
maingayi Laws., family Celastraceae.
Commercial Names
Mata ulat, sepalis
Local Names
Kempas sakam, negris hitam, negris pinang,
pasir, resak, sayap, sepalis, useu-useu uding
(Sumatera); barjau, batu bagalang, bintan, kayu
minyak, sabang api (Kalimantan); bentol (Aceh
Simeuleu).
Figure 37. Leaves and flowers of sepalis

Brunei: bajan, Malaysia: mata ulat (general),
Sarawak: bajan, sabon api, Philippines: layeng Flowering
(tagalog). Flowers are compound, panicle, at leaf axillary,
light green or yellowish white.
Geography Distribution Fruits

Fruits are 12 cm in length and less than 3 cm in
Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Kalimantan. diameter; seed size 9-11 cm x 2.5 cm, winged.

General Characteristics categorized as class I, while that against marine
borers belongs to class V.
Color
Heartwood is red brown; sapwood is pale
brown, 10-16 cm thick.
Drying
Figure In air seasoning, sepalis wood dries rather fast
Wood figure is densely smooth, caused by (50 days) from green to air dry moisture content
regularly parenchyma band. (13.5%), without drying defects. Air seasoning
Texture - 85%. In solar drying kiln, combined with the
Wood texture is moderately fine. use of biomass fuel, wood takes 9 days to dry
from green to 12%, without drying defects. In
that kiln, it is suggested to use temperature of
40-75C with Rh 75 - 33%.
Veneer and Plywood

Veneer
Sepalis wood can be peeled to veneer with
peeling angle at 90 producing veneer with 1.5
mm thick.
Plywood
Gluing of sepalis wood veneer with urea
Figure 38. Sepalis Standard (DIN) No. 68705.
(Kokoona reflexa (Laws.) Ding Hou.)
Grain Wood Working

Grain orientation is straight to slightly
interlocked Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Gloss Planing 83.75 Very Good ( I )
Tactile Turning 85.00 Very Good ( I )
Tangential surface is smooth. Boring 80.25 Very Good ( I )
Hardness Sanding 75.25 Good ( II )
Wood is hard
Pulp for Paper
0.95 (0.83 1.07); I-II Sepalis wood pulped with kraft process affords
Durability therefore belongs to class II.
Sepalis wood belongs to durability class V.
Wood resistance against dry-wood termites

Uses Geography Distribution
Sepalis wood is suitable for light construction, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan,
after being preserved. This wood is used for Sumatera, and Java.
pole, beam, heavy furniture, laboratory desk,
door and window frame, railway sleepers,
electric and telephone poles. Parenchyma Habitus
banded prominent on tangential surface Trees
causing decorative figure and therefore it can Trees are medium in size, up to 27 m in height,
be used for panel, parquet and stripe floor, and up to 60 cm in diameter. Main stem is indented,
luxury house items. Besides, this wood can be
short. Crown is monopodial.
used as pulp for paper, and energy wood.
Outer bark
Outer bark is brown, with white cambium.
Silviculture
Wood is creamy in color.
Habitat
This species is generally found growing on low- Leaves
land forest, particularly on soil with good Leaves are simple, entirely dropping; petioles
aeration along the river bank. Occasionally, this are 5 cm in length, lanceolate widening, size 15
species is found growing on peaty swamp or in x 5 cm; under surfaces and tip of leaves are
forest at altitude in the range of 1,500 m. rounded; young leaves are red, like bark, not
hairy; secondary veins are angled at primary
Regeneration veins.
Seeds of this species are winged; and their
distribution is assisted by wind. Propagation
can proceed through seeds which have been
previously sown on the nursery.
20 TAPOS
20. Tapos
Botanical Name
Elateriospermum tapos Blume, family
Euphorbiaceae.
Commercial Name
Tapos Figure 39. Leaves, Flowers, and fruit of tapos
Local Names Flowering

Tapos (Java); kedundung euko, kedoi, lamas, Flowering reaches 7-17 cm in length, creamy.
selamak tikus, silum, tapos, tepus (Sumatera); Flowers are yellowish creamy, musty fragrant,
beramban, buing, guhum, kalampai, kalumpai, cross section of female flowers is 5 mm, while
lapak-lapak gori, paha, pala, polo, para, perak, that of male flowers is 2 mm.
satan, tabuluh, wajan (Kalimantan).
Fruits
Fruits are oval, 5-6.3 cm in length, pink-brown
Names in Other Countries in color.
Malaysia: perah, dungku, kelampai. Thailand: Seeds
pee-ra, pra. Seeds are oval, 4 cm in length

