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3.2USE OF ECU
Such systems are used for many internathe common
configuration of a carbureted engine with a magneto
ignition system that does not rl combustion engines in other
applications. In aeronautical applications, the systems are
known as "FADECs" (Full Authority Digital Engine Controls).
This kind of electronic control is less common in piston-engined
light fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters than in automobiles.
This is due to equire electrical power generated by
an alternator to run, which is considered a safety advantage. [
4-FUEL INJECTOR
The fuel is delivered by the fuel pumps to the fuel injectors
or fuel valves. For the fuel to burn completely at the correct
time it must be broken up into tiny droplets in a process
known as atomisation. These tiny droplets should penetrate
far enough into the combustion space so that they mix with
the oxygen. The temperature of the droplets rise rapidly as
they absorb the heat energy from the hot air in the
cylinder, and they ignite and burn before they can hit the
relatively cold surface of the liner and piston.
Fuel injectors achieve this by making use of a spring loaded needle valve. The
fuel under pressure from the fuel pump is fed down the injector body to a
chamber in the nozzle just above where the needle valve is held hard against its
seat by a strong spring. As the fuel pump plunger rises in the barrel, pressure
builds up in the chamber, acting on the underside of the needle as shown. When
this force overcomes the downward force exerted by the spring, the needle valve
starts to open. The fuel now acts on the seating area of the valve, and increases
the lift. As this happens fuel flows into the space under the needle and is forced
through the small holes in the nozzle where it emerges as an "atomised spray".
At the end of delivery, the pressure drops sharply and the spring closes the
needle valve smartly.
The pressure at which the injector operates can be adjusted by adjusting
the loading on the spring. The pressure at which the injectors operate vary
depending on the engine, but can be as high as 540bar. Some injectors
have internal cooling passages in them extending into the nozzle through
which cooling water is circulated. This is to prevent overheating and
burning of the nozzle tip. Injectors on modern 2 stroke crosshead engines
do not have internal water cooling passages. They are cooled by a
combination of the intensive bore cooling in the cylinder head being close
to the valve pockets and by the fuel which is recirculated through the
injector when the follower is on the base of the cam or when the engine is
stopped. As well as cooling the injector, recirculating the fuel when the
engine is stopped keeps the fuel at the correct viscosity for injection by
preventing it from cooling down.
The animation opposite shows the principle on which one system operates.
Fuel injectors must be kept in good condition to maintain
optimum efficiency, and to prevent conditions arising which
could lead to damage within the cylinder. Injectors should be
changed in line with manufacturers recommendations,
overhauled and tested. Springs can weaken with repeated
operation leading to the injector opening at a lower pressure
than designed. The needle valve and seat can wear which
together with worn nozzle holes will lead to incorrect
atomisation and dribbling.
Solenoid injectors
These injectors operate within Common Rail systems. They
are the most frequently used supply systems of high
pressure engines. They enable the separation of high
pressure generation function and fuel injection performance.
In consequence, they provide flexibility and adaptation of the
injection system to the engine higher than conventional
systems. Since fuel is located in the chamber with constant
high pressure, it is possible to model the injection freely by
means of sending electrical impulses to the injectors. A
programmer, supplying solenoid valve of the injector with
power, activates the sprayer (beginning of injection). After
disconnection of the power supply, injection is finished.
Injected fuel dose is proportional (with given pressure) until
solenoid valve activation; yet, it is not dependent on engine
rotational speed or an injection pump. With CR of a new
generation, it is possible to perform several injections during
single working circulation of a piston. It influences the
reduction of fuel consumption, ensures more silent engine
operation and lower content of hazardous substances in
exhaust fumes.
Piezoelectric injectors
With Common Rail systems of third generation, piezoelectric
injectors have appeared. Their main advantage is a short
switching time, approx. 0,1 ms. This is approx. ten times
faster than with solenoid injectors. In consequence, the
beginning of injection may be freely adjusted as well as fuel
dose volume, and multi-phase injection may be performed.
Solenoid injectors` inertia has allowed for one initial injection
in order to silence combustion noise. Piezoelectric elements
group is used as an element controlling the injector
operation. Owing to such a fast activation, intervals between
injections may be shortened, which facilitates optimisation of
engine operation. The amount of fuel, including a small dose
of initial injection, is measured very precisely, which is
reflected in fuel consumption reduction. In systems equipped
with piezoelectric injectors, fuel pressure is increased and it
may reach over 2000 bars.
4.2-INJECTOR ASSEMBY MAIN PARTS
1.Neesle valve
2.Compression spring
3.Nozzle
4.Injector body
4.3-NEEDLE VALVE
Needle valves are basically used in fluid pipelines for controlling the
flow of fluid. If we look the design and operating mechanism of
needle valves, we will come to understand that needle valves are
quite similar in design and operating mechanism with globe valve.
FIG-NEEDLE VALVE
4.3.1-WORKING OF NEEDLE VALVE
Needle valve will provide the precise control over the fluid flow. When
handle wheel will be rotated in clockwise direction, steam and its tapered
and slender point will move in downward direction and will be tightly fixed
into a vale seat provided over the inlet and hence there will not be any
leakage of fluid through the valve once valve is closed completely.
When handle wheel will be rotated in anti-clockwise direction, steam and its
tapered and slender point will move in upward direction and valve will be
opened from closed position and will permit the flow of fluid through the
valve. Fluid flowing via needle valve will turn at 90 degree angle and will
pass through the valve seat at which slender or tapered point of valve stem
will be seated during closed position of valve
4.3.2 USE OF NEEDLE VALVE
1. Needle valves are basically used for controlling the fluid flow into the
delicate gauges of the system, which might be damaged if high pressure
fluid will be delivered suddenly.
2 Needle valves could also be used in various industrial equipment where
motion of work must stop slowly at the end of operation.
3. Needle valves are usually used for controlling and adjusting the fluid
flow precisely. Needle valves are much in demand where lower flow rate
will be required.
4.. Needle valves could be used under throttling condition, complete open
condition or in complete closed position
4.3.2 NOZZLE
Nozzle is that part of an injector through which the liquid fuel
is sprayed into the combustion chamber.
The nozzle should fulfill the following functions.
1.Atomization:
This is a very important function since it is the first phase in
obtaining proper mixing of the fuel and air in the combustion
chamber.
2. Distribution of fuel:
Distribution of fuel to the required areas within the
combustion chamber
3. Prevention of impingement on walls:
Prevention of the fuel from impinging directly on the walls of
combustion chamber or piston. This is necessary because
fuel striking the walls, decomposes and produces carbon
deposits. This causes smoky exhaust as well as increase in
fuel consumption.
4. Mixing:
Mixing the fuel and air in case of nonturbulent type of
combustion chamber should be taken care of by the nozzle.
TYPES OF NOZZLE
1.Pintle Nozzle:
The stem of the nozzle valve is extended to form a pin or
pintIe which protrudes through the mouth of the nozzle
It provides a spray operating at low injection pressures of
8-10 Mpa
The spray cone angle is generally 600
ADVANTAGES OF PINTLE NOZZLE-
It avoids weak injection and dribbling.
It prevents the carbon deposition on the nozzle hole.