Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
WHAT TO EXPECT
FOCUS: Professional Education
FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
(Historical, Philosophical, Social and Legal Foundations of Education; The Teaching Profession)
LET Competencies:
Determine ways and means to ensure the high standards of personal and professional development
Determine the roles of the teachers as active members of the community and as global citizens responsible
for the outcomes of their actions and for developing other citizens.
Analyze historical, economic, socio-cultural, geographical, environmental, political and social-psychological
factors that affect the role of the school as an agent of change.
Interpret educational problems in the light of philosophical and legal foundations of education.
Apply the four pillars of learning in responding to the aspirations of the community: learning to know;
learning to do; learning to live together; learning to be.
Apply ethical principles and situations involving teachers relationship with various groups of people.
Reflect on professional teachers accountability to the learners performance and achievement to the
teachers total involvement in the teaching profession.
TYPES OF EDUCATION
1. Formal Education refers to hierarchically structured and chronologically graded learning organized and
provided by the formal school system and for which certification is required in order for the learner to progress
to higher levels.
2. Non-formal Education refers to any school-based educational activities undertaken by agencies aimed at
attaining specific learning objectives for a particular clientele.
3. Informal Education a type of education which can be acquired anytime and anywhere.
FUNCTIONS OF SCHOOL
1. Conservation Function. The school conserves and preserves through its libraries and other devices recorded
accumulated experiences of the past generations such as knowledge, inventions, etc. for future generations.
2. Instructional Function. This is the main concern of school, to pass on the accumulated experiences of the past
generations to the incoming generations. This is performed by individuals trained for the purpose teachers. The
recipients of such instruction are young learners called pupils or students.
3. Research Function. The school conducts research to improve the old ways of doing things or to discover hitherto
unknown facts or systems to improve the quality of life.
4. Social Service Function. This may be done through some kind of outreach programs which could be in a form of literacy,
health, means of livelihood, recreational activities, etc.
- Social Humanism - Education is an avenue for societal - Desiderius Erasmus use of games and
regeneration ind.instruction and prohibited corporal
punishment.
The power in any faculty (Aristotles - John Locke Tabula rasa mind of learner
faculty psychology: memory, reason, will - J.B. Watson environment-stimulus
Formal Disciplinism
and judgment)can be developed through leaning
training and proper discipline
- Jean Jacques Rousseau man at birth is
Education should be in accordance with naturally good, societal influences make
the nature of the child. All educl
man evil and that the stronger the body,
Naturalism practices should be focused towards the
natural devt of all the innate talents and the more it obeys, the weaker, the more it
abilities of the child commands.
Based on the tenets of this movement, - John Dewey Developed the pragmatic
education is looked upon as the process experimentalist. He believed that
SOCIOLOGICAL geared toward the propagation, education must be democratic.The aim of
MOVEMENT perpetuation and amelioration of the education is social efficiency. Postulated
society and total development of an the famous Learning by Doing Dictum
individual.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Metaphysics - It is Epistemology - Its major concerns are Logic -generally Axiology - branch that
simply described as the nature of knowledge, the process of described as the science deals with values in
the theory of knowing and the grounds for and art of correct general thinking.
reality. It deals with establishing the validity of knowledge. thinking/reasoning.
the nature of being Kinds of Values
and reality, essence, Positions in relation to knowledge Modes of Thinking - Ethics theory of
truth, space, time, - Agnosticism not being able to - Inductive Logic- morality
causation, essence know. Believes in the impossibility reasoning from - Aesthetics the
of God, as well as of knowledge. particulars to general realm of art and
the origin and
- Skepticism is the doubting or or universal. It leads beauty
purpose of the
universe. questioning attitude towards to discovery of - Religious value
knowledge. principles, laws and realized through
- Affirmation of knowledge is the formulae, etc. worship,
belief on the possibility of - Deductive Logic experience and
knowledge. reasoning from service
general to specific/ - Educational
Types of knowledge in relation to particulars. Methods value inherent in
observation
of showing proofs of a or derived from
- A priori Latin phrase meaning
known principle or the educative
from before hand. It is the
truth. Also known as process
reasoning that knowledge comes
Syllogism - Social is realized
from pure reason alone and
- Dialectic Logic in community
knowledge is independent and even
reasoning in which through the
comes before experience.
the truth is arrived at individuals
- A Posteriori Latin phrase which
through contrast or relation to society.
means from behind hand. It
conflict of ideas. - Utilitarian
advanced the idea that knowledge
Hegels dialectic actualized in
comes from experience.
consists of three harmonious
Types of knowledge according to means stages, thesis, adjustment to or
of acquiring them antithesis and efficient control of
- Empirical knowledge acquired synthesis. the forces of the
through sense perception, also - Experimental Logic physical
known as scientific knowledge. testing of hypothesis environment.
- Rational knowledge acquired which makes use of
6|Page Professional Education: FOUNDATIONS
primarily through reason. induction and
- Intuitive knowledge obtained deduction.
through intuition, sudden flash of
insight.
- Authoritative knowledge acquired
through an authority (expertise)
- Revealed knowledge disclosed by
God to man.
EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES
PHILOSOPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF THOUGHT
The Hindus define their community as those who believe in the Vedas or
those who follow the way (dharma) of the four classes (varnas) and stages of
life (ashramas).
The cardinal principles of Hinduism are the divinity of soul, the unity of
Hinduism existence, the oneness of Godhead and harmony of religion.
Hinduism also teaches that the soul never dies. When the body dies, the soul is
reborn. The law of karma states that every action affects how the soul will be
born in the next reincarnation.
WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES
SCHOOL OF
CHARACTERISTICS ADVOCATES
THOUGHT
It believes that nature is the ground of reality. 1. Jean Jacques Rousseau
NATURALISM Basically, nature refers to the aggregate of things in emphasized the importance
the physical world including human beings and of the individuals direct
Key Words: human nature. The key to understanding nature is experience with the natural
through the senses. environment.
8|Page Professional Education: FOUNDATIONS
Other educational beliefs are as follows: 2. John Heinrich Pestalozzi
- Education is preparation of life. advocator of object study
- Pupil is mainly a physical being with language, education
- The school exists due to the prolonged infancy of for social regeneration,
learning through
man.
observation and
- The school is the extension of home and experiences, discipline
professional teachers are surrogate parents. based on love.
The Principles of its Educative Process: 3. Herbert Spencer Survival
a. Confirm to the natural processes of the fittest competition
b. Should be pleasurable of human against nature.
c. Engage the self-activity of the child
d. Acquisition of knowledge
e. For the body and the mind
f. Practices the art of delay
g. Should be inductive
h. Punishment be constituted by consequences of
wrong deeds
Curriculum:Education should not be a mastery of
bookish information. The child should not be passive
and learning should actively involve children in
dealing with environment using their senses in
solving problems.
Teaching - refers to the profession concerned primarily with classroom instruction, at the elementary and secondary
levels in accordance with the curriculum prescribed by the Department of Education, whether on part-time or full-time
basis in the private or public schools.
Teachers - refers to all persons engaged in teaching at the elementary and secondary levels, whether on full-time or
part-time basis, including industrial arts or vocational teachers and all other persons performing supervisory and/or
administrative functions in all schools in the aforesaid levels and qualified to practice teaching under this Act.
2. Authority
Attractive/ Referent Authority [emotional bank account (Covey, 1995)] When the teacher relies on
personality, relationship building, or the fact that they share common interests with students. Attractive
authority can be developed through getting to know and emotionally investing in students. In a sense, when
the teacher makes deposits which they can use their withdrawals as opportunities to influence behavior.
Expert Authority (intellectual capital) When the teacher is perceived as being knowledgeable in the subject,
well prepared, or intelligent. Expert authority is driven by the students desire to know. Some of this power
comes from a natural human deference for those who are perceived as wise.
Reward Authority - They include grades, recognition, prizes, praise, privileges and anything else that students
might desire, given to them (externally) by their teacher. The notion of rewarding student behavior can be
potentially effective, but effects differ vastly from different kinds of rewards.
Coercive Authority - the right to use disincentives, to say no, withhold privileges, and give consequences or
punishments to students. Coercive authority implies that if a line is crossed something will happen that will be
less than desirable for the student. No matter how much of the other forms of authority a teacher possesses,
without some amount of coercive authority, it is likely that some students will take advantage of their freedom
to cross lines without concern for boundaries.
Position / Legitimate Authority - There is no other person in the classroom who can fulfill the duties of the
teacher. We could use the term in loco parentis (in the role of parental authority) to describe this type of
power. The teacher is the sanctioned authority in the room as well as the educator.
3. Ethics
Subscription to the norms of the Professional Teachers Code of Ethics.
Cultivation of mutual respect and absolute tolerance among students
Serve for students not only as examples of high education but of decent behavior as well
4. Loyalty
Teachers shall at all times, be imbued with the spirit of professional loyalty, mutual confidence, and faith in
one another, self-sacrifice for the common good, and full cooperation with colleagues. When the best interest
of the learners, the school, or the profession is at stake in any controversy, teachers shall support one another.
(Section 1, Article V, Code of Ethics of Professional Teacher)
5. Learning
Teachers are committed to students and their learning
Teachers know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students
Teachers are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning
Teachers think systematically about their practice and learn from their experience
Teachers are members of learning community
6. Professionalism
Keeps in mind the rules and regulations of the Code of Ethics and the institution he/she is in to.
Participates in the Continuing Education Program of teachers
14 | P a g e Professional Education: FOUNDATIONS
Bounded by a social contract in which the public gives the profession independence and responsibility for the
conduct of its affairs in return for the professions commitment
Roles of Teachers
1. As a Director of Learning
plans and organizes learning activities
leads pupils/students through the learning episodes
controls the whole learning situations
appraises the effectiveness of the learning situations
2. As an Information Processor
Analyzes information and events
Makes information and events
Makes information readily learnable
Facilitates the comprehension of information and events
Interprets information to learners
Communicates information in a manner that pupils/students comprehend
3. As a Knower
Knows much about the general fields of knowledge
Masters thoroughly the subject matter of his/her field of specialization
Brings learners to the world of ideas
Provides accurate information to pupils/students
Provides accurate information to pupils/students
Answers readily pupils/students questions
5. As a Decision-Maker
Decides on what objectives should be established
Decides on the type of instructional program that could best achieve the objectives
Decides on what body of information should be conveyed
Decides on the most effective methods, techniques, approaches and materials that will facilitate the
attainment of the objectives
Decides on the most appropriate grouping that would best benefit the learner.
6. As a Judge of Achievement
Defines what is worth achieving
Defines ability levels of pupils/students
Evaluates pupils/students level of achievement
Determines who will be promoted or retained
7. As a Counselor
Establishes effective relationship with the individual pupil/student
Collects pertinent information about each pupil/student
Receives confidences
Guides pupil/student in understanding himself
Gives advices
Assists pupils/students to find solutions to his/her own problems
8. As a Moralist
Develops a functional moral and ethical code
Creates acceptable moral atmosphere
15 | P a g e Professional Education: FOUNDATIONS
Establishes norms for behavior within and outside the classroom
Relevant Laws refers to legal acts, decrees, ordinances, orders, memoranda, circulars and the like that were
approved by proper authorities and have become legal bases in the conduct of educational process, in general, and
of teaching, in particular, in the Philippine setting.
III. R.A. 4670 Magna Carta for Public School Teachers this was approved on June 18, 1966 to promote and
improve the social and economic status of public school teachers, their living and working conditions, their
employment and career prospects. It also provided the following:
1. Recruitment and qualifications of teachers
DepEd to define clearly the recruitment policy with respect to selection and appointment of teachers.
Minimum educational qualifications for teacher-applicants:
o Bachelors Degree in Elem Ed for teachers in the kindergarten and elementary grades;
o Bachelors Degree in Education or its equivalent with a major or minor of a Bachelors Degree
in Arts or Science with at least 18 units of Professional Education for teachers of the secondary
schools;
o Bachelors degree in the field of specialization at least 18 professional units in Education for
teachers of secondary vocational and two years technical courses;
o Masters Degree with a specific area of specialization for teachers of courses on the collegiate
level.