Habitat Durability and Treatability
This species grows scattered in secondary
Durability
forest, at altitude range of 0-400 m.
Tapos wood belongs to durability class I. Wood
General Characteristics (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) is
categorized as class II, and that against
Color
Heartwood is brown; sapwood is yellowish
brown, 11-19 cm thick.
belongs to class V.
Figure
Heartwood portion reveals unclear stripes, dark
Treatability
and bright in color alternately, occasionally lined
Treatability class: II (moderate to be preserved).
in black color.
Drying
In air seasoning, tapos wood dries rather fast
(14%), but with checks and deformed. Air
with Rh 62 - 85%. In solar drying kiln,
combined with the use of biomass fuel, wood
takes 7 days to dry from green to 12%, without
drying defects. In that kiln, the temperature
ranges about 40-75C.
Veneer and Plywood

Veneer
Tapos wood can be peeled to veneer with good
Figure 40. Tapos (Elateriospermum tapos Blume) thick.
Texture Plywood
Wood texture is moderately coarse Gluing of tapos wood veneer with urea
Grain resistant plywood that meet Indonesian
Grain orientation is straight National Standard (SNI) No. 01.5008-2000,
Gloss Standard (DIN) No. 68705.
Wood Working
Tactile
Tangential surface is smooth. Working % Defect
Working Class
Properties Free
Hardness Planing 70.40 Good ( II )
Wood is very hard
Specific gravity and strength class Turning 67.80 Good ( II )
0.81 (0.61 1.01); II-III. Boring 84.00 Very Good ( I )

Pulp for Paper
21 TEPIS
Tapos wood pulped with kraft process affords 21. Tepis
number and alkali consumption), and physical Botanical Names
belongs to class II. Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) F.v. Mueller, famili
Annonaceae., syn. Guatteria glauca (Hassk.)
Miq., Polyalthia merrittii (Merr.) Merr.,
Uses Polyalthia parkinsonii Hutch.
Tapos wood is suitable for light and heavy
construction indoor, and for parquet floor. If Commercial Name
preserved, this wood can be used for building
outdoor and in contact with soil such as railway Tepis
sleepers and fence poles. Wood is very famous
for the handle of tapping tools in Malaysia, and
good for firewood. Tapos wood may be used as Local Names
a support for the axes of propellers in ship, Pondok (West Kalimantan); ki tinjang (Sunda);
such as pok wood (Guajacum officinale.), if saselo (Morotai); kayu bulan (South Sulawesi).
impregnated adequately with lubrication oil. In
addition, this wood can also be used as pulp for
paper, and energy wood. Names in Other Countries
Mempisang, polyalthia (commercial name)
Silviculture Brunei: karai, Malaysia: karai (Sarawak),
lulusan sowong (Sabah), pisang-pisang (Malay
Habitat Peninsula, Sabah), Philippines: lanutan
This wood species grows naturally on low-land (Filipino), Vietnam: nh[oj]c, n[os]c,
area in primary forest, on clayed soil or sandy qu[aaf]nd[aaf]u.
soil. It is often found growing on the river bank,
when at times flooded with water. This species
grows scattered or occasionally in cluster. Geography Distribution
Regeneration Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua

Natural regeneration occurs quite a lot in New Guinea, Malay Peninsula, Philippines.
number particularly around the host tree.
Propagation can take place through seeds
Habitus
which have been previously sown on the
nursery. Seeds begin to germinate 14 days Trees
after the sowing, and the germination Trees reach 45 m in height, 56 cm in stem
characteristics are epigeal. diameter, frequently with air roots. Outer bark
is gray white, fine, with crossing lines. Twigs
Fruits are pale in color, bald (not hairy).
Information about flowering and fruiting season
of this species is not yet known, and neither Leaves
are its cultivation techniques. In Malaysia, this Leaves are compound, alternately, oval to two-
species flowers in February - March, and fruits edged-knife-shaped, glabrous, green lustrous
in July - August. on the upper surface, rather white on the back
surface; under surfaces of leaves are sharp, tip
of leaves are tapered. Secondary veins are very
smooth, not clearly visible; twigs are 7 mm in
length.

