COMPOSTING

BIOGAS

Composting ???????

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 Source Kondisi saat ini
Waste generation 3 liters/person/day Public Participation Local Government Responsibilities

70 % organic waste and 30 % inorganic waste

Organic wastes are converted to compost,
animal feed, and bio-energy
Inorganic wastes are recycled.
Source of Waste Collection
Transfer Station Transportation
Waste to energy

Direct Collection
(Door to door)

Final Disposal

WHAT??

Composting is a managed process that speeds up the

natural decomposition of organic material. By piling a
variety of organic materials together, mixing and turning
them to introduce oxygen, and adding moisture when
necessary
WHY??
Reduces the cost for waste collection and disposal
Protects air quality by minimizing pollutants
emitted during waste collection and disposal
Reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides
Keeps valuable nutrients necessary for plant
growth from being lost to landfills
Protects water quality within your watershed
Compost is a common name for the decomposition of organic
matter. The decomposition is performed primarily by microbes,
although larger creatures such as ants, nematode, and oligochaete
worms also contribute.
Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic matter.
Rather than allowingg nature to take its slow course,, a composter
p
provides an optimal environment in which decomposers can thrive.
To encourage the most active microbes, a compost pile needs the
correct mix of the following ingredients:
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen (air)
Water

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Decomposition happens even in the absence of some of
these ingredients, but not as quickly or as pleasantly.
(For example, vegetables in a plastic bag will decompose,
but the absence of air encourages the growth of
anaerobic microbes that produce disagreeable odors.)
There are two primary methods of aerobic composting:
Active (or hot) composting, which allows the most effective
decomposing bacteria to thrive, kills most pathogens and seeds, and
rapidly produces usable compost
Passive (or cold) composting, which lets nature take its course in a
more leisurely manner and leaves many pathogens and seeds
dormant in the pile
Most commercial and industrial composting operations use active
composting techniques. This ensures a higher quality product and
produces results in the shortest time (see compost windrow turner).
The greatest control, and therefore the highest quality, is generally
achieved by composting inside an enclosed vessel which is monitored
and adjusted continuously for optimal temperature, air flow, moisture,
and other parameters. See In-vessel (also en-vessel).

Three points strategy Community Base Technology

1 2

Plastics, Glass, Product

Metal

Recycling
Paper Waste Art Paper
Sorting
Collection Transportation
Household treatment Small/Medium
Scale Treatment
3 Residual Waste Collecting Transfer Station
Household

Organic Wastes Composter Compost

Direct Collection
(DOOR-TO-DOOR) Flowers
Large Scale Treatment

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 Stages of the composting process
two fundamental types of composting
decomposition of organic wastes in the presence of
oxygen (air) Phase 1, the mesophilic growth stage, which is
Products: CO2, NH3, water and heat
characterised by bacterial growth and temperatures of
aerobic

Used :any type of organic
moisture contents : 60-70% and carbon to nitrogen between 25 and 40 C
ratios (C/N) of 30/1.
Source of carbon : wood and paper, Phase 2, the thermophilic stage
Source of nitrogen : sewage sludge and food waste bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes (first level consumers) present
Supplyy of
Supp o oxygen
o yge : ventilation
e a o o of the
e waste,
as e, at temperatures of 50-60 CC
breakdown cellulose, lignin and other resistant materials.
Can be as high as 70 C and hold the temperature minimum of 1
day to ensure pathogens and contaminants are destroyed
anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes in the absence of
O2
Products : methane (CH4), CO2, NH3, and trace
Phase 3 is the maturation stage, where temperatures
amounts of other gases and organic acids stabilise and some fermentation occurs
traditionally used : animal manure and human
sewage sludge converting the material to humus through nitrification reactions.
Become more common : municipal solid waste a well-composted material has a low C/N ratio.
(MSW)

Composting Input and Output

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 Types of organic waste commonly
used for composting
What not to compost
Green waste CHEMICALLY-TREATED WOOD PRODUCTS
It contains arsenic, a highly toxic element, as well as chromium
little contamination and copper
can produce a very good quality compost DISEASED PLANTS
Food waste and Biosolids Many plant disease organisms are killed by consistent hot
composting
Waste from the food processing industry and sewage HUMAN WASTES
sludge from the waste water treatment Contain diseade
Source of carbon : wood requires that the compost pile reach high (thermophilic)
produce a good quality compost temperatures