The School Superintendent may appoint under temporary status, applicants who dont meet the
minimum qualifications.
2. Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers
3. Teaching Hours 6 hours of actual classroom teaching a day. Any teacher may be required to render more than
six hours and no more than eight hours of actual classroom teaching a day upon payment of additional
compensation at the same rate as his regular remuneration plus at least 25% of his basic pay.
4. Additional Compensation at least 25% of the teachers regular remuneration must be paid to teachers who
render co-curricular and out of school activities outside of the teachers six hours of actual classroom teaching.
5. Cost of Living Allowance given to teachers to keep pace with the rice in the cost of living
6. Special Hardships Allowances at least 25% of teachers monthly salary, shall be given to teachers assigned in
areas where teachers are exposed to hardship such as difficulty in commuting to the place of work or other
hazards peculiar to the place of employment.
7. Compulsory medical examination shall be provided free of charge for all teachers
8. Study Leave Teachers are entitled to a study leave not exceeding one year after seven years of service
(Sabbatical Leave). Teachers granted on study leave shall be entitled to at least 60% of their monthly salary.
No teachers shall be allowed to accumulate more than one year of study leave, unless, he needs an additional
semester to finish his thesis for a graduate study in education or allied course without compensation (after the
first year of such study leave).
IV. R.A, 7836 Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994.An Act to Strenghten the Regulation and
Supervision of the Practice of Teaching in the Philippines and Prescribing LET and for other Purposes.
1. Known as the Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994.
2. The objectives of this Act are the following:
a. Promotion, development and professionalization of the practice of the teaching profession.
b. The supervision and regulation of the licensure examination
Scope and Limitations: shall apply to all teachers in schools in the Philippines. It covers all public and private school
teachers in all educational institutions at the preschool, primary, elementary, secondary levels whether academic,
vocational, special, technical or non-formal.
2. The singing of the National anthem in schools is an offshoot of the philosophy of __________.
A. Nationalism B. Pragmatism C. Naturalism D. Socialism
3. Which Republic Act provides government assistance to students and teachers in private education?
A. RA 7784 B. RA 6728 C. RA 7836 D. RA 6675
4. Who among the following believes that learning requires disciplined attention, regular, homework and respect for legitimate
authority?
A. Essentialist C. Progressivist D. Reconstructionis
B. Perennialist t
6. Who among the following stressed the processes of experience and problem solving?
A. Dewey B. Aristotle C. Hegel D. Plato
7. Which of the following measures should a teacher do to a principal whom she would like to file a case of sexual harassment
without violating the relationship of the teacher to her superiors?
A. Present the ease before competent authority & prepare to prove the charge
B. Write an anonymous letter to a higher school official to denounce the superior
C. Call a parent-teacher meeting and denounce the superior
D. Encourage the other teachers & students to hold a demonstration to oust the superior
8. Pick out the situation that illustrates the duty of a new teacher to the state.
A. Take a long vacation which she firmly believes she deserves after four years of diligent study before taking the
examination for teachers.
B. Apply for teaching job where eligibility is not required to gain teaching experience before taking the teachers board
examination.
C. Prepare for the wedding she and her boyfriend have long planned to be able to raise a family with children which they plan
to rear as good citizen of our country.
D. Take the licensure examination for teacher and an oath to do her best to help carry out the policies of the state.
9. Parents are up in arms on the telephone bills that pay for sex calls. What is the solution to this problem?
A. The telephone company is to blame for this C. Parents allow this to make their children modern
B. The government restriction have no teeth D. Parents, school and students should discuss this openly.
10. A student collapsed in her social studies class. It was found out that he did not eat her lunch. What need is shown in the
situation?
A. Psychological need C. Somatotonic
B. Physiological need D. Safety need
13. The Filipino tendency to resort to the easy way out from a term paper as a course requirement by hiring a ghost writer or by
passing a photocopied term paper provide which Filipino traits?
A. Anticipation B. Ambivalence C. Pakikisama D. Lack of discipline
14. Which thrust on value formation is meant to help the students make use of their thinking and scientific investigation to decide
on topics and questions about values?
A. Value inculcation B. Analysis C. Value clarification D. Moral development
15. Rights which cannot be renounced or transferred because they are necessary for the fulfillment of mans primordial obligations
are called:
A. Alienable rights B. Perfect rights C. Inalienable rights D. Acquired rights
16. Your teacher is of the opinion that the world and everything in it are ever changing and so teaches you the skill to cope with the
changes. Which is his governing philosophy?
A. Experimentalism B. Existentialism C. Realism D. Idealism
17. A teacher is a facilitator of learning and of the development of the youth. Which practice is NOT keeping with his role as
facilitator?
A. Considers the multiple intelligences of learners
B. Humiliates misbehaving pupils
C. Dialogues with parents and with other members of the community
D. Keeps himself abreast with educational trends
18. Which one indicates a teachers genuine enthusiasm and pride in teaching?
A. Sticking to teaching for the moment that there are no better offers
B. Telling everyone that he went to teaching for there was no other choice then.
C. Engaging himself in continuing professional education
D. Belittling the remuneration one gets from teaching
19. In the Preamble of the Code of Ethics of Professional Teachers, which is not mention about teachers?
A. Duly licensed professionals C. LET passers
B. Possess dignity and reputation D. With high moral values
20. A teacher discovers that a product of a certain bottling company brings about damage to teeth. Much as he wants to share the
products of his research, he could not because of harassment from all sides. Which teachers right is violated?
A. Right to property C. Academic freedom
B. Right to ones honor D. Right to make a livelihood
21. On which constitutional provision is the full or partial integration of capable deaf and blind students in the classroom based?
The provision on _____.
A. Providing citizenship and vocational training to adult citizen
B. Protecting and promoting the right of all citizen to quality education
C. Academic freedom
D. Creating scholarship for poor and deserving students
22. The main purpose of the compulsory study of the Constitution in Philippine schools is to _______.
A. Develop the students into responsible, thinking citizens
B. Acquaint students with the historical development of the Philippine Constitution
C. Prepare students for law-making
D. Make constitutional experts of the students
23. The cultivation of reflective and meditative skills in teaching is an influence of _______.
A. Taoism B. Shintoism C. Confucianism D. Zen Buddhism
25. A teacher who subscribes to the pragmatic philosophy of education believes that experience should follow learning in her
teaching, she therefore exerts effort in ______.
A. Encouraging learners to memorize factual knowledge
B. Equipping learners with the basic abilities and skills
C. Requiring learners full mastery of the lesson
D. Providing learners opportunities to apply theories and principles
27. Which of these philosophers is reflective of that of Deweys which stresses the development of an individual capable of
reflective thinking specifically that of being able to solve the problem he faced individually or collectively.
A. Disciplinarianism B. Developmentalism C. Experimentation D. Rationalism
29. An appreciation lesson is one that is designed to lead the class to conduct and enjoy something. Which of the following
statements closely approximate the meaning of the above?
A. An appreciation lesson should be a lesson in values
B. Appreciation lessons help pupils weigh and clarify values
C. One cannot fully appreciate what one does not understand or enjoy
D. A teacher should plan lessons that will guide children to appreciate what is beautiful
30. Who expounded on the need to the study the child carefully for individualized instruction?
A. Da Feltre B. Erasmus C. Boccacio D. Ascham
31. Which of the following should a teacher do if she cannot pay the monthly installment of an appliance she got from a
department store in their town?
A. Reject any notice of demand for payment to make the impression that she did not receive any.
B. Move to another neighborhood to escape payment
C. Inform the manager of the store personally and make a satisfactory arrangement of payment on or before the due date of
payment
D. Offer to return the used appliance to the store on the condition that she will be refunded on the monthly installment she
paid.
32. Which of the following will you recommend to a senior high school scholar who is impregnated by a fellow student?
A. Tell her parents about her condition C. Direct her to an abortion clinic
B. Stop schooling till after she gave birth D. Force her boyfriend to marry her
33. The government prescribes a higher percentage on the administration of education institution to Filipino citizens in order to
A. Minimize the unemployment problem C. Protect the rights of the citizen
B. Procedure globally competitive graduates D. Ensure the teaching of Filipino
34. Which of the following is the best situation wherein you can balance responsibility and accountability?
A. A teacher paid on an hour basis, takes her time with the subject matter till end of period
B. A teacher paid on an hour basis, teaches as much as she could for duration of the period
C. A teacher paid on an hour basis, spends most of the time on the latest gossips in showbiz
D. A teacher paid on an hour basis, entertain her students with stories till the end of the period
37. Which philosophy approves of a teacher who lectures most of the time and requires his students to memorize the rules of
grammar?
A. Existentialism B. Realism C. Pragmatism D. idealism
38. The current emphasis on the development of critical thinking by the use of philosophic methods that emphasize debate and
discussion began with ______.
A. Aristotle B. Socrates C. Confucius D. Plato
39. Which schools are subject to supervision, regulation and control by the state?
A. Public schools C. Private schools
B. Sectarian and non-sectarian schools D. Public, private sectarian and non-sectarian schools
42. Approach every pupil as she is without allowing yourself to be influenced by your foreknowledge of his/her home
background is an advice from a/an?
A. Rationalist C. Positivist
B. Existentialist-phenomenologist D. Essentialist
43. Specialization is knowing more and more about less and less. Then it is better to be a generalist, claims Teacher F. On which
philosophy does Teacher F learn?
A. Essentialism B. Progressivism C. Perennialism D. Existentialism
44. Teacher Cora observe cleanliness and order in her classroom to create a conducive atmosphere for learning. On which theory is
her practice based?
A. Psychoanalysis B. Gestalt psychology C. Behaviorism D. Humanistic psychology
45. The free public elementary and secondary education in the country are in line with the government effort to address
educational problems of ______.
A. Productivity C. Access & quality D. Effectiveness &
B. Relevance & quality efficiency
47. The State shall protect & promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels. Which government program is in
support of this?
A. Exclusion of children with special needs from the formal system
B. Free elementary and secondary education
C. Deregulated tuition fee hike
49. Principal tells her teachers that training in the humanities is most important. To which educational philosophy does he adhere?
A. Existentialism B. Progressivism C. Essentialism D. Perennialism
50. With which goals of educational institution as provided by the constitution is the development of work skills aligned?
A. To develop moral character C. To teach the duties of citizenship
B. To develop vocational efficiency D. To inculcate love of country
51. Who is remembered for his famous quotation? My loyalty to my party ends where my loyalty to my country begins.
A. Carlos P. Garcia B. Ferdinand E. Marcos C. Manuel L. Quezon D. Manuel A. Roxas
52. Under no circumstance shall a teacher be neither prejudiced nor discriminatory against any learner, says the Code of Ethics.
When is a teacher prejudice against any learner?
A. When he makes a nearsighted pupil sit in front.
B. When he considers multiple intelligences in the choice of his teaching strategies.
C. When he makes a farsighted pupil sit at the back
D. When he refuses a pupil with a slight physical disability in class.
53. You are very much interested in a quality professional development programs for teachers. What characteristic should you look
for?
A. Prescribed by top educational leaders C. Required for renewal of professional license
B. Dependent on the availability of funds D. Responsive to identified teachers needs
54. To ensure high standards of teachers personal and professional development, which of the following measures must be
implemented?
I. A school head plans the professional development of his/ her teachers.
II. Every teacher formulates his/her own professional development plan.
III. The implementation of what is learned in a training must be monitored.
55. As a community leader, which of the following should a teacher NOT do?
A. Support effort of the community to improve their status in life
B. Make herself aloof to ensure that her decisions will not be influenced by community politics
C. Solicit donation from philanthropists in the community
D. Play an active part in the activities of the community
56. A teacher is said to be a trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is under obligation to transmit to
learners such heritage. Which practice makes the teacher fulfill such obligation?