Figure 41. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of tepis
Figure 42. Tepis
(Polyalthia glauca (Hassk.) F.v. Mueller)
Flowering
Flowering occurs in cluster, consisting of 3-10
flower twigs, at leaf axillary, old branch, or stem
(cauliflory), green in color; petals size 1.5-3 cm. Tactile
Sepals are round, small, size 1-2 mm; Outer Tangential surface is smooth
part of flowers have delicate hair.
Hardness
General Characteristics Wood is rather soft
Color Specific gravity and strength class
Heartwood and sapwood are yellowish white 0.56 (0.39 0.73); II-III
Figure
Wood figure is plain Durability and Treatability
Durability
Texture Tepis wood belongs to durability class V. Wood
Wood texture is moderately coarse resistance against dry-wood termites
Grain categorized as class II, and that against
Grain orientation is straight subterranean termites (Coptotermes
Gloss Meanwhile, resistance against marine borers
Wood surface is rather lustrous, almost dull belongs to class V.
Treatability
Veneer and Plywood

Veneer
Tepis wood can be peeled to veneer with good
results without pretreatment, with peeling angle
at 91 producing veneer with 1.5 mm thick.

Plywood Regeneration
Gluing of tepis veneer with urea formaldehyde Natural regeneration is available in abundant
adhesive produces water-resistant plywood that number. Propagation can take place through
meet Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. seeds after previously being sown in the
01.5008-2000, Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639, nursery. Germination characteristics of this
and German Standard (DIN) No. 68705. species are epigeal.
Flowers
Wood Working Flowers appear concurrently with the growth of
new leaves. Seeds of this species are edible
Working % Defect and sown by birds, particularly dove.
Working Class
Properties Free
22 TERAP
Boring 78.10 Good ( II ) 22. Terap
Botanical names
Pulp for Paper Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul., family

Moraceae, Syn. Artocarpus petiolaris Miq.,
Tepis wood pulped with kraft process affords Artocarpus pomiformis, Teijsm and Binnend,
pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa Artocarpus masticatus Gagnep.
therefore belongs to class II. Commercial Name
Terap
Uses
Tepis wood is used for temporary construction, Local Names
housing, furniture, interior items, moulding, light
framing, panel of decorative wall, sailing pole, Gajaman, sampang (Sumatera); penangkaan
rowing tool, wooden shoes, handle for sports (Java).
items, handycraft, toys, match picks, packing
crate, boxes. This wood is suitable for veneer
and plywood and also energy wood. Besides, Names in Other Countries
this wood is also used in the manufacture of Malaysia: tampang hitam, tampang besi,
kraft pulp for paper. medang sampang, Philippines: bagli (Sulu),
Thailand: ta pang, tam pang, hat nun.
Silviculture
Habitat Geography Distribution
This species grows scattered as main canopy in Sumatera, Java, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia,
primary or secondary rain forest on low-land and Philippines.
area at altitude range of 1,200-1,800 m. In
addition, this species is usually found growing
in peaty swamp forest or in forest seasonally Habitus
water-flooded, air roots are frequently
Trees
encountered there. Flowering occurs twice a
Trees are large in shape, evergreen, reach 42
year.
m in height, excreting white exudate from all
tree parts. Main stems are straight, cylindrical in
shape, 65 cm in diameter, not buttressed.

Seeds
Seeds are big, oval in shape, size 1.2 x 1 cm.
Color
Heartwood is yellow, gradually becomes brown
to dark brown; sapwood is light yellow with 8-9
cm thick.
Figure
Texture
Wood texture is moderately coarse
Grain
Grain orientation is slightly interlocked
Figure 43. Leaves and fruits of terap Gloss

Outer bark
Outer bark is brown or grey, fissured to scaled.
Under-cut of stem
Under-cut of the inner bark stem is pink in color,
soft, secreting creamy liquid.
Leaves
Leaves are simple, with even edge, thickens
like bark, lanceolate to oval in shape, measures
11-25 x 7-16 cm; tip of leaves tapers short;
under surfaces of leaves are more or less
rounded; both (upper and lower) surfaces of
leaves are not hairy; and upper leaf surface is
lustrous; secondary veins consist of 10-15 (-20)
pairs, primary bones or midrib of leaves, when Figure 44. Terap
(Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex Trecul.)
dry, is black in color; petioles are 1.5-3 cm in
length.
Flowering
Tactile
Flowers are unisexual, round hump in shape or
Wood surface is moderately tough
cylindrical in pair at leaf axillary; male hump is
upside down obovoid to almost round, size 10-
Hardness
25 m in cross section; twigs of male hump are
Wood is moderately soft
7-17 mm in length; female hump is round with 8
cm in diameter, yellow meaty with dark red;
fruits, when dry, are dark brown and black, with
0.44 ; III-IV
fine black surface thickened; fruit twigs are 1.5-
4.5 cm in length.

