Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Physics
End of Topic Revision

Forces
Forces are things like pushes, pulls, and twists. Forces can change the speed or
direction of an object. Forces can change the shape of an object. Forces are
measured in Newtons (N).

Some types of force

Weight is the force that acts in a mass in a gravitational field. Note mass is not a
force.
Weight= mass x gravitational field strength
W=mg
E.g. my mass is 45kg => w=45x10 (g on earth = 10N/kg)

Weight acts vertically, downwards.

Forces are shown as arrows

The length of the arrow indicates the size of the force
R

450N

Reaction force
This is the force that surface apply to objects that are pushing
against them. W

Tension
A pulling force, after applied by ropes cables etc. Tension in the rope
Climber

Up thrust
This is the force that acts on an object because it has displaced a fluid (gas or liquid)

Water

Investigation of up thrust
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Newton
Meter

1kg mass (10x 100g discs)

Beaker

Water

No. Of discs submerged Reading on the Newton Up thrust/N

meter/N
0 9.8 0
1 9.7 0.1
2 9.6 0.2
3 9.5 0.3
4 9.4 0.4
5 9.3 0.5
6 9.2 0.6
7 9.0 0.8
8 8.9 0.9
9 8.7 1.1
10 8.5 1.3
 Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Ivestigation on upthrust
1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6
Up
0.4
thrust
0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of Submerged discs Column1 Column2

Conclusion
As the volume of the submerged mass increases, the up thrust becomes greater by
approximately 0.1N for every disk.

More about forces friction

1. When an object slides over another object, friction opposes the movement.
2. Friction always goes the opposite way as the object
3. Even if you highly polish something, though there is less friction, there is still
some friction left. Through a microscope there is a lot of roughness
If you polish something it is easier to slide against.
4. You could lubricate the surface with oil to reduce friction, this works because
the oil separates the object from the surface
5. Separate by air
6. You could roll the object instead of push
7. You could streamline the object to reduce friction with the air
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Friction allows you to take your book of the table. This is because without friction
the book will just slip around the table or slip out of your hands.
You are able to walk because of friction.

Magnetism

Magnets apply forces to certain metals (called magnetic materials). These are: iron
(and therefore steel), nickel, and cobalt.

Magnets also apply forces to other magnets.

Magnetic fields
The region around a magnet, in which magnetic materials feel a magnetic force, is
called field. It can be plotted with a compass.
Around a bar magnet
Magnets have a
North and a South
Pole. Field lines go
from N to S

Field lines show as the direction of the force that would act on an
N pole, placed at a point in the field.
Like poles repel, opposite poles attract
A suspended magnet will come to rest with its N pole pointing towards the magnet N
pole of the earth
The N pole of a magnet is called that because it is the North-seeking pole. So the
pole at the top of the earth is actually the South Pole.
Geographical N pole

The movement of a liquid iron core deep inside it causes Earths magnetic field.

You can find the aluminium by putting the three blocks of metal, at a time, and see
which block doesn't move the needle.
 Yusef Mohammed Rem D

If it is a magnet it will attract one face and repel the other.

The compass will point away from the North Pole.

N S

S N S N S N N S

Investigation of Extension of a spring

Forces can change the shape of an object

Extension is the change of length of an object

Clamp
Metre rule

Spring
Stand
 Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Spring

Weight/N Length/cm Extension/cm

0 39.0 0
1 43.1 4.1
2 46.4 7.4
3 50.2 11.2
4 53.8 14.8
5 57.0 18.0
6 61.1 22.1
7 65.3 26.3
8 68.8 29.8
9 72.2 33.2
10 75.9 36.9

Elastic Band

Weight/N Length/cm Extension/cm

0 47.0 0
1 50.3 3.3
2 53.1 6.1
3 56.9 9.9
4 60.1 13.1
5 66.8 19.8
6 72.5 25.5
7 76.0 29.0
8 79.5 32.5
9 84.0 37.0
10 89.0 42.0

Conclusion
The graph for the extension of the spring and elastic band are different shapes.

Extension Extension/cm
/cm

Force/N Force/N
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

For the spring, we have a straight line that goes through the origin (0, 0).
This means that force is proportional to extension (x).
This means that, if we double F, x doubles as well, if we times F by 10, x goes up a
factor of 10.