A. Use of interactive teaching strategies C. Observe continuing professional education
B. Use the latest educational technologies D. As a class, study the life of Filipino heroes
57. Is there a legal basis for increasing the teachers starting salary to P18,000 a month?
A. No, it is a gift to teachers from Congress C. No, it is simply an act of benevolence from PGMA
B. Yes, R.A. 7836 D. Yes, the Philippine Constitution
58. The use of values clarification as a strategy in values education flows from which philosophy?
A. Progressivism B. Reconstructionism C. Essentialism D. Existentialism
59. Who of the following believes that human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment?
A. Progressivist B. Essentialist C. Existentialist D. Behaviorist
60. Honesty remains a value even if nobody in the school system values it. This is the conviction of a/an ____.
A. Realist B. Pragmatist C. Idealist D. Existentialist
25 | P a g e Professional Education: FOUNDATIONS
26 | P a g e Professional Education: FOUNDATIONS
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
A. DEFINITIONS
1.1 Growth - change in size, quantitative change
1.2 Development - change in capacity, qualitative change series of changes affected by maturation
1.3 Learning - change for the better; aspect of development that connotes modification of behavior which
results from practice and experience
B. PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. Early foundations are critical
2. Maturation and learning play important roles in development
3. Development follows a definite and predictable pattern(cephalocaudal & proximo distal)
4. All individuals are different
5. Each phase of development has its hazards
6. Development is aided by stimulation
7. Development is affected by cultural changes
8. There are social expectations for every stage of development
9. Each phase of development has characteristic patterns of behavior
C. FACTORS
1. Heredity - Maturation - Nature
2. Environment - Learning - Nurture
E. DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
Late Childhood
Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
Building a wholesome attitude toward oneself as a growing organism
Learning to get along with age-mates
Beginning to develop appropriate masculine or feminine social roles
Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing, and calculating
Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
Developing conscience, a sense of morality, and a scale of values
Developing attitudes toward social groups and institutions
Achieving personal independence
Adolescence
Achieving new and more mature relations with age mates or both sexes
Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
Accepting ones physique and using ones body effectively
Desiring, accepting, and achieving socially responsible behavior
Achieving emotional independence from parents and other adults
Preparing for an economic career
Preparing for marriage and family life
Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behavior- developing an
ideology
Early Adulthood
Getting started in an occupation
Selecting a mate
Learning to live with a marriage partner
Starting a family
Rearing children
Managing a home
Taking on civic responsibility
Finding a congenial social group
Middle Age
Achieving adult, civic, and social responsibility
Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
Developing adult leisure time activities
Relating oneself to ones spouse as a person
Accepting and adjusting to the physiological changes of middle age
Reaching and maintaining satisfactory performance in ones occupational career
Adjusting to aging parents
Old Age
Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
Adjusting to death of spouse
Establishing an explicit affiliation with members of ones age group
Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements
Adapting to social roles in a flexible way
C. Cognitive Approach
1. Gestalt Insight theory - Max Wertheiner founder
- Wolfgang Kohler
- Kurth Koffka
2. Information processing information is received through the senses and goes to the sensory
memory for a very brief amount of time. If not found relevant, information may decay. It goes to the (STM)
Short Term Memory and if given attention and is perceived and found to be relevant, it is sent to the (LTM)
Long Term Memory. If not properly encoded, forgetting occurs. Different cognitive processes applied to the
information will then determine if information can be retrieved when needed later.
3. Constructivist Theory - Jerome Bruner SPIRAL curriculum
The ability to represent knowledge develops in (3) three stages
1. Enactive representation represent objects in terms the immediate sensation
2. Iconic representation learning can be obtain through the use of pictures,
models and mental images
3. Symbolic representation- the ability to think in abstract terms
4. Meaningful Verbal Learning- David P. Ausubel
Knowledge is hierarchically organized , that new information is meaningful to the extent that it can be related
to what is already known
Four (4) Processes in SUBSUMPTION
1. Derivative Subsumption- new information as an example of what you have learned
2. Correlative Subsumption- you change or expand the concept
3. Superordinate Learning- from specific concept to general terms
4. Combinatorial Learning- learning by analogy
Types of Advance Organizers
1. Expository 2. Narrative 3. Skimming 4. Graphic Organizers
5. Conditions of Learning Gagne
Gagnes Principles
1. Different instruction is required for different learning outcomes
2. Learning hierarchies define what intellectual skills are to be learned
3. Events of learning operate on the learner in ways that constitute its conditions
NINE INSTRUCTIONAL EVENTS
1. Gaining Attention (Reception) 6. Eliciting Performance (Responding)
2. Informing the Learners of the Objectives(Expectancy) 7. Providing Feedback(Reinforcement)
3. Stimulating Recall of Prior Learning(Retrieval) 8. Assessing Performance (Evaluation)
4. Presenting the Stimulus (Selective Perception) 9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer
5. Providing Learning Guidance (Semantic Encoding) (Generalization)
V. EXCEPTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
1. Physical Disabilities 4. Sensory Impairments
2. Mental Retardation 5. Learning Disabilities
3. Behavioral Disabilities
B. MENTAL RETARDATION
1. MILD - educability in academic subjects at a minimum level
- educability in social adjustment and can get along independently
- minimal occupational adequacies and can latter support himself
2.M0DERATE not educable in academic achievement but with self help skills,
social adjustment in the family economic usefulness in the home
3. SEVERE can be trained in health habits and may contribute partially to self maintenance
under complete supervision
4. PROFOUND unable to be trained in total self care and need continued help in taking care
of their personal needs
C. BEHAVIORAL DISABILITIES
D. LEARNING DISABILITIES
Considered as hidden disability characterized by poor academic performance, delayed physical development
accompanied by academic, social and psychological problems.
a. DYSARTHRIA - STUTTERING
b. DYSGRAPHIA - WRITING
c. MOTOR APHASIA - SPEAKING
d. VISUAL AGNOSIA - SIGHT
e. AUDITORY AGNOSIA - HEARING
f. OLFACTORY AGNOSIA - SMELLING
g. DISCALCULIA - MATH
h. DYSLEXIA - READING
E. SENSORY IMPAIRMEN
1. Visual Handicaps (Visual impairment and Blindness)
VISUAL ACUITY PROBLEMS
- POOR SIGHT
- AMBLYOPIA (LAZY EYE)
- HYPEROPIA (FARSIGHTEDNESS)
- MYOPIA (NEARSIGHTEDNESS)
- ASTIGMATISM
- CATARACT
- GLAUCOMA
Conventional Level 3 Orientation to interpersonal relations of Child enjoys helping others, as this is nice
7 - 10 mutuality. Child follows rules as to what is behavior. Allow child to help you with bed
nice making, etc. Give praise for sharing. Etc.
10 - 12 4 Maintenance of social order, fixed rules, and Child often ask what are the rules and if
authority. Child finds following rules satisfying something is right. Has Difficulty
follows those of authority figures as well as modifying procedures because one method
parents. may not be right. Follows self-care
measures only if you are there to enforce
them.
Post conventional 5 Social contact utilitarian lawmaking Can be responsible for self-care, views this
Level Over 12 perspective. Follows standards of society as a standard of adult behavior.
6 Universal ethical principle orientation. Many adults do not reach this level of
Individual follows internalized standards of moral development.
conduct
Stage of Age
Development Span Implications
Sensorimotor 1 month Stimuli assimilated into beginning mental images: behavior entirely reflective.
Neonatal reflex
Primary circular 1-4 Hand-mouth and ear-eye coordination develop. Infant spends much time looking at objects and
reaction month separating self from them. Beginning intention of behavior present (infant brings thumb to
mouth for a purpose to suck it).
Enjoyable activity for this period: rattle or tape of parents voice.
Secondary 4-8 Infant learns to initiate, recognize, and repeat pleasurable experiences from environment.
circular reaction months Memory traces are present, infant anticipates familiar events (a parent coming near him
and will pick him up).
Good toy for this period: mirror, good game: peck-a-boo
Coordination of 8-12 Infant can plan activities to attain specific goals. Perceives that others can cause activity and
secondary months that of own body are separate from activity of objects. Can search for and retrieve toy that
reactions disappear from view. Recognizes shapes and sizes of familiar objects. Because of
increased sense of separateness, infant experiences separation anxiety when primary care
giver leaves him.
Good toy for this period: nesting toys, i.e. colored boxes.
Tertiary circular 12-18 Child is able to experiments to discover new properties of objects and events. Capable of space
reaction months perception and time perception as well as permanence. Objects outside self are understood
as causes of action.
Good games for this period: throw-and-retrieve.
Invention of new 18-24 Transitional phase to the pre-operational thought period. Uses memory and imitation to act.
means through months Can solve or fail.
mental act. Good toys for this period: those with several uses, i.e., blocks, colored plastic rings.
Preoperational 2-7 years Thought becomes more symbolic, child can arrive at answers mentally instead of through
thought physical attempt only. Comprehends simple abstractions but thinking is basically concrete
and literal. Child is egocentric (unable to viewpoints of others). Static thinking (inability
to remember what he started to talk about, so that at end of a sentence, may be talking
about another topic). Concept of time, now, concept of distance, only as far as he can see.
Centering of focusing in a single aspect of an object causes distorted reasoning. No
awareness of reversibility (that for every action there is an opposite action). Unable to
state cause-effect relationships, categories, or abstractions.
Good toy for this period: items that require imagination, such as Play-Doh.
Concrete 7-12 Concrete operations include systematic reasoning. Child uses memory to learn broad concepts
operational years (fruit) and individual aspects of concepts (apples, oranges). Classifications involve sorting
thought objects according to attribute such as color, seriation, in which objects are ordered
according to increasing or decreasing measures such as weight, multiplication, in which
objects are simultaneously classified and seriated using weight. Child is aware of
reversibility, as opposite operation or continuation of reasoning back to a starting point
(follows route thought maze and then reverses steps).
Good activity for this period: collecting and classifying natural objects such as native plants,
seashells, etc.
Expose child to other viewpoints by asking questions such as, How do you think youd feel if
you were a nurse and had to tell a boy to stay in bed?
Formal 12 years Can solve hypothetical problems with scientific reasoning; understands casualty and can deal
operational with past, present, and future. Adult or mature thought.
thought Good activity for this period: talk time to sort through attitudes and opinions.
1
WHAT TO EXPECT
PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
LET Competencies:
Use activities that enhance critical, creative, and metacognitive reading skills.
A reading teacher-
must carefully examine his/her thinking and the thinking of others, in order to clarify
and improve own understanding
should examine and test suggested solutions to see whether they will work
need to test ideas for flaws or defects and must not be inhibited by fear of being
aggressive and destructive, nor have fear of retaliation, and over-evaluation
Critical thinking is -
from the Greek word for critic (kritikos), which means to question, to make sense
of, to be able to analyze.
use his/her cognitive processes to develop ideas that are unique, useful, and
worthy
of further elaboration
4. Are there any ideas that do not fit together because I cant tell how the ideas
are
related?
5. Are there any ideas that dont fit together because I think the ideas are
contradictory?
6. Is there any information missing or not clearly explained?
3
3. the learning context that defines the task and the purpose of the reader
(reading
situation)
setting
task
environment
outcome
3. generating questions
4. evaluating (critical reading)
1. Bottom-up depicts reading starting with the input of some graphic signals or
stimulus. The role of the reader is to get meaning from the text based on the
stimulus or the words used. This is also called data-driven processing.
Physical development other than good general health, vision and hearing
acuity are most important. Auditory discrimination of speech sounds
suggests ideas like rhyming words and initial sounds in words. The childs
need to make fine visual discrimination is obvious, suggesting early
activities with forms and shapes, and letter recognition, words beginning or
ending alike, etc.
Beginning Reading
problem solvers
needing plenty of opportunities for choice
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Focus on knowledge about the parts of language that may be useful for
reading and writing. Responding to all texts only at the holistic level is not enough.
Instruction should include a planned, systematic effort to highlight specific textual
features and literary devices as a variety of materials are read, written, and discussed
over time. Highlighting specific textual features helps children form generalizations
about language that they can apply to their own independent efforts to read and write.