Durability and Treatability Pulp for Paper
Durability Terap wood pulped with kraft process affords
Wood resistance against dry-wood termites pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa
(Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) is number and alkali consumption), and physical
categorized as class IV, and that against properties, which are fairly good for pulp and
subterranean termites (Coptotermes therefore belongs to class II.
curvignathus Holmgren) is as class III.
belongs to class IV. Uses
Terap wood can be used for light construction
Treatability
materials, boxes, crates, pallets, veneer and
Treatability class: II (moderate to be preserved) plywood. Sometimes, terap wood with attractive
figure is used for decorations such as furniture
and panel. Besides, this wood can also be used
Drying
as raw material in the manufacture of kraft pulp
In air seasoning, terap wood dries rather fast for paper and as energy wood.
(17%), but with end and surface checking. Air
seasoning temperature ranges about 20-33C Silviculture
with Rh 62-85%. In solar drying kiln, combined Habitat
with the use of biomass fuel, wood takes 19
This wood species grows up to the altitude of
days to dry from green to 16.5%, without drying 1,200 m. Its growth is scattered or sometimes in
defects. In that kiln, the minimum-maximum cluster in primary or secondary forest. It grows
temperature ranges about 39-61C. Results of
on clay soil or rather sandy soil.
the drying are end and surface checking.
Regeneration
Natural regeneration is scattered in a few
Veneer and Plywood
number. Propagation can occur through seeds,
Veneer and they germinate 6-9 weeks after being sown
Terap wood can be peeled to veneer with good on the nusery. This species is still not yet widely
results without pretreatment, using peeling cultivated in forest area.
thick. Fruits
Fruits are regarded big in size, rather round,
Plywood size 10-15 cm.
Gluing of terap veneer with urea formaldehyde
01.5008-2000, Japan Standard (JAS) No. 1639,
and German Standard (DIN) No. 68705.
23 WADANG
23. Wadang
Wood Working
Botanical Names
Working % Defect
Working Class Pterospermum spp., familiy Sterculiaceae
Properties Free
(especially P. celebicum Miq., P. diversifolium
Planing 63.25 Good (II)
Bl., P. javanicum Jungh.).
Moulding 77.00 Good (II)
Turning 50.00 Moderate (III)
Boring 70.25 Good (II) Commercial Name
Sanding 68.50 Good (II) Bayur

Local Names General Characteristics
Balang, cerlang, wadang, walang, walangan Color
(Java); ambulang, bayur, bayur bena, bayur Heartwood is pale red, light brown-red,
berdaun lebar, bayur burung, bayur helang, sometimes purplish. Sapwood is broken white
bayur lang, balang keras, cemerlang, jitang, to gray.
merilang (Sumatera); bayur, bawan besar daun,
bayur laki, bayur bantai, bayur merah, tenggi Tactile
leuyan (Kalimantan); bangero, banyiro sabe, Wood surface is fine or rather smooth
buli, haulur, lero, sume (Sulawesi); bolang
(Bali); damar, sala, wae (East Nusa Tenggara). Gloss
Names in Other Countries Specific gravity and strength class

Pterospermum javanicum 0.53 (0.35-0.70); III
Philippines: Bayok, bayuk. Malaysia (Serawak):
P. celebicum 0.44 (0.30-0.56); III-IV
bayor. France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia,
Nederland, UK, USA: bayur. Sabah: litak (P. P. diversifolium 0.65 (0.51-0.78); ll-lll
diversifolium).
Sumatera, Java and Sulawesi, West
Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East
Kalimantan, Maluku, Bali, East Nusa
Tenggara.
Habitus
Trees
Tree can reach 40 m in height and 120 cm in
stem diameter, with clear bole 10-30 m in
length. Stem is rather straight, shallowly
curved; buttresses are 2 m in height. Bark is
reddish brown or gray-brown in color,
somewhat peels off.
Figure 46. Wadang (Pterospermum javanicum)
Texture
Wood texture in moderately coarse
Grain
Grain orientation is straight or interlocked
Flowers
Flowers are bisexual; petals are yellowish
green in color, with smooth hair
Fruits
Fruits are capsule, each with 5 ribs size 8 x 3
cm, hairy, when mature, become less hairy
Figure 45. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of wadang

