Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MEC2403-Lecture 2
Stress & Strain-Axial Loading
Based on Mechanics of Materials by Beer, Johnston, Dewolf, and Mazurek
WS Chang
Lecturer, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia
Semester 1, 2014
Contents:
Stress strain for axially loaded bars
Normal stress - normal strain
Stress strain test
Stress-strain diagram
Ductile and Brittle Materials
Elasticity
Hookes Law Modulus of elasticity
Elastic vs Plastic behavior
Deformations under axial loads
Examples
Two bars connected with a rigid link
Statically indeterminate problems
Thermal stresses
Generalized Hookes Law
Lateral vs axial strain, Poissons ratio
MEC2403-Lecture 2 2
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the deformations in
the structure as well as the stresses induced under loading. Statics
analyses alone are not sufficient.
MEC2403-Lecture 2 3
Normal Strain
150m
250 250 106 (m / m)
L 0.6m
MEC2403-Lecture 2 4
Normal Strain
Fig. 2.4
P
P
stress
2P P
A 2A A A
2
normal strain
L L 2L L
MEC2403-Lecture 2 5
Stress-Strain Test
Fig 2.7 This machine is used to test tensile test specimens, Fig 2.8 Test specimen with tensile load.
such as those shown in this chapter.
MEC2403-Lecture 2 6
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
MEC2403-Lecture 2 7
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
MEC2403-Lecture 2 8
Contents:
Stress strain for axially loaded bars
Normal stress - normal strain
Stress strain test
Stress-strain diagram
Ductile and Brittle Materials
Elasticity
Hookes Law Modulus of elasticity
Elastic vs Plastic behavior
Deformations under axial loads
Examples
Two bars connected with a rigid link
Statically indeterminate problems
Thermal stresses
Generalized Hookes Law
Lateral vs axial strain, Poissons ratio
MEC2403-Lecture 2 9
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Hooks
Law
Below the yield stress
E
E Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
MEC2403-Lecture 2 10
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
If the strain disappears when
the stress is removed, the
material is said to behave
elastically.
The largest stress for which
this occurs is called the elastic
limit.
When the strain does not
return to zero after the stress
is removed, the material is
said to behave plastically.
Fig. 2.18
MEC2403-Lecture 2 11
Fatigue
Fatigue properties are shown on
S-N diagrams.
MEC2403-Lecture 2 12
Deformations Under Axial Loading
From Hookes Law:
P
E (Eq.1)
E AE
From the definition of strain:
(Eq.2)
L
Equating Eq.1 and Eq.2 and solving for the
deformation, we will have:
P PL
AE L AE
MEC2403-Lecture 2 15
SOLUTION:
Step2: Apply free-body analysis to each
Step1: Divide the rod into component to determine internal forces,
three components:
P1 240 KN 240 103 N
P2 60 KN 60 103 N
120 KN P3 120 KN 120 103 N
300 KN 180 KN
Pi Li 1 P1 L1 P2 L2 P3 L3
120 KN i Ai Ei E A1 A2 A3
180 KN
1 240 103 (0.3) 60 103 (0.3) 120 103 (0.4)
200 109 580 10 6 580 10 6 190 10 6
120 KN
0.3457 109
300 KN 180 KN 1.729 10 3 m 1.729mm
200 10 9
L1 L2 300 mm L3 400 mm
A1 A2 580 mm 2 A3 190 mm 2
MEC2403-Lecture 2 16
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
Step1: Apply a free-body analysis to
the bar BDE to find the forces exerted
by links AB and DC.
MEC2403-Lecture 2 17
Sample Problem 2.1 (Contd)
SOLUTION: Displacement of B:
PL
Step1: Free body: Bar BDE B
AE
60 103 N 0.3 m
50010-6 m2 70 109 Pa
514 10 6 m
B 0.514 mm
MB 0 Displacement of D:
0 30 kN 0.6 m FCD 0.2 m
PL
FCD 90 kN tension
D
AE
MD 0 90 103 N 0.4 m
0 30 kN 0.4 m FAB 0.2 m
60010-6 m2 200109 Pa
FAB 60 kN compression 300 10 6 m
D 0.300 mm
MEC2403-Lecture 2 18
Sample Problem 2.1 (Contd)
Displacement of D:
BB BH
DD HD
0.514 mm 200 mm x
0.300 mm x
x 73.7 mm
EE HE
DD HD
E
400 73.7 mm
0.300 mm 73.7 mm
E 1.928 mm
E 1.928 mm
MEC2403-Lecture 2 19
Static Indeterminacy
Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.