2. Characteristics :
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Question Answering
Inserted Questions
Immediate Oral Feedback
Time Lines and Charts
Listing main Ideas
Outlining
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
After or Post Reading- activities that help students remember new ideas and
information, while providing teachers with feedback on how well texts have
been understood
Teaching Guidelines
1. Show students what to do before they begin to read in order to improve their
comprehension.
2. Plan activities to promote active involvement with texts while students read.
3. Help students sharpen, develop and remember their interpretations of a text
with appropriate after-reading activities.
4. Take steps to help students internalize instructional strategies so that they
become for them learning strategies.
a. Vocabulary Previews
1. Check the assignment and list words that may be important for students to
understand.
2. Arrange these in a schema that shows the interrelationships particular to the
learning tasks.
3. Add to this schema words students probably already understand in order to
highlight
relationships between the new and the known.
4. Double-check the overview to make sure that major ideas are clearly shown
and in
a way that students will understand.
5. Share the structured overview with students, telling them why words were
placed
where they were and asking them to contribute other words.
6. As students read, have them relate other new words and information to the
graphic
overview.
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b. DRTA
1. The teacher has students survey an assignment using titles, headings, and
pictures
to get a general idea of what the author is discussing. The teacher regularly
asks,
what do you think this section will be about? Why?
2. The students read up to a point predetermined by the teacher.
3. The teacher asks similar questions but posed to reflect the reading; that is,
what
was it about? were you correct? why did you predict incorrectly?
4. The group then reads on to the next stopping point, once again reading to
find
answers to their questions.
5. The process continues until the completion of the assignment.
d. Request
1. Teacher and students read together a section of the text, usually the first
sentence.
2. The teacher closes the book and invites questions from the group.
3. Next the students close their books, and the teacher asks them questions
about
what they have read.
4. When the teacher believes that students understand that much of the text,
the next
section is read and steps 1 and 2 are repeated.
5. Once students become familiar with ReQuest and with the text, the teacher
incorporates predictions (as in DRTA).
6. The group now reads the remaining sections.
7. The teacher checks out the predictions: Were your guesses right? Where do
you
think you went wrong?
Click and Clunk is an excellent means to assess what information the students
have learned and what information needs to be covered in more depth. This
strategy helps students recognize the information they do not understand, and
assists them in getting the information they need. It motivates students as they
attempt to increase the information they understand (clinks) and decrease
what they do not understand (clunks).
Procedure
Have students create two columns on their paper and label them Clink and
Clunk. Next, have the students read a passage, then list what they really
understand (Clink) and what they do not understand (Clunk). As a group,
discuss the Clunks and try to clarify the information. This can be done
through direct teacher instruction or by allowing students who understand the
issue to explain it to the class.
Science Math
Clink Clunk Topic: Equations and Inequalities
Concentrated saturated Clink Clunk
Matter diluted solving equations polynomials
colloid operations function notation
Assessment
After covering the material, discuss the Clink-Clunk list again to see if all the
Clunk items can be moved to Clink. Those terms in the Clunk column that
are clearly understood can be moved to the Clink column and any terms
variables
remaining in the Clunk column should be explained further.
2. Circle-Seat-Center
This strategy allows students to work in small peer groups and go over all the
information the teacher would like to cover. The strategy is an excellent way to
reinforce information in a variety of ways: The Circle group focuses on verbal
learning, the Seat group focuses on visual learning, and the Center group
focuses on tactile learning. This also allows students who learn through
different modalities the opportunity to learn through their strength.
Procedure
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First, instruct students to read the text. Following this, divide the class into
three groups based on instructional needs. Give each group an assignment:
Circle, Seat, or Center. The Circle group covers information in the text with your
assistance. The Seat group members work individually or within their group to
go over the text information using worksheets and study sheets. The Center
groups works on projects, individually or in the group, related to the information
covered in the text. After a designated amount of time, students rotate to
another group.
Science
Topic: Matter in Solution
Circle: Discuss the types of solutions.
Seat: Complete worksheets or respond to questions at end of
section.
Center: Create charts to classify types of solutions.
Assessment
Science Math
Give each member of a group a topic such as acids, bases, Use as review. After studying fractions, divide into groups
and salts. and assign each member a topic such as adding, subtracting,
dividing, and multiplying.
Assessment
Determine students level of comprehension by the correct number of
responses in a quiz or through discussion of information presented by each
team.
4. Partner Prediction
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This strategy gives students the opportunity to work with their peers and make
predictions about as story or section. Because students are sharing their ideas
with a partner, more students will be able to discuss prediction and they will not
feel self-conscious about speaking in from of the entire class. If a student is
having difficulties with prediction, partner him or her with someone who is able
to do it, and he or she will have the opportunity to see how the process is done.
Procedure
First, identify places in the text to stop and predict what might happen next.
Then read the title and first portion aloud and ask what students think the story
will be about. Students should be seated next to partners so they can share
their ideas with each other. This process is repeated throughout the reading.
When the end of the selection is near, stop and ask how students think it will
end.
Science
Topic: Plants
Students discuss what they know. Reading covers types of
trees and flowers. Students discuss how to tell the difference
and which ones they have seen, and they discuss what else
might be covered in the text
Assessment
Through teacher observation and discussion, determine accuracy of student
predictions. Monitor the involvement of individual, students during the paired
retelling. Discussion can be used to determine students level of
comprehension by assessing their responses after reading. Encourage
responses from students who appear off task. Students should correctly
respond to 80% of the questions during a discussion. Change partners to
increase accuracy if necessary.
5. Reciprocal Teaching
This strategy allows students to begin to work together and to teach each
other as they take over the discussion.
Procedure
Begin by dividing the class into small groups. Each group should then read
and discuss a short section from the text. After all the groups have completed
this, bring the entire class together and discuss the information that was
covered. Start by leading the discussion, then gradually decrease your input
and allow student input to increase. Encourage the participation of all students.
Science
Go over types of matter, or ask, What is an ecosystem?
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Assessment
Use discussion, quizzes, and observation to determine if material is
understood. Observation should include monitoring the involvement of
individual students and their responses. Discussion can be used to determine
students levels of comprehension by assessing their responses after reading.
Encourage responses from students who appear off task. Students should
correctly respond to 80% of the question during a discussion or given on a quiz.
Encourage students to assist one another.
6. Think-Pair-Share/Think-Pair-Square
This is a partner or group activity that allows students to work together to check
for comprehension.
Procedure
After reading a story or section of text, students should think of things they
already know, decide what the reading reminds them of, and determine what
might happen next. Students then Pair and Share (two students) or Pair and
Square (four students) and discuss the things they have thought about.
Science Math
After covering animal habitats, discuss what animals need After reading a word problem determine what is being
to survive and how different animals adapt. asked, what information is given, and what mathematical
function or formula is needed to solve the problem.
Assessment
Use discussion, quizzes, or tests during or following the activity. Discussion can
be used to determine students level of comprehension by assessing their
responses after reading. Encourage responses from students who appear off
task. Students should correctly respond to 80% of the questions during a
discussion or given on a quiz or test.
14
Exercise: Read critically as you compare the pair of sentences marked A and B given
below. Then answer the questions that follow. Write only the letter of the best answer.
A. I saw Johnny slink out of the yard hiding something behind his back.
B. I saw Johnny walk out of the yard with the bike tire.
This is a question on inferring the speakers feeling. Remember that ones feeling
about people and situation can be revealed through the words used to express it.
Notice in sentence A the words slink out and hiding something as opposed to walk out
in sentence B. The feeling evoked by the words in A is not positive, but negative.
Looking at the choices, only choice D contains positive feeling, so this is not what you
are looking for; this is a distracter. If you compare choices A to C, you will realize that
they are negative words, but the clue word hiding something will lead you to select A
suspicious of Johnny. This is because when you say hiding something, you feel
something is kept as secret, and this makes you feel suspicious first, not angry or
afraid.
A. Harry (Killer) Smith, the notorious gambler, was questioned by the police about a
gangland slaying.
B. Mr. Harold Smith, well-known in local racing circles, was asked by the authorities to
comment about the recent events in the city.
This is a question on identifying the speakers purpose. Take note of the words killer,
notorious gambler, and gangland slaying in sentence A, and the words/phrase well-
known in local racing circles, authorities, and recent events. Since the question is
focused on sentence B, one can see that the clues are all good comments about
Harry. So choice B is a distracter it contains a negative thought of Harry. Choice D is
partially correct, but one does not write just for the purpose of recalling events in this
context. Choice A may also be correct, but it can just be a result of choice C a
projection of positive image. Perhaps it would save, perhaps it would not save his
reputation. One cannot be sure which might happen between the two. But one can be
certain that the purpose of the writer is C to project good image of Harry.
Read the selection and answer the questions that follow. Encircle the letter of the best
answer for each item.
Mr. and Mrs. Reyes are looking for a new house. Read what they say about it.
Cancer is a growth, and since growth is an essential part of life itself, it would be
expected that cancer would be found in all living things. Such indeed is the fact. The
disease is universal in scope. It develops in all strata of plant and animal life. It has
existed at least since the beginning of recorded history and affects men impartially
wherever they live and whatever their race or color or level of culture or material
progress. Cancer is not a special disease of civilization, except insofar as civilization
enables more people to live longer and except as civilization introduces certain
carcinogenic agents.
16
As early as 1961, dire predictions were being made of the effect of automation on
employment. According to one estimate, about 25, 000 jobs are eliminated every
week by automation. As the years pass, however, predictions of displaced workers
and extensive unemployment have not materialized. In fact, Charles Silbeman in
Myths of Automation demonstrates that automation is not producing unemployment
and argues that the new technology is enlarging the spheres of human action and
choice. It cannot be refuted that automation and new technology have brought man a
powerful new assistant in the production of goods and services, yet this new
apprentice must be regarded with apprehension.
10. What message does the author want to leave to the readers?
A. That new technology and automation are harmless.
B. That new technology and automation can be beneficial to man.
C. That new technology and automation cost less than manual labor.
D. That new technology and automation are investments for a better economy.
17
11. Ms. Padilla is a Grade 1 Teacher who is concerned with building letters into
words and words into sentences. She uses flashcards so the pupils can sound out
syllables and words correctly.
12. Mr. Morauda is a Grade 1 Teacher who plans reading instruction as a part of the
language
block. He provides varied reading experiences that involve children sitting quietly,
silently
reading library books or making a book based on their own experiences.
13. Ms. Torres believes that her pupils need direct sensory contact and physical
manipulation
in the classroom so that they learn easily and recall input effortlessly. What is the
grade level of Ms. Torres class?
A. Pre-school
B. Primary
C. Intermediate
D. High School
14. One Grade 3 teacher of English to multilingual learners has just finished reading a
story
aloud to the class.
Which of the following is the best post reading activity for the learner?
A. Provide students with a guide for reader-text interactions.
B. Have students write about what they have read.
C. Give them comprehension questions.
D. Let them rest for a while.
15. Mr. German is a teacher handling English for a culturally-diverse class. He would
regularly
read aloud to his pupils, would provide time for free silent reading, recreational
reading,
and would lend them magazines and newspapers.
What factor in reading does Mr. German want to cultivate among his pupils?
A. Emotional/social development
B. Physical development
C. Interest in reading
D. Intelligence
16. Mr. Arce is a new grade 1 teacher who is unsure whether the pupils are ready for
beginning reading instruction. Before he begins his lessons, he must observe that
A. the pupils are emotionally prepared for social interaction and competition
B. the pupils have achieved unity of their capabilities with their interests
C. the pupils can respond to simple questions and instructions
D. the pupils show desire to learn in class
18
17. Teacher Millicent knows well that the text or the print material is one factor that
affects
reading. So she tries to match the text with the ease or difficulty of students
comprehension based on the style of writing.
What text factor does Teacher Millicent consider in the choice of reading materials
for her
class?
A. Organization
B. Format
C. Readability
D. Content
18. Ms. Morallos teaches her grade 6 class how to write a summary of an expository
text. In
her discussion, she explains what it is, models it through think aloud, and informs
her
pupils when and how this skill learned in the classroom can be used even during
their
own free silent reading. She provides them with guided and independent
practices before
she conducts an evaluation.