Durability and Treatability Classification results
Working
Durability properties P. P. P.
Wadang wood in general belongs to durability celebicum diversifolium javanicum
class IV-V. Wood resistance against dry-wood
Planing II II II
termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light) is
categorized as class IV, while that against Boring II II III
marine borers belongs to class V. Mortising II - I
Treatability Moulding III I II

Treatability class: I-II (moderate until easy to be Turning IV I III
preserved).
Sanding IV I I
Drying
In air seasoning, wadang wood dries very fast Pulp for Paper
(27days) from green to air dry moisture content Wadang wood pulped with kraft process affords
(43.5%), but with end checking and deformed. pulp yield, processing properties (Kappa
Air seasoning temperature ranges about 20- number and alkali consumption), and physical
33C with Rh 62-85%. In solar drying kiln, properties, which are fairly good for pulp and
combined with the use of biomass fuel, wood hence belongs to class II.
takes 4-5 days to dry from green to 12%,
temperature ranges about 40-75C. Uses
Wadang wood can be dried easily, although it is Wadang wood is suitable for construction
very prone to deformation (cupping and bowing) indoor, particularly for board or beam. Besides,
and end checking. In air seasoning, wadang wadang wood can be used for carpentry wood,
wood in board as thick as 2.5 cm takes 60 days floor, furniture, tool handle, canoe, matches. In
to dry from green to particular content (16%). Philippines, wadang wood is used for the
In the drying kiln, wadang wood board also as manufacture of combs.
thick as 2.5 cm takes 4-5 days to dry from
green to 10%. In that kiln, the temperature
ranges about 54-83C with Rh 30%. Silviculture
Habitat
Veneer and Plywood Wadang grows on wet soil, but not flooded, and
can also grow on dry soil in deciduous forest,
Veneer on clay soil, sandy soil, or sandy clay soil. This
Wadang wood can be easily peeled to veneer species requires humid climate to dry season,
without pretreatment, using peeling angle at 93 rather dry with rainfall type A, C on low-land at
producing veneer with 1.5 mm thick. altitude of 600 m.
Plywood Regeneration
Gluing of wadang veneer with urea Natural regeneration easily occurs and is
formaldehyde adhesive produces plywood that abundantly scattered or sometimes in cluster.
meets requirement by German Standard (DIN) Propagation is conducted a lot in teak forest as
No. 68705. mixture plants or conducted through pure
planting with spacing 3 m x 1 m. Planting can
be done through seeds from the nursery or
Wood working through wilder seedling from natural
Wadang wood is easily worked until becoming regeneration.
smooth, and can be varnished quite well. Tests
on working properties of wadang wood bring Fruits
out classification results as follows: P. javanicum species fruits all year round in
September-March. Fruits contain winged seeds,

hence easily blown about by winds. Number of Consequently, the delivery of that species
dry seeds is 13,000-20,000 per kg or 3,400- should be carried out in fruit form.
6,700 per liter. Fresh seeds afford germination
at 44%, which decrease fast, and therefore can
only be stored for several weeks.

LITERATURES CITED
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Burgess, P.F. 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 32. Bogor.
Forest Records no. 6. _________. 1951a. Daftar nama pohon-
Den Berger. 1926. Houtsoorten der pohonan Menado (diperbaiki). Laporan
cultuurgebieden van Java en van Balai Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 44.
Sumatras Oostkust Mededeelingen van Bogor.
het Proefstation voor het Boschwezen _________. 1951b. Daftar nama pohon-
No. 13, Bogor. pohonan Maluku Utara. Laporan Balai
_________. en F. H. Endert. 1925. Belangrijke Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 45. Bogor.
houtsoorten van Nederlandsch Indie, _________. 1951c. Daftar nama pohon-
Mededeelingen van het Proefstation pohonan Maluku Selatan. Laporan
voor het Boschwezen No. 11, Bogor. Balai Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 49.
Desch, H.E. 1941a. Dipterocarp timbers of the Bogor.
Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest _________. 1951d. Daftar nama pohon-
Records No. 14. pohonan Jawa - Madura. Laporan Balai
Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 50. Bogor.

