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LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT 4:
WIRING TOOLS, DEVICES, SYSTEM AND
TESTING PRACTICES
OBJECTIVES:
After this lesson, you will be able:
KEYWORDS:
In any circuit containing both resistance and capacitance (or inductance) the total
opposition offered to the circuit is not the simple arithmetical sum of the reactance XC (or
XL) and the resistance R. The reactance must be added to the resistance in such a manner as
to take into account the 90 phase difference between the two voltages (series circuits) or
two currents (parallel circuits). This total opposition is termed IMPEDANCE and is
designated by the symbol Z. Since the voltage across the inductance (or capacitance) is
determined by the reactance and the current, then:
EL = IXL or, EC = IXC
The voltage across the resistance is the determined by the resistance and the current:
ER = IR
The total voltage is the current times the total opposition (or impedance) of the circuit:
E = IZ
The impedance and total voltage drop may also be obtained by the use of phasors.
Figure 16
The voltage ER across the resistance is equal to IR, and the voltage EL across the inductance
is equal to IXL. The resultant phasor sum is the source voltage Es which is equal to ISZ.
Since each phasor represents a product of which the current I is a common factor, the
phasors may be drawn proportional to R and XL as shown in Figure 16.
The phase angle of Z is the same as the phase angle of the resultant phasor sum, and can be
calculated from tan = XL/R or cos = R/Z. The relationships between I, E and Z in ac
circuits are similar to the relationships between I, E and R in dc circuits. Because of this, the
equations for Ohm's Law can be used for solving ac circuits by using the impedance Z in
place of the resistance R.
These equations are called the Ohms Law for the ac circuits. They are:
E E
I = ; E = IZ ; Z =
Z I
In parallel RC or RL circuits, the applied voltage is the same across each branch. It is
therefore used as the phase reference. The current in each of the branches is found by
using equations above. The source current is found by adding the branch currents
vectorially.
2 2 2 2
IS = IR + IC ; IS = IR + IL
The impedance of parallel circuits can then be found by using Ohm's Law for ac circuits.
The magnitude of the impedance can also be found by adding the parallel resistance and
reactance vectorially.
RXC RXL
Z = 2 2
Z = 2 2
R + XC or R + XL
The phase angle for parallel circuits can be calculated from tan = R/X or
cos = Z/R.
When a circuit contains both inductive and capacitive elements, first solve for the total
combined reactance, and then proceed using this magnitude of X in the above
equations. For series circuits:
XL XC
X =
XL XC
Name : ____________________________________
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Variable Resistance
Variable Inductance
Variable Capacitance
AC Ammeter
AC Voltmeter
Power Supply
Connection Leads
2.0) EXPERIMENTS
2.1) PROCEDURES
vs C 100 F vc
R 10000 vR
Figure 17
vs L 0.1 H vL
R 10000
vR
Figure 18
C 50 F R 10000
150 V ac
Figure 19
100 F C vc
vs 10000
R vR
L
0.1 H vL
Figure 20
120 V ac
50 F C 10000 R 0.1 H L
Figure 21
1. If a circuit connected across a 240 V line draws 2 A of line current, what is the
circuit impedance, Z?
2. Can you calculate the phase angle, between the current and voltage, of
the circuit described in Question 1? Explain.
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