What is the best reason for teaching the learners this skill?
A. Learners become purposive when they set their own questions while
reading.
B. Teachers become confused by the questions asked by the learners.
C. Teachers find time to review the questions of the learners.
D. Learners feel important when they make questions.
20. Mr. Gutierrez is planning to have a list of 200 words in Science for the schools
vocabulary
development program. After going through all the books used by his fourth grade
pupils,
he is still in the dark as to what words need to be included in his list.
Which of the following criteria should NOT be the basis of Mr. Gutierrez for word
selection?
A. High frequency words
B. Content area words
C. High utility words
D. Difficult words
Read the selection and answer the questions that follow. Write only the letter of the
best answer for each item.
19
Mama Sewing
1 I dont know why Mama ever sewed for me. She sewed for other people, made
beautiful dresses and suit and blouses, and got paid for doing it. But I dont know
why she
sewed for me. I was so mean.
It was all right in the days when she had to make my dresses a little longer in the
front than
in the back to make up for the way I stood, with my legs pushed back and my
stomach
stuck out. I was little then, and I trusted Mama. But when I got older, I worried.
2 Mama would turn the dress on the wrong side and slide it over my head, being
careful not
let the pins stick me. Shed kneel on the floor with her pin cushion, fitting the dress
on me,
and Id look down at that dress, at the lop-sided, raw-edged, half-basted, half-
pinned thing
and know that it was never going to look like anything. So Id pout while Mama
frowned
and sighed and kept on pinning.
3 Sometimes she would sew all night, and in the morning Id have a perfectly beautiful
dress,
just right for the school program or the party. Id put it on, and Id be ashamed of the
way I
had acted. Id be too ashamed to say I was sorry.
2. The word mean in paragraph 1 is used with the same meaning as the statement
A. My classmates mean to see me in the hospital, but they cant.
B. The mean of the students scores is unexpected.
C. The words mean the same to me.
D. Be kind to your classmates; dont be mean.
The American family of today is smaller than it used to be in several ways. On the
average there are fewer children (although this trend may be changing). Birth control
techniques and changing values have led to fewer large families. The American family
is also small in that it is a nuclear rather than the extended family. Grandparents and
other relatives live elsewhere, and in fact the children will leave too at an earlier age.
7. The writer gives ____ reasons to account for having smaller American family today.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
The revolt against the British government was not a vast, spontaneous movement.
Instead, it was carefully planned by shrewd men and laboriously and sagaciously
executed by some of the most active spirits on the continent. It could never have
succeeded if it had been left unorganized. It was because the patriots were well
organized, and because the Tories or loyalists were not, that the former won the day.
10. The idea of the selection can best be summarized by the statement
A. Nothing beats a well-planned action.
B. The pen is mightier than the sword.
C. Forewarned is forearmed.
D. Life is full of battles.
Read the given situations below. Write the letter of the best answer for each situation
described.
11. Among native speakers of English, students from Grade 7 and up are supposed to
be
ready for abstract reading. This means that learners on this stage are able to
________
A. grasp informational texts
B. construct multiple hypotheses
C. manipulate objects and ideas mentally
D. judge affectively and personally than by using standard
21
12. All the three reading theories recognize the role of reader and text in the
comprehension
process. However, only the interactive model accounts for the role of the reading
situation
in the meaning-making process.
13. The four-Pronged Approach upholds the holistic and balanced instruction in
beginning
reading. One important characteristic of this approach is _______
A. The inclusion of critical thinking skills after reading
B. The development of genuine love for reading
C. The integration of whole language, literature, and explicit instruction
D. The heavy emphasis on grammar and oral language development
14. The readers prior knowledge plays a vital role in negotiating meaning and
transacting with
the text. To enhance the schemata of the learners, Teacher Arabella exposes her
grade 2
pupils to the pragmatic use of language in their day to day life experiences so that
they
develop rich vocabulary.
15. In one Grade 6 reading class in public school, Teacher Samantha conducts a
regular 10-
minute silent reading of an expository text in Science.
What is the best silent reading activity that Teacher Samantha can give her
students?
A. Invite resource person to discuss the content of the material.
B. Prepare reading road maps to guide reader-text interactions.
C. Instruct them to write reflection journals on their notebook.
D. Check understanding by asking post-reading questions.
16. Mr. Siruet is a Science Teacher in Ilocos. He strongly believes that devoting 10-15
minutes for real-time reading in the classroom and guiding the pupils interaction
with
Science materials before or after doing an activity is better than just assigning
them to
read at home and make sense of the text on their own.
What could be the best explanation for Mr. Siruets reading practice?
A. That Science is one subject that calls for inquiry and discovery.
B. That Science class does not require actual reading time in class.
C. That time can be spent in more meaningful hands-on activities
D. That experience with print enriches vocabulary and understanding of Science
concepts.
17. Teacher Jeremiah is planning an integration lesson using Social Studies text for
his Grade
5 English class.
Which of the following is the best thing to do to activate his pupils background
22
knowledge?
A. Ask several critical questions.
B. Make the pupils prepare an outline.
C. Unlock difficult words by using the dictionary
D. Present advance organizer of the topic.
18. Ms. Yelena handles Grade 4 classes in Makabayan. Before conducting any
discussion,
she makes sure that her pupils have read the text by allotting 7-10 minutes of
silent
reading in the classroom.
Which of the following should NOT be done by Ms. Yelena during the silent
reading
activity?
A. Insert questions in selected parts of the text as guide.
B. Make students fill in the blanks of the structured overview.
C. Let students fill in the L column of the KWL chart.
D. Leave students to do what they want in reading silently by themselves.
19. As a post-reading activity in any content-area reading class, which of the following
should
be avoided by the teacher?
A. Have students talk about what they read.
B. Ask questions to score comprehension.
C. Have students prepare make up test on their reading.
D. Go back to the Anticipation Guide for some correction.
20. Reading in the content area aims to help students make sense of the text and
negotiate
meaning as readers actively interact with the text.
Test
An instrument designed to measure any quality, ability, skill or knowledge.
Comprised of test items of the area it is designed to measure.
Measurement
A process of quantifying the degree to which someone/something possesses a given trait (i.e.
quality, characteristics or features)
A process by which traits, characteristics and behaviors are differentiated.
Assessment
A process of gathering and organizing data into an interpretable form to have basis for decision-
making
It is a prerequisite to evaluation. It provides the information which enables evaluation to take
place.
Evaluation
A process of systematic analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data in order to make
sound judgment or decision.
It involves judgment about the desirability of changes in students.
MODES OF ASSESSMENT
MODE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Scoring is
objective
The objective paper- Standardized Preparation of
Administration is
and-pen test which Tests instrument is time-
Traditional easy because
usually assesses low- Teacher-made consuming
students can
level thinking skills Tests Prone to cheating
take the test at
the same time
Preparation of
A mode of assessment the instrument is Scoring tends to be
Practical Test
that requires actual relatively easy subjective without
Oral and Aural
Performance demonstration of Measures rubrics
Tests
skills or creation of behaviours that Administration is
Projects
products of learning cannot be time consuming
deceived
A process of gathering Development is
Working Measures
multiple indicators of time consuming
Portfolios students growth
student progress to Rating tends to be
Portfolio Show Portfolios and
support course goals in subjective without
Documentary development
dynamic, ongoing and rubrics
Portfolios Intelligence-fair
collaborative process
1
FOUR TYPES OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES
place the students in specific learning modify the teaching and learning
groups to facilitate teaching and learning process
3) Validity
This refers to the degree to which a score-based inference is appropriate, reasonable, and useful.
4) Reliability
This refers to the degree of consistency when several items in a test measure the same thing,
and stability when the same measures are given across time.
5) Fairness
Fair assessment is unbiased and provides students with opportunities to demonstrate what they
have learned.
6) Positive Consequences
The overall quality of assessment is enhanced when it has a positive effect on student motivation
and study habits. For the teachers, high-quality assessments lead to better information and
decision-making about students.
2
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
LEARNING TAXONOMIES
A. COGNITIVE DOMAIN
Levels of
Learning Description Some Question Cues
Outcomes
Involves remembering or recalling List, define, identify,
Knowledge previously learned material or a wide name, recall, state,
range of materials arrange
B. AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
Categories Description Some Illustrative Verbs
Willingness to receive or to attend to a Acknowledge, ask, choose,
Receiving particular phenomenon or stimulus follow, listen, reply, watch
C. PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN
Categories Description Some Illustrative Verbs
Early stages in learning a complex skill after an Carry out, assemble,
Imitation indication of readiness to take a particular type practice, follow, repeat,
of action. sketch, move
(same as imitation)
A particular skill or sequence is practiced
acquire, complete,
Manipulation continuously until it becomes habitual and done
conduct, improve,
with some confidence and proficiency.
perform, produce
(same as imitation and
manipulation)
A skill has been attained with proficiency and
Precision Achieve, accomplish,
efficiency.
excel, master, succeed,
surpass
Adapt, change, excel,
An individual can modify movement patterns to
Articulation a meet a particular situation.
reorganize, rearrange,
revise
An individual responds automatically and
Arrange, combine,
creates new motor acts or ways of manipulation
Naturalization out of understandings, abilities, and skills
compose, construct,
create, design
developed.
3
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TESTS
Survey Mastery
Covers a broad range of Covers a specific objective
objectives
Scope of Content Measures general achievement Measures fundamental skills
in certain subjects and abilities
Constructed by trained Typically constructed by the
professional teacher
Verbal Non-Verbal
Words are used by students in Students do not use words in
Language Mode
attaching meaning to or attaching meaning to or in
responding to test items responding to test items
Standardized Informal
Constructed by a professional Constructed by a classroom
item writer teacher
Covers a broad range of Covers a narrow range of
content covered in a subject content
area
Construction Uses mainly multiple choice Various types of items are used
Items written are screened and Teacher picks or writes items
the best items were chosen for as needed for the test
the final instrument
Can be scored by a machine Scored manually by the teacher
Interpretation of results is Interpretation is usually
usually norm-referenced criterion-referenced
Individual Group
Mostly given orally or requires This is a paper-and-pen test
actual demonstration of skill
One-on-one situations, thus, Loss of rapport, insight and
Manner of many opportunities for clinical knowledge about each
Administration observation examinee
Chance to follow-up Same amount of time needed
examinees response in order to gather information from one
to clarify or comprehend it more student
clearly
Objective Subjective
Scorers personal judgment Affected by scorers personal
does not affect the scoring opinions, biases and judgments
Effect of Biases Worded that only one answer is Several answers are possible
acceptable
Little or no disagreement on Possible to disagreement on
what is the correct answer what is the correct answer
4
Power Speed
Consists of series of items Consists of items approximately
arranged in ascending order of equal in difficulty
Time Limit and
difficulty
Level of Difficulty
Measures students ability to Measures students speed or
answer more and more difficult rate and accuracy in responding
items
Selective Supply
There are choices for the There are no choices for the
answer answer
Multiple choice, True or False, Short answer, Completion,
Matching Type Restricted or Extended Essay
Format Can be answered quickly May require a longer time to
answer
Prone to guessing Less chance to guessing but
prone to bluffing
Time consuming to construct Time consuming to answer and
score
Norm-Referenced Criterion-Referenced
Result is interpreted by Result is interpreted by
comparing one students comparing students
performance with other performance based on a
students performance predefined standard (mastery)
Some will really pass All or none may pass
There is competition for a There is no competition for a
limited percentage of high limited percentage of high
scores score
Typically covers a large domain Typically focuses on a
Interpretation of learning tasks delimited domain of learning
tasks
Emphasizes discrimination Emphasizes description of what
among individuals in terms of learning tasks individuals can
level of learning and cannot perform
Favors items of average Matches item difficulty to
difficulty and typically omits learning tasks, without altering
very easy and very hard items item difficulty or omitting easy
or hard items
Interpretation requires a clearly Interpretation requires a clearly
defined group defined and delimited
achievement domain
5
TYPES OF TEST ACCORDING TO FORMAT
a. Multiple Choice consists of a stem which describes the problem and 3 or more alternatives
which give the suggested solutions. The incorrect alternatives are the distractors.