_________. 1952a. Daftar nama pohon- _________. 1978. Moraceae. In F.S.P.Ng
pohonan Kalimantan Barat (diperbaiki). (Editor): Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol.
Laporan Balai Penyelidikan Kehutanan 3:119-168. Longman.
No. 54. Bogor.
_________. 1989. Anacardiaceae. In F.S.P.Ng
_________. 1952b. Daftar nama pohon- (Editor): Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol. 4 :9-
pohonan Bulungan dan Berau, 57. Longman.
Kalimantan Timur (diperbaiki) . Laporan
Lemmens, R. H. M. J., I. Soerianegara, and W.
Balai Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 55.
C. Wong. 1995. Plant resources of
Bogor.
South East Asia. Timber trees: Minor
_________. 1952c. Daftar nama pohon- commercial timbers. Vol. 5 (3) Blakhuys
pohonan Sumatera Timur (diperbaiki). Publ. Leiden.
Laporan Balai Penyelidikan Kehutanan
Mandang, Y.I. 1996. Pencarian pengganti kayu
No. 56. Bogor.
jelutung (Dyera spp.) untuk bahan baku
_________. 1952d. Daftar nama pohon- batang pensil. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil
pohonan Bangka dan Belitung Hutan 14 (6): 211 230. Pusat
(diperbaiki). Laporan Balai Penyelidikan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Kehutanan No. 57. Bogor. Hutan, Bogor.
_________. 1953a. Daftar nama pohon- _________, dan Barly. 1996. Kemungkinan
pohonan Bengkalis. Laporan Balai pemanfaatan jenis kayu Indonesia untuk
Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 59. Bogor. pengganti kayu pok. Jurnal Penelitian
Hasil Hutan dan Sosial Ekonomi
_________. 1953b. Daftar nama pohon-
Kehutanan. Bogor.
pohonan Timor. Laporan Balai
Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 60. Bogor. Martawijaya, A., K. Kadir, dan I. Kartasujana.
1973. Catatan mengenai daya tahan
_________. 1954. Daftar nama pohon-
beberapa jenis kayu terhadap rayap
pohonan Jambi. Laporan Balai
kayu kering Cryptotermes spp.
Penyelidikan Kehutanan No. 8. Bogor.
Lembaran Penelitian No. 1. Lembaga
Hou, D. 1962. Celastraceae, Flora Malesiana. Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Ser. I. Vol. 6: 258-262.
_________, dan I. Kartasujana. 1977. Ciri
_________. 1978. Anacardiaceae, Flora umum, sifat dan kegunaan jenis-jenis
Malesiana. Ser. I. Vol. 8: 423-440. kayu Indonesia. Publikasi Khusus no.
Kamil, R.N. dan P. Sutigno. 1973. Kayu puspa 41, Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan.
(Schiima wallichii Korth.) untk bahan Bogor.
kayu lapis. Laporan No. 21. Lembaga _________, dan G. Sumarni. 1979. Daya
Penelitian Hasil Huatn. Bogor. tahan sejumlah jenis kayu Indonesia
Karnasudirdja, S. & A. J. Abdurachman & O. terhadap Cryptotermes cynocephalus
Rachman. 1982. Sifat pemesinan kayu Light. Laporan No. 129. Pusat
Indonesia. Bagian V. Laporan no. 162, Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Balai Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Bogor. Hutan. Bogor.
Kartasujana , I. dan A. Martawijaya. 1979. _________, dan Barly. 1982. Resistance of

Kayu perdagangan Indonesia, sifat dan Indonesian timbers to impregnation with
kegunaannya. Terbitan ulang CCB preservative. Pengumuman no. 5.
Pengumuman No. 3 dan No. 56. Balai Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan. _________. P. Sutigno, dan I. Kartasujana.
Bogor. 1983. Pengenalan kayu baru
Kochummen, K.M. 1972. Annonaceae, (substitusi) sebagai bahan untuk barang
Burseraceae, Celastraceae, kerajinan. Laporan kerjasama No. 17.
Combretaceae. In T.C. Whitmore Balai Penelitian Hasil Hutan (Bogor) dan
(Editor): Tree Flora of Malaya. Vol. 1: Badan Pengembangan Ekspor Nasional
61-178. Longman. (Jakarta).

