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Introduction
4-1 Sample spaces and Probability
4-2 The Addition Rules for Probability
PROBABILITY 4-3 The Multiplication Rules and
Conditional Probability
4-4 Permutation and Combination

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Determine sample spaces and find the Find the probability of compound events,
probability of an event, using classical using the Multiplication Rules.
probability or empirical probability
Find the Conditional Probability of an
Find the probability of compound events, event.
using the Addition Rules
Find the permutation and combination of an
event.

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What is PROBABILITY ?
The chance of an event occurring.
Probability is measured on a scale from 0
to 1.
If probability is 0, it means that the event
will never occur.
If probability is 1, it means that the event
is absolutely certain to happen.

0 1

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Basic Concepts (Terms in Probability): Examples 1:

1) A ______________ is a chance process Experiment Sample Space
that leads to well-defined results called
outcomes. Toss one coin Head, Tail
2) An ______________ is the result of a Roll a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
single trial of a probability experiment.
3) A ______________ is the set of all Answer a true / false True, false
question
possible outcomes of a probability
experiment. Toss two coins Hh, ht,th,tt

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Examples 2: Find the sample space for Exercises: Find the sample spaces for the
rolling 2 dice. following probability experiment.
Die Die 2
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1) Toss a coin and roll a die
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) 2) Gender of three children in a family
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

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Basic Concepts (Terms in Probability): Example: By using a tree diagram, find

all the sample space of the Gender of
A Tree Diagram is a device consisting of line three children in a family.
segment emanating from a starting point
and also from the outcome point. It is used
to determine all possible outcomes of a
probability experiment.

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Basic Concepts (Terms in Probability):

An ______ consists of a set of outcomes of

a probability experiment.
An event with one outcome is called a
__________________.
An event consists of more than one
outcome is called a
_____________________.

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Examples of Simple Events: b) Experiment: Roll a die and get a number

six (6).
a) Experiment: Select a day from a given week Outcome:
and get Tuesday.

Outcome:

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Examples of Compound Events:

b) Experiment: Draw a King card from a
a) Experiment: Roll a die and get an odd deck of playing cards.
number.
Outcomes:
Outcomes:

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Types of Probability: A. Classical Probability:

There are two basic interpretations of
Probability: Uses __________________ to determine
the numerical probability that an event will
1)
happen.
2)
Assumes that all outcomes in the sample
space are _______________ to occur.
Equally Likely Events are events that have
the _____________________ of occurring.

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The probability of any event E is

Example 1: Answer a multiple choice
number of outcomes in E question with four (4) choices (A,B,C,D)

total number of outcomes in sample spaces
The probability of each outcome is equal,
The probability is denoted by that is:

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Example 2: Deliver a baby. Example 3: An ordinary die is thrown. Find

the probability that the number of die
The gender of the baby can be either obtained:
male or female. The probability of getting
a male or female baby is: a) Is less than 5
b) Is a multiple of 3
c) Is 9

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a) <5 b) Multiple of 3

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c) 9
Exercise 1: If a family has three
(3)children, find the probability that two
(2) of them are girls. Let G = girl child.

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Exercise 2: A card is drawn from an

ordinary deck containing 52 cards. Find the
probability that the card drawn:

a) Is a Jack.
b) Is the 6 of club (a 6 with club suit).
c) Is a 3 or a 6.

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a) Is a Jack. b) Is the 6 of club (a 6 with club suit).

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c) Is a 3 or a 6. B. Empirical Probability:
Some of the outcomes are not equally
likely thus their probabilities need to be
determined using empirical method.
Relies on actual experience, or
observation to determine likelihood of
outcomes.

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Given a frequency distribution, the Example 1: In a sample of 50 people, 21

probability of an event being in a given class had type O blood, 22 had type A blood, 5
is: had type B blood, and 2 had type AB
blood. Set up a frequency distribution.
PE
frequency for the class f

total frequency in the distribution n

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Solution
Find the following probabilities based on
the frequency distribution:

a) A person has type O blood.

b) A person has type A or type B blood.
c) A person has neither type A nor type O
blood.
d) A person does not have type AB blood.