We write F x (=is propotional to)

This means that F=Kx, where K is the constant (some number linked to the spring)

Stretching a Brass wire

Ruler
Marker

Pulley Wheel

Weight

Table top

Weight/N Position of marker/cm Extension/cm

5 19.8 0.0
10 19.8 0.0
15 19.9 0.1
20 19.9 0.1
25 19.9 0.1
30 20.2 0.4
35 21.0 1.2
40 22.0 2.2
45 23.1 3.3
50 24.4 4.6
55 25.9 6.1
60 27.7 7.9
65 SNAPPED
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Graph of the brass wire

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Weight/N

Conclusion
Initially, there is a straight line through the origin, so far F x. After point P, F is no
longer proportional to x because the line curves, the wire has become weaker and
extension increases by a single amount.

1a) Tyres have grips on the side to help the friction between the tyres and the road
so the bike doesn't go flying
Gears work on friction, when you have a higher gear the friction is less.
b) The frame of the bike is designed to have no friction with any other bike parts so it
is swift and not rusty. The pedals should not have friction because then it will be
harder to cycle. You can reduce the friction by putting oil on it,

2a) if someone has a weight of 1050N, his mass would be 105kg

b) If that person was on the moon and the moon has gravitational field strength of
1.6N/kg, what is the weight of the person? 1.6 x 105 = 168N

3a) When the boy steps of the boat to the landing craft the force of water resistance
is working on the boat, this means that the boat will come up. This is because the
boy must be quite heavy which pushes the boat downwards. As the boy steps off,
the boat will come up, may be, unbalancing the boy.
b) A pull force is acting on the rope to the boat so it would secure it. Also there is
tension involved in the rope.

Type of force Examples

Weight An attraction between a falling tennis ball and the earth
Tension Tension is when there is a pull force on both end of the
object, tug-of-war
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Lift
Friction Two objet rubbing against each other slowing down the
process. Tyres
Air resistance An aero dynamic car
Reaction force A spring. When it is pulled apart, it comes back together
5a) 1N=an apple
b) 20N=2kgof sugar
c) 800N=a weight of a man
d) 0.001=an insect
e) 5000000=the frictional force required to stop a car.

6) It would be difficult to walk normally on the moon because there is hardly any
gravitational pull on the moon so you would just float away but when you are
jumping you are using all our weight to push yourself back down. They do small little
jumps to move quicker.

Forces and Motions

1a) the bicycles on the roof rack caused the car to require more fuel for the same
journey because it adds more weight. If the car has more weight, it will go slower
due to friction, if it will go slower, more time is needed in the car, and if there is
more time you will need more fuel.
b) You could carry the bicycles on the back of the car instead of on top of it. This
helps because there is less friction between the car and the road.

2a) the magnitude of the resultant forces for a space probe is very high
Conclusion on stretching things

When materials are stretched we can draw a graph of force against extension. The
shape of this graph depends upon the material/object being stretched, but it usually
has a straight section to begin with.

Spring Brass Wire

P
P

Point P is the point at which the line

stops being straight. It is called the limit
of probability.
Elastic Band

P
 Yusef Mohammed Rem D

It is also called the elastic limit.

A material is said to be elastic if, having been stretched, they return to their original
length. (And shape)
The opposite of elastic is plastic (i.e. materials that keep their changed shape).

Speed

Speed is the rate at which an object covers over distance.

Speed= distance/time, speed=d/t
There are lots of units we might use: mph, cm per second, mm per year.
The standard unit of speed (SI units) is the metre per second. M/S

My time=8.56s in 46 metres
S=d/t, 46/8.56= 5.37m/s

Using a ticker timer

A ticker timer (t.t.) makes 50 dots per second on a paper tape. If the tape is attached
to a moving object, like a trolley, the dots become spaced out and record distance
and time data.
Ticker
tape Trolley

Ticker
Tape Brick of
Timer Wood

Analysing the tape

Time between adjacent
data= 1/30th Sec= 0.02s

... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10th dot 20th dot

T=0.2s T=0.4s
D1
D2
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Time/s Distance/cm
0.0 0.0
0.2 1.4
0.4 3.7
0.6 7.3
0.8 12
1.0 17.9
1.2 24.6
1.4 32.6
1.6 41.6
1.8 51.6
2.0 62.4
2.2 74.1
2.4 86.1
2.5 93.3

Conclusion

A distance time graph shows the history of the movement of an object.

The gradient of the line (steepens) equals the speed of an object. In this graph, the
gradient is getting steeper which means that the trolley is getting faster. A straight
line indicates constant speed.

Using a Ticker Timer

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 02-Jan 2.5

Time (s)

What is happening here?