Municipal Solid Waste

Unsegregated waste from the household waste

What not compost What to compost

MEAT, BONES, AND FATTY FOOD WASTES A great variety of things can be composted at home to your
compost pile:
very attractive to pests
GRASS/LAWN CLIPPINGS
fatty food wastes can be very slow to break down HAY
PERNICIOUS WEEDS KITCHEN WASTES
Don't compost
p these weeds unless they
y are completely
p y Fruit and vegetable peels/rinds, tea bags, coffee grounds, eggshells,
and similar materials are great stuff to compost.
dead and dry.
LEAVES
PET WASTES MANURE
Dog and cat feces may carry diseases that can infect Horse, cow, sheep, and poultry manures are often available for free
humans. from local ranches, farms, and stables.
STRAW
because it tends to create lots of passageways for air to get into the
pile.
WEEDS AND OTHER GARDEN WASTES
WOOD CHIPS AND SAWDUST

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 Composting Type

Windrow composting Passively Aerated Windrows

KEUNTUNGAN DAN KERUGIAN BAHAN-BAHAN UNTUK KOMPOS

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Comparation Indonesia and China

Composting in developing country

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 Types of Individual Composter

Small/Medium Scale Composting

Converted MSW into compost with capacity more than 20 m3/day

Sorting Piling Aerobic Composting Process

Manual Turning Manual Screening Packaging and Labeling

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 What is biogas?
Biogas originates from bacteria in
the process of bio-degradation of
organic material under anaerobic
(without air) conditions
p
An important part
p of the
biogeochemical carbon cycle
Methanogens (methane producing
bacteria) degrade organic material
and return the decomposition
products to the environment
The main factors
change in volume as a function of temperature
and pressure,
change in calorific value as a function of
temperature, pressure and water-vapor content,
and
change in water-vapor content as a function of
temperature and pressure.

Composition and properties of

biogas
Biogas system configuration
Biogas is a mixture of gases that is composed
chiefly of:
methane (CH4): 40-70 vol.%
carbon dioxide (CO2): 30-60 vol.%
other gases: 1-5 vol.% including
hydrogen (H2): 0-1 vol.%
hydrogen sulfide (H2S): 0-3 vol.%
The calorific value of biogas is about 6
kWh/m3 or 0.5 L diesel oil.

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 Sejarah Biogas
The Benefits of Biogas Technology
production of energy (heat, light, electricity) ;
transformation of organic waste into high quality fertilizer;
improvement of hygienic conditions through reduction of pathogens,
worm eggs and flies;
reduction of workload, mainly for women, in firewood collection and
cooking.
environmental advantages through protection of soil, water, air and
woody vegetation;
micro-economical benefits through energy and fertilizer substitution,
additional income sources and increasing yields of animal husbandry
and agriculture;
macro-economical benefits through decentralized energy
generation, importsubstitution and environmental protection

Sejarah Biogas di Asia Developing Country

China : Main energy requirements in the domestic sector
Pertama dibuat tahun 1940, for:
mulai tahun 1970 digunakan secara luas Cooking,
Rural area : >5 juta small biogas digester dibangun Water heating,
>20juta orang menggunakan biogas sebagai bahan Lighting, and
bakar Drinking water supply pump operation.
India : Decentralised energy sources and systems offer
Pertama dibuat tahun 1950, an opportunity to supplement these energy
mulai tahun 1970 digunakan secara luas needs.
Rural area : >1 juta small biogas digester dibangun

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 GLOBAL POPULATION VS ELECTRICITY
Energy Consumption

Cooking

The three steps of biogas Parameters and process

production optimisation
Substrate temperature
Available nutrients
Retention time (flow-through time)
pH level
Nitrogen inhibition and C/N ratio
Substrat solid content and agitation
Inhibitory factors (antibiotic and heavy metal)

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 C/N Ratio Digester Reactor Types

methanogenic bacteria can be

optimized at a C/N ratio of
approximately 8-20

A : Floating cover/drum (Indian type)

B : Fixed dome (Chinese type)
C : Fixed domed plant with separate
gas holder
D : ballon plant
E : Channel-type digester with plastic
sheeting and sunshade

Advantages and Disadvantages

Ballon Plant
Advantages are low cost, ease of transportation, low construction
Balloon Type
sophistication, high digester temperatures, uncomplicated cleaning, emptying
and maintenance.
Disadvantages can be the relatively short life span, high susceptibility to
damage, little creation of local employment and, therefore, limited self-help

Fixed-dome plants
Advantages are the relatively low construction costs,have a long life span.
The underground construction saves space and protects the digester from
temperature changes, provides opportunities for skilled local employment.
Disadvantages are mainly the frequent problems with the gas-tightness of
the brickwork gas holder, construction must be supervised by experienced
biogas technicians, the gas pressure fluctuates substantially depending on the
volume of the stored gas, digester temperatures are generally low

Floating drum plants

Advantages are the simple, easily understood operation - the volume of
stored gas is directly visible. The gas pressure is constant, the construction is
relatively easy
Disadvantages are high material costs of the steel drum, corrosion problem,
have a shorter life span than fixed-dome plants and regular maintenance
costs for the painting of the drum.