b. True-False or Alternative Response consists of declarative statement that one has to mark
true or false, right or wrong, correct or incorrect, yes or no, fact or opinion, and the like.
c. Matching Type consists of two parallel columns: Column A, the column of premises from which
a match is sought; Column B, the column of responses from which the selection is made.
of plausible premises
concepts, or theories
Not effective in testing isolated facts
Effectively assesses association
May be limited to lower levels of
between a variety of items within a topic
understanding
Encourages integration of information
Useful only when there is a sufficient
Can be quickly and objectively scored
number of related items
Can be easily administered
May be influenced by guessing
2. Supply Test
a. Short Answer uses a direct question that can be answered by a word, phrase, a number, or a
symbol
b. Completion Test consists of an incomplete statement
Advantages Limitations
Generally limited to measuring recall of
Easy to construct
information
Require the student to supply the answer
More likely to be scored erroneously due
Many can be included in one test
to a variety of responses
3. Essay Test
a. Restricted Response limits the content of the response by restricting the scope of the topic
b. Extended Response allows the students to select any factual information that they think is
pertinent, to organize their answers in accordance with their best judgment
Advantages Limitations
Measure more directly behaviors
specified by performance objectives Provide a less adequate sampling of
Examine students written content
communication skills Less reliable scoring
Require the student to supply the Time-consuming to score
response
6
GENERAL SUGGESTIONS IN WRITING TESTS
1. Use your test specifications as guide to item writing.
2. Write more test items than needed.
3. Write the test items well in advance of the testing date.
4. Write each test item so that the task to be performed is clearly defined.
5. Write each test item in appropriate reading level.
6. Write each test item so that it does not provide help in answering other items in the test.
7. Write each test item so that the answer is one that would be agreed upon by experts.
8. Write test items so that it is the proper level of difficulty.
9. Whenever a test is revised, recheck its relevance.
SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS
A. SUPPLY TYPE
1. Word the item/s so that the required answer is both brief and specific.
2. Do not take statements directly from textbooks to use as a basis for short answer items.
3. A direct question is generally more desirable than an incomplete statement.
4. If the item is to be expressed in numerical units, indicate type of answer wanted.
5. Blanks should be equal in length.
6. Answers should be written before the item number for easy checking.
7. When completion items are to be used, do not have too many blanks. Blanks should be at the
center of the sentence and not at the beginning.
Essay Type
1. Restrict the use of essay questions to those learning outcomes that cannot be satisfactorily
measured by objective items.
2. Formulate questions that will cell forth the behavior specified in the learning outcome.
3. Phrase each question so that the pupils task is clearly indicated.
4. Indicate an approximate time limit for each question.
5. Avoid the use of optional questions.
B. SELECTIVE TYPE
Alternative-Response
1. Avoid broad statements.
2. Avoid trivial statements.
3. Avoid the use of negative statements especially double negatives.
4. Avoid long and complex sentences.
5. Avoid including two ideas in one sentence unless cause and effect relationship is being
measured.
6. If opinion is used, attribute it to some source unless the ability to identify opinion is being
specifically measured.
7. True statements and false statements should be approximately equal in length.
8. The number of true statements and false statements should be approximately equal.
9. Start with false statement since it is a common observation that the first statement in this type is
always positive.
Matching Type
1. Use only homogenous materials in a single matching exercise.
2. Include an unequal number of responses and premises, and instruct the pupils that response
may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
3. Keep the list of items to be matched brief, and place the shorter responses at the right.
4. Arrange the list of responses in logical order.
5. Indicate in the directions the bass for matching the responses and premises.
6. Place all the items for one matching exercise on the same page.
7
Multiple Choice
1. The stem of the item should be meaningful by itself and should present a definite problem.
2. The item should include as much of the item as possible and should be free of irrelevant
information.
3. Use a negatively stated item stem only when significant learning outcome requires it.
4. Highlight negative words in the stem for emphasis.
5. All the alternatives should be grammatically consistent with the stem of the item.
6. An item should only have one correct or clearly best answer.
7. Items used to measure understanding should contain novelty, but beware of too much.
8. All distracters should be plausible.
9. Verbal association between the stem and the correct answer should be avoided.
10. The relative length of the alternatives should not provide a clue to the answer.
11. The alternatives should be arranged logically.
12. The correct answer should appear in each of the alternative positions and approximately equal
number of times but in random number.
13. Use of special alternatives such as none of the above or all of the above should be done
sparingly.
14. Do not use multiple choice items when other types are more appropriate.
15. Always have the stem and alternatives on the same page.
16. Break any of these rules when you have a good reason for doing so.
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT
Characteristics:
1. Adaptable to individualized instructional goals
2. Focus on assessment of products
3. Identify students strengths rather than weaknesses
4. Actively involve students in the evaluation process
5. Communicate student achievement to others
6. Time-consuming
7. Need of a scoring plan to increase reliability
TYPES DESCRIPTION
Showcase A collection of students best work
Used for helping teachers, students, and family members think about various
Reflective
dimensions of student learning (e.g. effort, achievement, etc.)
A collection of items done for an extended period of time
Cumulative Analyzed to verify changes in the products and process associated with
student learning
A collection of works chosen by students and teachers to match pre-
Goal-based
established objectives
A way of documenting the steps and processes a student has done to
Process
complete a piece of work
8
RUBRICS
scoring guides, consisting of specific pre-established performance criteria, used in evaluating
student work on performance assessments
Two Types:
1. Holistic Rubric requires the teacher to score the overall process or product as a whole, without
judging the component parts separately
2. Analytic Rubric requires the teacher to score individual components of the product or
performance first, then sums the individual scores to obtain a total score
AFFECTIVE ASSESSMENTS
1. Closed-Item or Forced-choice Instruments ask for one or specific answer
a. Checklist measures students preferences, hobbies, attitudes, feelings, beliefs, interests, etc.
by marking a set of possible responses
b. Scales these instruments that indicate the extent or degree of ones response
1) Rating Scale measures the degree or extent of ones attitudes, feelings, and perception
about ideas, objects and people by marking a point along 3- or 5- point scale
2) Semantic Differential Scale measures the degree of ones attitudes, feelings and
perceptions about ideas, objects and people by marking a point along 5- or 7- or 11- point
scale of semantic adjectives
3) Likert Scale measures the degree of ones agreement or disagreement on positive or
negative statements about objects and people
9
CRITERIA TO CONSIDER IN CONSTRUCTING GOOD TESTS
VALIDITY - the degree to which a test measures what is intended to be measured. It is the usefulness
of the test for a given purpose. It is the most important criteria of a good examination.
RELIABILITY it refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same person when retested using
the same instrument or one that is parallel to it.
Type of Reliability
Method Procedure Statistical Measure
Measure
Give a test twice to the same group
Test-Retest Measure of stability with any time interval between sets Pearson r
from several minutes to several years
Measure of Give parallel forms of test at the
Equivalent Forms Pearson r
equivalence same time between forms
Give parallel forms of test with
Test-Retest with Measure of stability
increased time intervals between Pearson r
Equivalent Forms and equivalence
forms
Give a test once. Score equivalent Pearson r and
Split Half halves of the test (e.g. odd-and even Spearman-Brown
numbered items) Formula
Give the test once, then correlate the
Kuder-Richardson
Kuder-Richardson Measure of Internal proportion/percentage of the students
Formula 20 and 21
Consistency passing and not passing a given item
Give a test once. Then estimate
Cronbach reliability by using the standard Kuder-Richardson
Coefficient Alpha deviation per item and the standard Formula 20
deviation of the test scores
ITEM ANALYSIS
STEPS:
1. Score the test. Arrange the scores from highest to lowest.
2. Get the top 27% (upper group) and below 27% (lower group) of the examinees.
3. Count the number of examinees in the upper group (PT) and lower group (PB) who got each item
correct.
4. Compute for the Difficulty Index of each item.
(PT + PB)
Df = N = the total number of examinees
N
INTERPRETATION
11
SCORING ERRORS AND BIASES
Rank data
Ordinal Income (1-low, 2-average, 3-high)
Distance between points are indefinite
Distance between points are equal Test scores
Interval
No absolute zero Temperature
Height
Ratio Absolute zero
Weight
12
DESCRIBING AND INTERPRETING TEST SCORES
13
MEASURES OF CORRELATION
Pearson r
XY X Y Where:
N N N X scores in a test
r
2 2 Y scores in a retest
X2 X Y2 Y
N number of examinees
N N N N
Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
Where:
K pq K number of items of a test
KR 20 1 2
K 1 S p proportion of the examinees
who got the item right
q proportion of the examinees
who got the item wrong
S variance or standard deviation
2
squared
Kuder-Richardson Formula 21
Where:
K Kpq X
KR 21 1 2 p
K 1 S K
q=1-p
14
STANDARD SCORES
Indicate the pupils relative position by showing how far his raw score is above or below average
Express the pupils performance in terms of standard unit from the mean
Represented by the normal probability curve or what is commonly called the normal curve
Used to have a common unit to compare raw scores from different tests
PERCENTILE
tells the percentage of examines that lies below ones score
Example:
P85 = 70 (This means the person who scored 70 performed better than 85% of the
examinees)
85 %N CFb
Formula: P85 LL i
FP85
Z-SCORES
tells the number of standard deviations equivalent to a given raw score
XX Where:
Formula: Z X individuals raw score
SD
X mean of the normative group
SD standard deviation of the
normative group
Example:
Josephs Score: X = 27
Johns Score: X = 25
X X 27 26 1
Z X X 25 26 1
SD 2 2 Z
Z = 0.5 SD 2 2
Z = -0.5
T-SCORES
15
it refers to any set of normally distributed standard deviation score that has a mean of 50
and a standard deviation of 10
computed after converting raw scores to z-scores to get rid of negative values
Formula: T score 50 10 ( Z )
Example:
Josephs T-score = 50 + 10(0.5) Johns T-score = 50 + 10(-0.5)
= 50 + 5 = 50 5
= 55 = 45
GRADING/REPORTING
ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS
SYSTEM
can be recorded and processed
might not actually indicate
quickly
Percentage mastery of the subject
provides a quick overview of
(e.g. 70%, 86%) equivalent to the grade
student performance relative to
too much precision
other students
a convenient summary of provides only a general
Letter student performance indication of performance
(e.g. A, B, C, D, F) uses an optimal number of does not provide enough
categories information for promotion
encourages students to
reduces the utility of grades
Pass Fail broaden their program of
has low reliability
studies
time-consuming to prepare and
more adequate in reporting
Checklist process
student achievement
can be misleading at times
might show inconsistency
can include whatever is relevant
between reports
Written Descriptions about the students
time-consuming to prepare and
performance
read
GRADES:
a. Could represent:
how a student is performing in relation to other students (norm-referenced grading)
the extent to which a student has mastered a particular body of knowledge (criterion-
referenced grading)
how a student is performing in relation to a teachers judgment of his or her potential
b. Could be for:
Certification that gives assurance that a student has mastered a specific content or achieved
a certain level of accomplishment
Selection that provides basis in identifying or grouping students for certain educational paths
or programs
Direction that provides information for diagnosis and planning
Motivation that emphasizes specific material or skills to be learned and helping students to
understand and improve their performance
16
c. Could be based on:
examination results or test data reports, themes and research
observations of student works papers
group evaluation activities discussions and debates
class discussions and recitations portfolios
homeworks projects
notebooks and note taking attitudes, etc.
Point or Percentage Grading System whereby the teacher identifies points or percentages
for various tests and class activities depending on their importance. The total of these points
will be the bases for the grade assigned to the student.
Contract Grading System where each student agrees to work for a particular grade
according to agreed-upon standards.
1. Explain your grading system to the students early in the course and remind them of the grading
policies regularly.