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Solution Example 2: A hospital records indicated

that maternity patients stayed in the
hospital for the number of days shown in
the distribution.

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Find the probability such that:

Number of days stayed Frequency, f
3 15
4 32 a) A patient stayed exactly 5 days.
5 56 b) A patient stayed less than 6 days.
6 19 c) A patient stayed at most 4 days.
7 5 d) A patient stayed at least 5 days.
Total n = 127

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Solution
Exercise: A ball is drawn from a box
containing 10 red, 15 white, 5 green, and
5 black. Find the probability that the ball
drawn:

a) Is black
b) Is red or green
c) Is not white

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Solution Solution

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If an event is certain, then the probability

of E is 1.

The sum of the probabilities of all the

outcomes in the sample space is 1.

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Venn Diagram:

Simple probability

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Examples: For each event, find its

complement.

1) Rolling a die and getting a four (4).

2) Selecting a letter of the alphabet and
getting a vowel.
3) Selecting a month and getting a month
that begins with a J
4) Selecting a day of the week and getting
a weekday.

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Solutions:

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Example 1:
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE:
In UCSI University, what is the probability
Two events are said to be that a person you choose is a female or a
_________________________ if they lecturer ?
cannot occur at the same time (i.e. they In UCSI University what is probability that a
have no common outcomes). person that you choose is a female or a
male?
Can you determine which is mutually
exclusive ?

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Exercises: Determine the following ADDITION RULE 1:

events are mutually exclusive or not. When two events A and B are mutually
exclusive, the probability that A OR B will
occur is:
1) Getting an odd number and getting an
even number.
2) Getting a 3 and getting an odd number.
3) Getting an odd number and getting a P A or B P A PB
or
number less than 4 P A B P A PB

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Venn Diagram of mutually exclusive Example 1: A box contains 3 chocolate

events: cakes, 4 cheese cakes, and 5 strawberry
cakes. If a person choose one cake at
random, find the probability that either
a chocolate cake or a strawberry cake is
chosen.
P(A) P(B)

P(S) = 1

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Solution
Example 2: A day of the week is selected
at random. Find the probability that it is
a weekend.

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Solution
Exercise 1:
In a conference, there are 12
researchers, 10 scientists, and 8
educators. If a person is selected from
the conference, find the probability of
getting a researcher or a scientist.
(Assuming that each person can have
only one professional).

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Solution

Exercise 2:
A bag contains 4 red marbles, 2 white
marbles, and 8 black marbles. A marble
is picked from bag randomly, what is the
probability that either a red marble or a
black marble is picked ?

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Solution
ADDITION RULE 2:
When two event s A and B are NOT
mutually exclusive, the probability that A
OR B will occur is:

P A or B P A PB P A and B
P A B P A PB P A B

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Venn Diagram of Non-mutually exclusive Example 1: A single card is drawn at

events: random from an ordinary deck of cards.
Find the probability that it is either an
ace or black card.
P(A) P(B)

P(S) = 1 P(A and B)

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Solution

Example 2: In a hospital there are 8

nurses and 5 physicians; 7 nurses and 3
physicians are females. If a staff is
selected, find the probability that the
staff is a nurse or a male.

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Solution: Solution
The sample space are shown below:

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Exercise 1: In a Statistics class, there are Solution:

18 juniors and 10 seniors; 6 of the seniors The sample space are shown below:
are females, and 12 of the juniors are
males. If a student is randomly selected,
find the probability that a student
selected:
a) Is a junior or a female
b) Is a senior or a female
c) Is a junior or a male

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Solution Solution

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Solution
Exercise 2: In a group of 30 students, all
study at least one of the subjects
Physics and Biology; 20 students attend
the Physics class and 21 students attend
the Biology class. Find the probability
that a student chosen at random studies
both the Physics and Biology subjects.

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Solution

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