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 Floating Cover/drum
Fixed Dome (Chinese Type) (Indian Type)

(http://mnes.nic.in/annualreport/2002_2003_English/ch3_pg4.htm)

(Source: http://www.csudh.edu/coe/chaut2005/Image%20Pages/simpleDigister.html)
(http://teenet.chiangmai.ac.th/btc/introbiogas.php)

Plastic tubular
A 'continuous flow'
biogas digester

(http://www.solarengineering.co.za/Update%20-%20Dec%2012,03/gallery_biogas_plastic_htm1.htm)

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 The table below gives the digester sizes and
feedstock requirements. BIOGAS
Information required to design and install a
biogas digester include:
Size of family and daily cooking (and lighting)
No. of cows Digester Gas storage requirements.
Size of family volume (m3) volume
Availability and amount of feedstock (water, number
6 6 8.4 1.44 and type of cows,
cows pigs etc)
8 9 10.8 1.92 Materials available on site (bricks, etc) for
construction of digester.
Using this information, the type of digester, the
required digester volume and retention time can
be determined.

BIOGAS BIOGAS
Digesters are usually built near the source of the Biogas digesters take the biodegradable
feedstock, and several are often used together feedstock, and convert it into two useful
to provide a continuous gas supply. Products put products: gas and digestate. The biogas can
into the digester are composed mainly of vary in composition typically from 50-80%
carbohydrates
b h d t with ith some lipids
li id and
d proteins
t i methane,
th with
ith the
th majority
j it off the
th balance
b l b i
being
More recently, developed countries have been made up of carbon dioxide.
making increasing use of gas generated from
both wastewater and landfill sites

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 BIOGAS
A biogas powerplant can be used for firing
small motors with temperatures of 80 to 90 C,
but also small gas turbines (GT) can be powered
by biogas and create free steam and hot water.
Th biogas
The bi plant
l t recycles
l energy and d biomass.
bi
Some of the produced energy is reused and
some of the biomass waste, from the fermenter
can be reused as animal food.
The only energy wasted is the flared gas, which
must be burned, when the pressure from the
gas-inlet becomes too high.
Partisipasi Masyarakat
Limitations
Cost:Investment cost of the fixed dome and floating drum digesters
are usually high ($800 and $1, 700) for rural farmers. This restricts
the technology to farmers who can raise the capital needed to meet
the basic requirements to ensure a successful operation of the
plant.
Feedstock and water: The technology is limited to locations
where
h the
th organic i feedstock
f d t k and d water
t are readily
dil available.
il bl The
Th
potential for biogas technology is therefore limited to agricultural
areas with access to sufficient water supplies, since regular supply
of water is essential for the operation of biogas plants.
Utilization: Given digester sizes have different rates of biogas
generation. This means that utilization is restricted by the rate of
production. However, when properly designed and sized, digesters
should be able to supply gas continuously
Sosialisasi Program
(http://www.plantbio.uga.edu/courses/pbio1220/hainesmaterial/Lecture01-18-05_files/image002.jpg)
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Partisipasi Masyarakat di India Dasar Perhitungan

Q, S0 Q, S
V, S

ds
V = Q.S Q.S K .V .S
0
dt
V = Volume (m3)
S = Konsentrasi substrak (kg/m3)
T = waktu (hari)
Q = Debit (m3/hari)
K = Konstanta (hari-1)

Steps for Reactor sizing Volumetric Methane Production Rate

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Ultimate Methane Yield m3/kg VS
Source: Chen and Harshimoto 1980
Implementasi di Indonesia
Lokasi: Islamic School and Agriculture College of
Darul Fallah (Pesantren Pertanian Darul Fallah),
Bogor city, Province of West Java
Pemilik: Indonesian Center of Agriculture
Engineering Reseach and Development
(ICAERD), Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia
Kapasitas: 2 Nm3/day of biogas production
Pemanfaatan Biogas
(http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Recycle/biodig/manual.htm)
(http://www.topsaving.com/en/prod.html)
Implementasi di Indonesia
Tipe: A fixed dome digester made from clay
bricks constructed under the ground level
Feed source: 10 dairy cattle (milk producing
cows)
Feed: mixed slurry of cow dung and waste water
from cattle cage (Note hot weather conditions
made the farmer to shower the cattle three
times a day)
Trial stage, produced biogas and has been used
for lighting and cooking
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