2. Base grades on a predetermined and reasonable set of standards.
3. Base your grades on as much objective evidence as possible.
4. Base grades on the students attitude as well as achievement, especially at the elementary and
high school level.
5. Base grades on the students relative standing compared to classmates.
6. Base grades on a variety of sources.
7. As a rule, do not change grades, once computed.
8. Become familiar with the grading policy of your school and with your colleagues standards.
9. When failing a student, closely follow school procedures.
10. Record grades on report cards and cumulative records.
11. Guard against bias in grading.
12. Keep pupils informed of their standing in the class.
17
PART II: Test Practice
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Then, choose the best answer to each question.
2. Miss del Sol rated her students in terms of appropriate and effective use of some laboratory
equipment and measurement tools and if they are able to follow the specified procedures. What
mode of assessment should Miss del Sol use?
A. Portfolio Assessment C. Traditional Assessment
B. Journal Assessment D. Performance-Based Assessment
4. St. Andrews School gave a standardized achievement test instead of giving a teacher-made test to
the graduating elementary pupils. Which could have been the reason why this was the kind of test
given?
A. Standardized test has items of average level of difficulty while teacher-made test has
varying levels of difficulty.
B. Standardized test uses multiple-choice format while teacher-made test uses the essay test
format.
C. Standardized test is used for mastery while teacher-made test is used for survey.
D. Standardized test is valid while teacher-made tests is just reliable.
5. Which test format is best to use if the purpose of the test is to relate inventors and their inventions?
A. Short-Answer C. Matching Type
B. True-False D. Multiple Choice
18
8. The following are synonymous to performance objectives EXCEPT:
A. Learners objective C. Teachers objective
B. Instructional objective D. Behavioral objective
10. Which guideline in test construction is NOT observed in this test item?
EDGAR ALLAN POE WROTE ________________________.
14. Teacher Liza does norm-referenced interpretation of scores. Which of the following does she do?
A. She uses a specified content as its frame of reference.
B. She describes group of performance in relation to a level of master set.
C. She compares every individual student score with others scores.
D. She describes what should be their performance.
15. All examinees obtained scores below the mean. A graphic representation of the score distribution
will be ________________.
A. negatively skewed C. leptokurtic
B. perfect normal curve D. positively skewed
19
Who is the best admired for outstanding contribution to world peace?
A. Kissinger C. Kennedy
B. Clinton D. Mother Teresa
18.
What is WRONG with this item?
A. Item is overly specific. C. Test item is opinion- based
B. Content is trivial. D. There is a cue to the right answer.
20. A class is composed of academically poor students. The distribution will most likely to be
A. leptokurtic. C. skewed to the left
B. skewed to the right D. symmetrical
21. Of the following types of tests, which is the most subjective in scoring?
A. Enumeration C. Essay
B. Matching Type D. Multiple Choice
22. Toms raw score in the Filipino class is 23 which is equal to the 70th percentile. What does this
imply?
A. 70% of Toms classmates got a score lower than 23.
B. Toms score is higher than 23% of his classmates.
C. 70% of Toms classmates got a score above 23.
D. Toms score is higher than 23 of his classmates.
24. The score distribution follows a normal curve. What does this mean?
A. Most of the scores are on the -2SD
B. Most of the scores are on the +2SD
C. The scores coincide with the mean
D. Most of the scores pile up between -1SD and +1SD
25. In her conduct of item analysis, Teacher Cristy found out that a significantly greater number from
the upper group of the class got test item #5 correctly. This means that the test item
A. has a negative discriminating power C. is easy
B. is valid D. has a positive discriminating power
26. Mr. Reyes tasked his students to play volleyball. What learning target is he assessing?
A. Knowledge C. Products
B. Skill D. Reasoning
27. Martina obtained an NSAT percentile rank of 80. This indicates that
A. She surpassed in performance 80% of her fellow examinees
B. She got a score of 80
C. She surpassed in performance 20% of her fellow examinees
D. She answered 80 items correctly
28. Which term refers to the collection of students products and accomplishments for a period for
evaluation purposes?
A. Anecdotal Records C. Observation Report
B. Portfolio D. Diary
20
29. Which form of assessment is consistent with the saying The proof of the pudding is in the eating?
A. Contrived B. Authentic C. Traditional D. Indirect
30. Which error do teachers commit when they tend to overrate the achievement of students identified
by aptitude tests as gifted because they expect achievement and giftedness to go together?
A. Generosity error C. Severity Error
B. Central Tendency Error D. Logical Error
32. Which is a valid assessment tool if I want to find out how well my students can speak
extemporaneously?
A. Writing speeches
B. Written quiz on how to deliver extemporaneous speech
C. Performance test in extemporaneous speaking
D. Display of speeches delivered
33. Teacher J discovered that her pupils are weak in comprehension. To further determine which
particular skill(s) her pupils are weak in, which test should Teacher J give?
A. Standardized Test C. Diagnostic
B. Placement D. Aptitude Test
34. Group the following items according to phylum is a thought test item on _______________.
A. inferring C. generalizing
B. classifying D. comparing
36. Which will be the most authentic assessment tool for an instructional objective on working with and
relating to people?
A. Writing articles on working and relating to people
B. Organizing a community project
C. Home visitation
D. Conducting a mock election
37. While she is in the process of teaching, Teacher J finds out if her students understand what she is
teaching. What is Teacher J engaged in?
A. Criterion-referenced evaluation C. Formative Evaluation
B. Summative Evaluation D. Norm-referenced Evaluation
38. With types of test in mind, which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Restricted response essay C. Multiple choice
B. Completion D. Short Answer
39. Which tests determine whether the students accept responsibility for their own behavior or pass on
responsibility for their own behavior to other people?
A. Thematic tests C. Stylistic tests
B. Sentence completion tests D. Locus-of-control tests
21
40. When writing performance objectives, which word is NOT acceptable?
A. Manipulate C. Comprehend
B. Delineate D. Integrate
42. By observing unity, coherence, emphasis and variety, write a short paragraph on taking
examinations. This is an item that tests the students skill to _________.
A. evaluate C. synthesize
B. comprehend D. recall
43. Teacher A constructed a matching type of test. In her columns of items are a combination of
events, people, circumstances. Which of the following guidelines in constructing matching type of
test did he violate?
A. List options in an alphabetical order C. Make list of items heterogeneous
B. Make list of items homogeneous D. Provide three or more options
44. Read and analyze the matching type of test given below:
Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of your answer on the blank of the left column.
Column A Column B
___ 1. Jose Rizal A. Considered the 8th wonder of the world
___ 2. Ferdinand Marcos B. The national hero of the Philippines
___ 3. Corazon Aquino C. National Heroes Day
___ 4. Manila D. The first woman President of the Philippines
___ 5. November 30 E. The capital of the Philippines
___ 6. Banaue Rice Terraces F. The President of the Philippines who served several terms
45. A number of test items in a test are said to be non-discriminating. What conclusion/s can be drawn?
I. Teaching or learning was very good.
II. The item is so easy that anyone could get it right.
III. The item is so difficult that nobody could get it.
46. Measuring the work done by a gravitational force is a learning task. At what level of cognition is it?
A. Comprehension C. Evaluation
B. Application D. Analysis
22
48. Here is Teacher Ds lesson objective: To trace the causes of Alzheimers disease. Which is a valid
test for this particular objective?
A. Can an Alzheimers disease be traced to old age? Explain.
B. To what factors can Alzheimers disease be traced? Explain.
C. What is an Alzheimers disease?
D. Do young people also get attacked by Alzheimers disease? Support your answer?
49. What characteristic of a good test will pupils be assured of when a teacher constructs a table of
specifications for test construction purposes?
A. Reliability C. Construct Validity
B. Content Validity D. Scorability
51. In taking a test, one examinee approached the proctor for clarification on what to do. This implies a
problem on which characteristic of a good test?
A. Objectivity C. Scorability
B. Administrability D. Economy
52. Teacher Jane wants to determine if her students scores in the second grading is reliable. However,
she has only one set of test and her students are already on their semestral break. What test of
reliability can she use?
A. Test-retest C. Equivalent Forms
B. Split-half D. Test-retest with equivalent forms
53. Mrs. Cruz has only one form of test and she administered her test only once. What test of reliability
can she do?
A. Test of stability C. Test of correlation
B. Test of equivalence D. Test of internal consistency
54. What is the lower limit of the class with the highest frequency?
A. 39.5 B. 40 C. 44 D. 44.5
56. About what percent of the cases falls between +1 and -1 SD in a normal curve?
A. 43.1% B. 95.4% C. 99.8% D. 68.3%
23
57. Study this group of test which was administered to a class to whom Peter belongs, then answer the
question:
SUBJECT MEAN SD PETERS SCORE
Math 56 10 43
Physics 41 9 31
English 80 16 109
In which subject(s) did Peter perform most poorly in relation to the groups mean performance?
A. English C. English and Physics
B. Physics D. Math
58. Based on the data given in #57, in which subject(s) were the scores most widespread?
A. Math C. Cannot be determined
B. Physics D. English
59. A mathematics test was given to all Grade V pupils to determine the contestants for the Math Quiz
Bee. Which statistical measure should be used to identify the top 15?
A. Mean Percentage Score C. Percentile Rank
B. Quartile Deviation D. Percentage Score
60. A test item has a difficulty index of .89 and a discrimination index of -.44. What should the teacher
do?
A. Make it a bonus item. C. Retain the item.
B. Reject the item. D. Make it a bonus and reject it.
61. What is/are important to state when explaining percentile-ranked tests to parents?
I. What group took the test
II. That the scores show how students performed in relation to other students.
III. That the scores show how students performed in relation to an absolute measure.
62. Which of the following reasons for measuring student achievement is NOT valid?
A. To prepare feedback on the effectiveness of the learning process
B. To certify the students have attained a level of competence in a subject area
C. To discourage students from cheating during test and getting high scores
D. To motivate students to learn and master the materials they think will be covered by the
achievement test.
63. The computed r for English and Math score is -.75. What does this mean?
A. The higher the scores in English, the higher the scores in Math.
B. The scores in Math and English do not have any relationship.
C. The higher the scores in Math, the lower the scores in English.
D. The lower the scores in English, the lower the scores in Math.
3. On the first day of class after introductions, the teacher administered a Misconception/Preconception
Check. She explained that she wanted to know what the class as a whole already knew about the
Philippines before the Spaniards came. The Misconception/Preconception Check is a form of a
A. diagnostic test C. criterion-referenced test
B. placement test D. achievement test
4. A test item has a difficulty index of .81 and discrimination index of .13. What should the test
constructor do?
A. Retain the item. C. Revise the item.
B. Make it a bonus item. D. Reject the item.
5. If a teacher wants to measure her students ability to discriminate, which of these is an appropriate
type of test item as implied by the direction?
A. Outline the chapter on The Cell.
B. Summarize the lesson yesterday.
C. Group the following items according to shape.
D. State a set of principles that can explain the following events.
7. Teacher Ria discovered that her pupils are very good in dramatizing. Which tool must have helped
her discover her pupils strength?
A. Portfolio Assessment C. Journal Entry
B. Performance Assessment D. Pen-and-paper Test
8. Which among the following objectives in the psychomotor domain is highest in level?
A. To contract a muscle C. To distinguish distant and close sounds
B. To run a 100-meter dash D. To dance the basic steps of the waltz
9. If your LET items sample adequately the competencies listed in education courses syllabi, it can be
said that LET possesses _________ validity.
A. Concurrent B. Construct C. Content D. Predictive
25
10. In the context on the theory on multiple intelligences, what is one weakness of the pen-and-paper
test?
A. It is not easy to administer.
B. It puts the non-linguistically intelligent at a disadvantage.
C. It utilizes so much time.
D. It lacks reliability.
14. The criterion of success in Teacher Lyns objective is that the pupils must be able to spell 90% of
the words correctly. Ana and 19 others correctly spelled 40 words only out of 50. This means that
Teacher Lyn:
A. attained her objective because of her effective spelling drill
B. attained her lesson objective
C. failed to attain her lesson objective as far as the twenty pupils are concerned
D. did not attain her lesson objective because of the pupils lack of attention
16. When a significantly greater number from the lower group gets a test item correctly, this implies
that the test item
A. is very valid C. is not highly reliable
B. is not very valid D. is highly reliable
19. If the scores of your test follow a negatively skewed distribution, what should you do?
Find out_________________.