A structure will be statically indeterminate
whenever it is held by more supports than
are required to maintain its equilibrium.
L R 0
MEC2403-Lecture 2 20
Example 2.04 Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.
SOLUTION:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.
R
Pi Li
RB 0.3
RB 0.3
1.95 103 RB
i Ai Ei 400 10 6 E 250 10 6 E E
MEC2403-Lecture 2 22
Example 2.04
Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
L R 0
1.125109 1.95 103 RB
0
E E
RB 577 103 N 577 kN
R A 323kN
RB 577 kN
MEC2403-Lecture 2 23
Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length
or thermal strain. There is no stress associated with
the thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained
by the supports.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
T T L P
AE
thermal expansion coef.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
T P 0 T L
PL
0
AE
P AE T
P
E T
A
MEC2403-Lecture 2 24
Contents:
Stress strain for axially loaded bars
Normal stress - normal strain
Stress strain test
Stress-strain diagram
Ductile and Brittle Materials
Elasticity
Hookes Law Modulus of elasticity
Elastic vs Plastic behavior
Deformations under axial loads
Examples
Two bars connected with a rigid link
Statically indeterminate problems
Thermal stresses
Generalized Hookes Law
Lateral vs axial strain, Poissons ratio
MEC2403-Lecture 2 25
Poissons Ratio
MEC2403-Lecture 2 26
Generalized Hookes Law
For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,
the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
With these restrictions:
x y z
x
E E E
x y z
y
E E E
x y
z z
E E E
MEC2403-Lecture 2 27
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
MEC2403-Lecture 2 28
Shearing Strain
A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
xy f xy
Fig. 2-47
MEC2403-Lecture 2 29
Example 2.10
62 mm
SOLUTION:
200 mm
Step1: Determine the average angular
50 mm deformation or shearing strain of the
block.
Step2: Apply Hookes law for shearing
stress and strain to find the
corresponding shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 630 MPa is Step3: Use the definition of shearing
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates. stress to find the force P.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 1 mm under the action
of the force, determine (a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and (b)
the force P exerted on the plate.
MEC2403-Lecture 2 30
Step1: Determine the average angular
1 mm
deformation or shearing strain of the block.
1mm
50 mm xy tan xy xy 0.020 rad
50mm
P 156.2KN
MEC2403-Lecture 2 31
Relation Among E, , and G
An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a
shear strain.
Components of normal and shear strain are
related,
E
1
2G
MEC2403-Lecture 2 32
Sample Problem 2.5
A circle of diameter d = 225 mm is scribed on
an unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t =
18 mm. Forces acting in the plane of the plate
380 mm later cause normal stresses x = 84 MPa and
380 mm z = 140 Mpa.
For E = 70 GPa and = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
d) the volume of the plate.
MEC2403-Lecture 2 33
SOLUTION:
Apply the generalized Hookes Law
Evaluate the deformation components.
to find the three components of
normal strain. B A x d 0.533 103 mm/mm 225mm
B A 0.12mm
x y z
x
E E E C D z d 1.600 103 mm/mm 225mm
1
84M Pa 0
1
140M Pa 0.553 10 3 mm / mm
70GPa 3 C D 0.36mm
x y z
y
E E E t y t 1.067 103 mm/mm 18mm
1 1 1
(84 MPa ) 0 (140 MPa ) 1.067 10 3 mm/mm
70GPa 3 3 t 0.0192mm
x y z
z
E E E
1 1
(84 MPa ) 0 (140 MPa ) 1.600 10 3 mm/mm
70MPa 3
Find the change in volume
e x y z (0.533 1.067 1.600) 103 1.066 103
V eV 1.066 103 (380mm)(380mm)(18mm)
V 2770mm3
MEC2403-Lecture 2 34
Composite Materials
Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed
from lamina of fibers of graphite, glass, or
polymers embedded in a resin matrix.
MEC2403-Lecture 2 35
Saint-Venants Principle
Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform
distribution of stress and strain.
Concentrated loads result in large
stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.
3- 38
Plastic Deformations
A Elastic deformation while
P ave A max
K maximum stress is less than yield
stress
Y A Maximum stress is equal to the
PY yield stress at the maximum elastic
K
loading
MEC2403-Lecture 2 39
Residual Stresses
When a single structural element is loaded uniformly
beyond its yield stress and then unloaded, it is
permanently deformed but all stresses disappear. This is
not the general result.
Residual stresses will remain in a structure after
loading and unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic
deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different
plastic deformations
Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or
cooling of structures or structural elements
MEC2403-Lecture 2 40