Yusef Mohammed Rem D

D D

T T

In line B the speed is constant. In line A the The speed starts fast then it gets
speed is also constant. But B is travelling at slower because it is less steep
a faster speed than A because it is steeper. then it stops because of the
straight line.

Finding the gradient

20 15cm
Gradient= increase in Y/increase in x
Speed=Gradient=15/16=0.093

16s T/S

2 18

Average speed= total distance travelled/total time taken

Average speed=250/4=62.5km/hour
 Yusef Mohammed Rem D

D/km
250

T/S
4

Average Speed= total distance travelled/total time taken

Average speed=250/4=62.5km/hour

Pressure
Force
Pressure is defend by this equation:
Newtons

Pressure
P=F/A
N/cm2 or
N/m2

Area, cm2 or
m2

Note: 1N/cm2 is also called 1 Pascal (1Pa)

Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Measure and record the

dimensions of a block

Find its mass and calculation its weight (w=mg).

Calculate the maximum and minimum pressure it can exert on the table (in N/cm2)

Material Mass (g) Length (cm) Width (cm) Height (cm)

Aluminium 560 8 5 5
Iron 250 4 4 2
Perspex 45 10 2 2
Slate 100 10 1.8 1.8

1. Aluminium 560g=0.56kg
=W=mg=5.6N
Max pressure, i.e. smallest area
P=F/A= 5.6/5x5 = 5.6/25= 0.22N/cm2
Min pressure, i.e. biggest area
P=F/A = 5.6/40 = 5.6/8x5 = 0.14N/cm2

2. Iron 250g=0.25kg
= W=mg = 2.5N
Max pressure, i.e. smallest area
P=F/A = 2.5/ (4x2) = 2.5/8 = 0.31N/cm2
Min pressure, i.e. biggest area
P=F/A=2.5/ (4x4) = 2.5/16 = 0.16N/cm2

Examples of Pressure

The force between the thumb and drawing pin is the same as the force between the
drawing pin and the wall
The area between the thumb and the drawing pin is large so the pressure is small
The area between the drawing pin and the wall is small so the pressure is big

A Cantilever Investigation

A cantilever is a beam that is fixed at one end only

 Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Research Question: How is the sag of a cantilever related to the load on the end of a
cantilever?

The independent variable is the one you change.

That is the load force
Boss
The dependent variable is the one that is dependent on the independent variable.
That is the sag Clamp
Sag
Ruler
G-Clamp

Metre Rule
Bench
Weight

Stand

Method

1. Draw a table with load and sag

2. First, set up the equipment as shown in the diagram
3. Without any weight, measure how long the metre rule is with other metre
rule
4. Record this in your table
5. Put 1 Newton on the string which is attached to the hook
6. Measure how far the tip of the metre ruler is now
7. Take it off. This is because if you leave it on, it will deform the ruler.
8. Put 2 Newtons on and measure the ruler again
9. Take it off and record your readings
10. Do this over and over again till you get to 10 Newtons and record them all
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

WARNING: Don't stand on top of the ruler in case it flicks backs up, causing injury.

Load (N) Sag (cm)

0 0
1 4
2 8.3
3 11
4 14.6
5 17.9
6 22.2
7 24.4
8 27.6
9 29.3
10 33.2

Cantilever Investigation
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Load

Conclusion

The trend of the investigation is that as more weight is added, there is more sag. The
gradient of the line doesn't steepen but is steady. This agrees with my graph and my
table. This happens because as more weight is added to the ruler (f) and now the
rulers end has more force than the front. In the investigation I measured the
distance between the floor and the ruler, which was not the sag. I could have solved
this by turning the ruler around to measure how far the end of the ruler went down.
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Energy
Energy is the ability to do some sort of work.
There are 9 types of energy
Kinetic energy-possessed by moving objects
Elastic Potential Energy-stored in objects that are stretched, squashed or
misshaped
Electric energy-movement of electric current
Nuclear Energy-energy contained in the nucleus of an atom
Gravitational Potential Energy-objects lifted in a gravitational field
Chemical Energy-held in atomic bands, often releases by burning
Heat
Light
Sound

There is something called dark energy, but we dont know much about that at the
moment.
The law of conservation of energy says that energy cannot be created or destroyed,
only converted from one form to another.

Device Diagram Energy input Useful energy Wasted

inputs energy
Fly Wheel Electric energy Light Sound, heat
Generator Kinetic energy
Pendulum Gravitational Kinetic Heat
potential Gravitational
kinetic potential
Wind turbine Kinetic Electric Sound
energy Heat
Light bulb Electric energy Light Sound
Heat
Solar cells
television Electric energy Light
sound

Light
Light is a type of energy
Light travels in straight lines. This is how shadows form

How do we see things?