_________. S. Karnasudirja, O. Rachman, K. Oey Djoen Seng. 1990. Perbandingan berat
Kadir, I. Kartasujana, S. Hadi, G. dari jeniws-jenis kayu Indonesia dan
Sumarni, B. Ginoga, N. Supriana. 1978. pengertian beratnya kayu untuk
Kayu untuk industri perkapalan di keperluan praktek. Lembaga Penelitian
Indonesia. Bagian 1. Laporan No. 109. Hasil Hutan. Pengumuman No. 1.
Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Bogor.
Pasaribu, R.A. dan R.M. Siagian. 1987.
Memed, R., P. Sutigno, dan S. Kliwon. 1981. Kualitas jenis-jenis kayu kurang dikenal
Sifat venir dan kayu lapis beberapa jenis sebagai bahan baku pulp kertas.
kayu Indonesia. Bagian 7. Laporan No. Prosiding Diskusi Pemanfaatan Kayu
158. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Kurang Dikenal, 13-14 Januari 1987,
Bogor. Hal. 281-293. Badan Litbang
Kehutanan. Bogor.
Muslich, M. Dan G. Sumarni. 1987. Pengaruh
salinitas terhadap serangan penggerek Prawira, S.A. 1979. Pengenalan jenis-jenis
kayu di laut pada beberapa jenis kayu. pohon ekspor, serie ke X. Laporan No.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 4 (2) : 46 - 310. Lembaga Penelitian Hutan.
49 Bogor.
_________. 2004. Ketahanan 62 jenis kayu _________. 1980. Pengenalan jenis-jenis
Indonesia terhadap penggerek kayu pohon ekspor, serie ke XI. Laporan No.
dilaut. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 22 310. Lembaga Penelitian Hutan.
(3) : 183 191. Pusat Litbang Hasil Bogor.
Hutan. Bogor.
_________. dan I.G. N. Tantra. 1976.
_________. 2005. Ketahanan 200 jenis kayu Pengenalan jenis-jenis pohon penting.
Indonesia terhadap penggerek kayu Kompilasi Laporan No. 103, 108, 116.
dilaut. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 23 161. Lembaga Penelitian Hutan.
(3) : 163 176. Pusat Litbang Hasil Bogor.
Hutan. Bogor.
_________. dan Oetja. 1975. Pengenalan
_________. 2006. Ketahanan 25 jenis kayu jenis-jenis pohon ekspor, serie ke VI.
Dipterocarpaceae terhadap penggerek Laporan No. 212. Lembaga Penelitian
kayu dilaut. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Hutan 24 (3) : 191 200. Pusat Litbang
_________. dan Oetja. 1976. Pengenalan
Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
jenis-jenis pohon ekspor, serie ke VII.
_________. 2008. Ketahanan 25 jenis kayu Laporan No. 214. Lembaga Penelitian
andalan setempat Jawa Barat dan Jawa Hutan. Bogor.
timur terhadap penggerek kayu dilaut.
_________. dan U. Sutisna. 1979. Pengenalan
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 26 (1) : 70
jenis-jenis pohon ekspor, serie ke IX.
20. Pusat Litbang Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
Laporan No. 303. Lembaga Penelitian
Ng. F.S.P. 1972. Juglandaceae, in T.C. Hutan. Bogor.
Whitmore (editor): Tree Flora of
_________. et al. 1970. Daftar nama pohon-
Malaya, Vo. 4: 233-236.
pohonan Samarinda Kalimantan
Noteboom, H.P. 1985. Notest on Magnoliaceae Tengah, Kalimantan Selatan (revisi).
with a revision of Pachylarmax and Laporan Lembaga-Lembaga Penelitian
Elmerilla and the Malesian species of Kehutanan, No. 121. Bogor.
Manglietia and Michelia. Blumea 31:
_________. 1971. Daftar nama pohon-pohonan
65-121.
Kapuas-Barito, Kalimantan Tengah,
Kalimantan Timur (revisi). Laporan
Lembaga-Lembaga Penelitian
Kehutanan, No. 123. Bogor.