Light is reflected off objects and goes into our eyes
Some objects emit their own light: the sun, stars, lightbulbs, etc. (luminous objects)
Reflecting of light
I = the angle of incidence
R = the angle of
reflection
 Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Ray box

Reflective
Incident ray ray

Mirror Normal (90 to the

surface of the mirror
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Conclusion
We can see from this experiment that the angle of incidence is proportional to the
angle of reflection. The trend of this investigation is that for every 10 degrees we
move across, the reflective line moves 10 degrees. This happens because as the
incident line moves across, the angle become greater and the mirror just reflects
exactly the same angle. We could have made the investigation better by keeping the
mirror steadier. Also, we could fine the line down more, so the reading would be
more accurate. A straight line means proportional.

Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection

10 10
20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60
70 70
80 80
90 90

Summary
We have found out that the incidence ray and reflective ray are the same
This the law of reflection
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

The mirror changes the direction of the light rays

Your brain thinks that light travels in straight lines
The image is where the light appears to have come from

We would describe this image as

Upright
Same size of object
Same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front
Virtual (not real)- made by virtual rays of light
Laterally inverted L becomes R

Periscopes
A periscope is an instrument to look over, around an object. In the periscope there
are normally two mirrors positioned parallel to each other at 45 degrees.

Refraction
Light travels at about 300 million metres per second (m/s)
When it moves into other materials, such as glass or water, it slows down
Transparent material
Materials that light pass through are called transparent
The change of speed of light can cause it to change direction. This is called
refraction
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Material through which information, like light, travel are called mediums.
(media)

Experiment to investigate Refraction

The light enters the ray and slow down. The ray bends to the normal
Light exists the glass and speeds up. Ray bend outwards, parallel to the incident ray.
The ray coming out is parallel to when it comes in.

i/ r/
10 9
20 15
30 21
40 26
50 33
60 40
70 43
80 48

Summary
When the light goes into a material (i.e. transparent) a change of speed causes it to
change direction. The angle of incidence does not equal the angle of refraction
except for i=0
Although the light changes speed, it does not change direction, so refraction does
not take place.
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Angle of incidince and angle of refraction

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Incidince line
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

The spectrum of light

White light is split up as it goes through a prism
White light is made up of all the colours of the rainbow
Different colours refract at different speeds
Newton found this out
He cut a hole through a curtain in a dark room. A ray of the sun light (white
light) then he put a piece of glass in front of the beam, there on the wall was
the colours of the rainbow
Richard of York gave battle in Vain
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
The white light is refracted, but because there are many different colours in
white light and each colour refracts at different speeds then when they come
out of the prism, they are shown in different places
The end result is called a spectrum

Sound
Sound is a type of energy
Sound is a disturbance in a medium that moves from one place to another
(like a ripple across a pond)
All sounds are created by vibrating objects
E.g. your voice, car engine, speaker
Sound gets reflected of hard materials

How does sound travel

Particles (e.g. molecules of the air) vibrate and knock against their neighbouring
particles
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Sound travels faster in denser materials (like water or wood) because the particles
are closer together

Method
Go to the top of the KES drive pointing towards big school and the main
entrance
Bring an exercise book, a pen, a trundle wheel, a megaphone with a beeper, a
stopwatch
Measure, with a trundle wheel from the top of the drive down to big school.
Set your trundle wheel to zero when you get to big school and measure your
way back again.
Make an average distance for one length
Get each person to stand with their stopwatches at the top of the drive and
people with their books behind
Press and activate the megaphone
Time from when you first hear the beep and when you here it echo back
Do this four times and average your results
Finally average your results with the whole class

S=d/t S=316/1.12 = 282.14m/s = 280m/s (2 sig figs)

This is quite slow because the speed of sound is about 330m/s, we cant say a
definite speed because temperature, and condition of weather can change the
speed of sound. Our results cannot be that accurate because we were slow on
pressing the button for the stopwatch

Astronomy
Astronomy actual means the study of stars, but tends to mean the study of space,
planets, etc. (not to be confused with Astrology, which is nonsense.