_________. 1972a. Daftar nama pohon- di hutan hujan tropika di Indonesia.
pohonan Bali dan Lombok (revisi). Rimba Indonesia. Thn. 15. Bo. 3-4.
Laporan Lembaga-Lembaga Penelitian Bogor.
_________. and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Eds)
_________. 1972b. Daftar nama pohon- 1994. Plant resources of South East
pohonan Sulawesi Selatan, Tenggara, Asia. Vol. 5(1). Timber trees; Major
dan sekitarnya (revisi). Laporan commersial timbers. PROSEA
Lembaga-Lembaga Penelitian Foundation. Bogor.
Sosef, M.S.M., L.T. Hong, and S.
Rachman, O. dan J. Balfas. 1985. Sifat Prawirohatmijo (Eds). 1998. Plant
pemesinan 34 jenis kayu dari Maluku resources of South East Asia Vol 5(3).
dan Sulawesi Tengah. Jurnal Penelitian Timber trees: Lesser known timbers.
Hasil Hutan 2 (3): 27-36. Pusat Backhuys Publ. Leiden.
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil
Sumarni, G. dan H. Roliadi. 2002. Daya tahan
Hutan. Bogor.
109 jenis kayu Indonesia terhadap
_________. dan J. Balfas. 1987a. Sifat rayap tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus
pemesinan 36 jenis kayu dari daerah Holmgren). Buletin Penelitian hasil
Irian Jaya. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 20(3): 177-185. Pusat Penelitian
Hutan 4 (1): 1-11. Pusat Penelitian dan dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor. Bogor.
_________. dan J. Balfas. 1987b. Sifat Sutigno, P., S. Kliwon, dan S. Karnasudirja.
pemesinan 36 jenis kayu dari Jawa 1976. Sifat papan wol kayu dari tiga
barat. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan 4 jenis kayu Sukabumi. Laporan No. 65.
(1): 1-11. Pusat Penelitian dan Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan.
Pengembangan Hasil Hutan. Bogor. Bogor.
Rulliaty, S. dan O. Rachman. 1991. Sifat _________. R. Memed, dan S. Karnasudirja.
pemesinan 10 jenis kayu dari daerah 1977. Sifat vinir dan kayu lapis dari lima
Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil jenis kayu. Laporan No. 99. Lembaga
Hutan 9 (2): 82-88. Pusat Penelitian Penelitian Hasil Hutan. Bogor.
dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan.
_________. S. Kliwon, R. Memed. 1978. Sifat
Bogor.
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Sarayar, Ch. 1975. Struktur anatomi kayu deglupta Bl.) dan kaya (Khaya
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Penelitian Hasil Hutan No. 71. Bogor. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan.
Bogor.
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Geofisika. Jakarta. No. 141. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil
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413-416. Longman kayu Indonesia. Bagian 6. Laporan No.
156. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan,
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Bogor.
pohon-pohon tancang (Bruguiera spp.)

Terazawa, S. 1965. An easy method for the _________. 1973. Euphorbiaceae, in TC.
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_________. I.G.M. Tantra and U. Sutisna.
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Whitmore (Editor): Tree Flora of Malaya, Development Agency. Forest Research
Vol. 1: 237-304. Longman. and Development Centre. Bogor.

EXPERIMENTAL USE OF
23
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Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
Published by ITTO PROJECT PD 286/04 Rev.1 (I),

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Available from ISWA-ITTO Project PD 286/04 Rev. 1 (I) : Strengthening the Capacity to Promote
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REPORT NO.

Indonesian Sawmill and Woodworking Association (ISWA)

FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE (FPRDC)

EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN

EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN

ii EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

1. This Technical Report pertains to Activity 5. The information on geographical distribution

iv EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ iii

III. TWENTY THREE LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES .............................................. 10

v EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

vi EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Nowadays, the potency of commercial commercial names, local names, names in

1 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Wood description presented in this example, tapos wood written as

2 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

3 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

The testing on wood durability is Table 2. Classification of wood resistance

4 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

5 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Classification of wood-drying duration in

6 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

J. Veneer and Plywood (1) Bonding strength of 12 kg/cm2 for plywood

7 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Balfas (1985, 1987), and Rulliaty and Rachman

8 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

9 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Geographic Distribution Texture

10 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

11 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Names in Other Countries

12 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Veneer and Plywood

Figure 4. Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) Wood Working

Grain Pulp for Paper

13 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

14 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Specific gravity and strength class

Figure 5. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of cempaka Durability and Treatability

Veneer and Plywood

15 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Figure 7. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of durian

Commercial Name Texture

16 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Pulp for Paper

Figure 8. Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)

Durability and Treatability

17 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Names in Other Regions Fruiting

Flowering Specific gravity and strength class

18 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Durability and Treatability

Veneer and Plywood Botanical Name

19 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Seeds

Figure 11. Leaves, flowers, and fruits of kandis

20 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

21 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Names in Other Countries

22 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

23 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Local Names Leaf

24 EXPERIMENTAL USE OF TWENTY THREE INDONESIAN LESSER USED WOOD SPECIES

Veneer and Plywood