The Earth in Space

The earth is a planet that orbits the sun. The sun is a star
The earth is held in orbit by the force of gravity. The earth is 150 million km from the
sun (93 million miles)

Q. How long would it take to drive to the sun at 70mph?

S=d/t t=d/s t=93000000/70 = 1328671.429 = 152 years
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

The earth takes 365.25 days to orbit the sun; this is called a year
The earth is also spinning on its axis. It takes 24 hours to spin once this gives us the
day length

The axis
B

Equator

23.5

In the diagram Birmingham spends more time in the night. This is because in the
diagram, you can see the line that runs through point B is longer in the shaded area
than in the unshaded area. This winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
This season in the Southern Hemisphere is summer

The seasons
The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earths axis. When the Northern
Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, it is winter. Six months later, the earth has
completed half an orbit of the sun and the N hemisphere is now tilted towards the
sun; it is summer.

When it
is
summer
the sun is
higher

It is cold in the winter because:

1. Short day-not much time to heat up
2. Long night-more time to cool down (earth cools down)
3. The sunlight is weaker because the sun is low in the sky
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Calculation
How fast does the Earth travel as it moves around the sun (km/h?)
S=d/t = 2r/8766 = 108000 km/h
R=15000000
T= (365.25x24)

Planets
These orbit a star. Do not emit light but reflects light

Stars
These are massive balls of gas that emit light due to nuclear fusion

Moons are natural satellites that orbit planets

Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Umbra (complete shadow)

S E

Penumbra (half shadow)

Umbra (complete shadow)

Penumbra (half shadow)

Moon is 400 times smaller than the As the moon moves through the
sun and 400 times closer, therefore earths shadow, reddish light is bent by
same size in the sky the earths atmosphere, turning the
moon a copper colour
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

Moon Period of Period of Equatorial Mass Gravitational

Distance Revolution Rotation Diameter field
From strength
Sun
x109m d,y=Earth h,d=Earth X106m kg N/Kg
days+years hours+days
Sun 27d 1392.0 2.0x1030 274
Mercury 58 88d 59d 4.9 3.3x10 3.8
Venus 108 225d 243d 12.1 4.9x10 8.8
Earth 150 365d 23h 56m 12.8 6.0x10 9.8
Mars 228 687d 24h 37m 6.8 6.4x10 3.8
Jupiter 778 11.9y 9h 51m 143.0 1.9x10 24.9
Saturn 1427 29.5y 10h 14m 120.5 5.7x10 10.4
Uranus 2871 84.0y 17h 14m 51.1 8.7x10 10.4
Neptune 4498 164.8 16h 49.5 1.0x10 13.8
Earths 150* 27.3d 27.3d 3.5 7.4x10 1.6
Moon

Average Orbital Time Circumference Speed

distance from of Orbit
sun
Km hr km Km/hr
Mercury 580,000,00 2112 364,000,000 172,000
Venus 108,000,000 5400 679,000,000 125,000
Earth 150,000,000 8760 942,000,000 108,000
Mars 228,000,000 16488 143,000,000 86,700
Jupiter 778,000,000 104244 489,000,000 46,900
Saturn 1 427,000,000 258420 897,000,000 34,700
Uranus 2,871,000,000 735840 1.8x1010 24,500
Neptune 4,498,000,000 1443648 2.83x1010 19,600

Orbital Speed of Planets Depending on the distance

from the sun
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0

Series 1
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

As the average distance from the sun increases, the speed of orbit decreases. The
planets are held in orbit around the sun by the force of gravity
Gravity is a force that exists between all masses. However, it is very weak and only
noticeable when one of them objects is the size of a planet or star. The sun is very
massive so it exerts a considerable force on the planets. The force of gravity
decreases with distance. Planets orbit in ellipses which are squashed circles. The
orbits of most planets are very close to being circular.

The night sky

To the earth bound observer, they form constant patterns in the sky that appears to
rotate above us (its actually the
spin of the Earth that causes this
motion). Individual sections of
this starry back drop form
recognisable shapes that are
called constellations. The view of
the night sky changes
throughout the year as the earth
moves around the sun. A typical
November night in the Northern
Hemisphere looks like this.

n-Alkaid
s-Alcor/Mizar
e-Alioth
-Megrez
-Phecda
-Dubhe
-Merak

The pointing stars are Dubhe

and Merak and are pointing at
the North Star
Yusef Mohammed Rem D

You can't stand on Neptune because it is made out of gas

Comets
The tail is determined by the heat of the son
Comets come from the Ort cloud
Haleys comet loses 2 metres every time it goes past the sun
Comets are made out of bits of debris and dust
Comets travel in ellipses (very elliptical)
The suns gravitational pull makes the comets orbit an
ellipse. When the comet comes away from the sun it
decreases in speed, then it comes back towards the sun.

Satellites
A satellite is an object that orbits another object (due to the force of gravity)