A. Why your items were easy C. Why most of the scores are low
B. Why most of the scores are high D. Why some pupils scored high
26
21. Referring to assessment of learning, which statement on the normal curve is FALSE?
A. The normal curve may not necessarily apply to homogeneous class.
B. When all pupils achieve as expected their learning, curve may deviate from the normal
curve.
C. The normal curve is sacred. Teachers must adhere to it no matter what.
D. The normal curve may not be achieved when every pupil acquires targeted competencies.
22. Aura Vivian is one-half standard deviation above the mean of his group in arithmetic and one
standard deviation above in spelling. What does this imply?
A. She excels both is arithmetic and spelling.
B. She is better in arithmetic than in spelling.
C. She does not excel in spelling nor in arithmetic.
D. She is better in spelling than in arithmetic.
23. You give a 100-point test, three students make scores of 95, 91 and 91, respectively, while the
other 22 students in the class make scores ranging from 33 to 67. The measure of central tendency
which is apt to best describe for this group of 25 is
A. the mean C. an average of the median & mode
B. the mode D. the median
24. NSAT and NEAT results are interpreted against a set of mastery level. This means that NSAT and
NEAT fall under
A. criterion-referenced test C. aptitude test
B. achievement test D. norm-referenced test
25. Which of the following is the MOST important purpose for using achievement test? To measure
the_______.
A. Quality & quantity of previous learning C. Educational & vocational aptitude
B. Quality & quantity of previous teaching D. Capacity for future learning
26. What should be AVOIDED in arranging the items of the final form of the test?
A. Space the items so they can be read easily
B. Follow a definite response pattern for the correct answers to insure ease of scoring
C. Arrange the sections such that they progress from the very simple to very complex
D. Keep all the items and options together on the same page.
29. Below is a list of method used to establish the reliability of the instrument. Which method is
questioned for its reliability due to practice and familiarity?
A. Split-half C. Test-retest
B. Equivalent Forms D. Kuder Richardson Formula 20
27
31. What type of test is this:
Knee is to leg as elbow is to _____________.
A. Hand B. Fingers C. Arm D. Wrist
34. Teacher B wants to diagnose in which vowel sound(s) her students have difficulty. Which tool is
most appropriate?
A. Portfolio Assessment C. Performance Test
B. Journal Entry D. Paper-and-pencil Test
35. The index of difficulty of a particular test is .10. What does this mean? My students ____________.
A. gained mastery over the item.
B. performed very well against expectation.
C. found that the test item was either easy nor difficult.
D. find the test item difficult.
36. Study this group of test which was administered with the following results, then answer the question
that follows.
Subject Mean SD Ronnels Score
Math 56 10 43
Physics 41 9 31
English 80 16 109
In which subject(s) did Ronnel perform best in relation to the groups performance?
A. Physics and Math C. Math
B. English D. Physics
37. Which applies when the distribution is concentrated on the left side of the curve?
A. Bell curve C. Leptokurtic
B. Positively skewed D. Negatively Skewed
39. Danny takes an IQ test thrice and each time earns a similar score. The test is said to possess
____________.
A. objectivity B. reliability C. validity D. scorability
40. The test item has a discrimination index of -.38 and a difficulty index of 1.0. What does this imply to
test construction? Teacher must__________.
A. recast the item C. reject the item
B. shelve the item for future use D. retain the item
28
41. Here is a sample TRUE-FALSE test item: All women have a longer life-span than men.
What is wrong with the test item?
A. The test item is quoted verbatim from a textbook.
B. The test item contains trivial detail.
C. A specific determiner was used in the statement.
D. The test item is vague.
42. In which competency do my students find greatest difficulty? In the item with the difficulty index of
A. 1.0 B. 0.50 C. 0.90 D. 0.10
43. Describe the reasoning errors in the following paragraph is a sample though question on
_____________.
A. synthesizing B. spplying C. analyzing D. summarizing
44. In a one hundred-item test, what does Ryans raw score of 70 mean?
A. He surpassed 70 of his classmate in terms of score.
B. He surpassed 30 of his classmates in terms of score.
C. He got a score above the mean.
D. He got 70 items correct.
45. Study the table on item analysis for non-attractiveness and non-plausibility of distracters based on
the results of a multiple choice tryout test in math. The letter marked with an asterisk in the correct
answer.
A* B C D
Upper 27% 10 4 1 1
Lowe 27% 6 6 2 0
47. Which measure(s) of central tendency is (are) most appropriate when the score distribution is badly
skewed?
A. Mode C. Median
B. Mean and mode D. Mean
48. Is it wise to practice to orient our students and parents on our grading system?
A. No, this will court a lot of complaints later.
B. Yes, but orientation must be only for our immediate customers, the students.
C. Yes, so that from the very start, students and their parents know how grades are derived.
D. No, grades and how they are derived are highly confidential.
49. With the current emphasis on self-assessment and performance assessment, which is
indispensable?
A. Numerical grading C. Transmutation Table
B. Paper-and-Pencil Test D. Scoring Rubric
50. In the light of the facts presented, what is most likely to happen when ? is a sample thought
question on ____________.
A. inferring B. generalizing C. synthesizing D. justifying
29
51. With grading practice in mind, what is meant by teachers severity error?
A teacher ___________.
A. tends to look down on students answers
B. uses tests and quizzes as punitive measures
C. tends to give extremely low grades
D. gives unannounced quizzes
52. Ms. Ramos gave a test to find out how the students feel toward their subject Science. Her first item
was stated as Science is an interesting _ _ _ _ _ boring subject. What kind of instrument was
given?
A. Rubric C. Rating Scale
B. Likert-Scale D. Semantic Differential Scale
55. When points in scattergram are spread evenly in all directions this means that:
A. The correlation between two variables is positive.
B. The correlation between two variables is low.
C. The correlation between two variables is high.
D. There is no correlation between two variables.
60. The following are trends in marking and reporting system, EXCEPT:
A. indicating strong points as well as those needing improvement
B. conducting parent-teacher conferences as often as needed
C. raising the passing grade from 75 to 80
D. supplementing subject grade with checklist on traits
30
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
Refresher Course
WHAT TO EXPECT
Test
An instrument designed to measure any quality, ability, skill or knowledge.
Comprised of test items of the area it is designed to measure.
Measurement
A process of quantifying the degree to which someone/something possesses a given trait (i.e.
quality, characteristics or features)
A process by which traits, characteristics and behaviours are differentiated.
Assessment
A process of gathering and organizing data into an interpretable form to have basis for decision-
making
It is a prerequisite to evaluation. It provides the information which enables evaluation to take
place.
Evaluation
A process of systematic analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data in order to make
sound judgment or decision.
It involves judgment about the desirability of changes in students.
MODES OF ASSESSMENT
MODE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Scoring is
objective
The objective paper- Standardized Preparation of
Administration is
and-pen test which Tests instrument is time-
Traditional easy because
usually assesses low- Teacher-made consuming
students can
level thinking skills Tests Prone to cheating
take the test at
the same time
Preparation of
A mode of assessment the instrument is Scoring tends to be
Practical Test
that requires actual relatively easy subjective without
Oral and Aural
Performance demonstration of skills Measures rubrics
Tests
or creation of products behaviours that Administration is
Projects
of learning cannot be time consuming
deceived
A process of gathering Development is
Working Measures
multiple indicators of time consuming
Portfolios students growth
student progress to Rating tends to be
Portfolio Show Portfolios and
support course goals in subjective without
Documentary development
dynamic, ongoing and rubrics
Portfolios Intelligence-fair
collaborative process
1
FOUR TYPES OF EVALUATION PROCEDURES
place the students in specific learning modify the teaching and learning
groups to facilitate teaching and learning process
3) Validity
This refers to the degree to which a score-based inference is appropriate, reasonable, and
useful.
4) Reliability
This refers to the degree of consistency when several items in a test measure the same thing,
and stability when the same measures are given across time.
5) Fairness
Fair assessment is unbiased and provides students with opportunities to demonstrate what they
have learned.
6) Positive Consequences
The overall quality of assessment is enhanced when it has a positive effect on student
motivation and study habits. For the teachers, high-quality assessments lead to better
information and decision-making about students.
2
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
LEARNING TAXONOMIES
A. COGNITIVE DOMAIN
Levels of Learning
Description Some Question Cues
Outcomes
Involves remembering or recalling List, define, identify,
Knowledge previously learned material or a wide name, recall, state,
range of materials arrange
B. AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
Categories Description Some Illustrative Verbs
Willingness to receive or to attend to a Acknowledge, ask, choose,
Receiving particular phenomenon or stimulus follow, listen, reply, watch
C. PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN
Categories Description Some Illustrative Verbs
Early stages in learning a complex skill after an Carry out, assemble,
Imitation indication of readiness to take a particular type of practice, follow, repeat,
action. sketch, move
(same as imitation)
A particular skill or sequence is practiced
acquire, complete,
Manipulation continuously until it becomes habitual and done
conduct, improve,
with some confidence and proficiency.
perform, produce
(same as imitation and
manipulation)
A skill has been attained with proficiency and
Precision Achieve, accomplish,
efficiency.
excel, master, succeed,
surpass
Adapt, change, excel,
An individual can modify movement patterns to a
Articulation meet a particular situation.
reorganize, rearrange,
revise
3
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TESTS
Survey Mastery
Covers a broad range of Covers a specific objective
objectives
Scope of Content Measures general achievement Measures fundamental skills
in certain subjects and abilities
Constructed by trained Typically constructed by the
professional teacher
Verbal Non-Verbal
Words are used by students in Students do not use words in
Language Mode
attaching meaning to or attaching meaning to or in
responding to test items responding to test items
Standardized Informal
Constructed by a professional Constructed by a classroom
item writer teacher
Covers a broad range of Covers a narrow range of
content covered in a subject content
area
Construction Uses mainly multiple choice Various types of items are used
Items written are screened and Teacher picks or writes items
the best items were chosen for as needed for the test
the final instrument
Can be scored by a machine Scored manually by the teacher
Interpretation of results is Interpretation is usually
usually norm-referenced criterion-referenced
Individual Group
Mostly given orally or requires This is a paper-and-pen test
actual demonstration of skill
One-on-one situations, thus, Loss of rapport, insight and
Manner of many opportunities for clinical knowledge about each
Administration observation examinee
Chance to follow-up Same amount of time needed
examinees response in order to gather information from one
to clarify or comprehend it more student
clearly
Objective Subjective
Scorers personal judgment Affected by scorers personal
does not affect the scoring opinions, biases and judgments
Effect of Biases Worded that only one answer is Several answers are possible
acceptable
Little or no disagreement on Possible to disagreement on
what is the correct answer what is the correct answer
4
Power Speed
Consists of series of items Consists of items
arranged in ascending order of approximately equal in difficulty
Time Limit and
difficulty
Level of Difficulty
Measures students ability to Measures students speed or
answer more and more difficult rate and accuracy in
items responding
Selective Supply
There are choices for the There are no choices for the
answer answer
Multiple choice, True or False, Short answer, Completion,
Matching Type Restricted or Extended Essay
Format Can be answered quickly May require a longer time to
answer
Prone to guessing Less chance to guessing but
prone to bluffing
Time consuming to construct Time consuming to answer and
score
Norm-Referenced Criterion-Referenced
Result is interpreted by Result is interpreted by
comparing one students comparing students
performance with other performance based on a
students performance predefined standard (mastery)
Some will really pass All or none may pass
There is competition for a There is no competition for a
limited percentage of high limited percentage of high
scores score
Typically covers a large domain Typically focuses on a
Interpretation of learning tasks delimited domain of learning
tasks
Emphasizes discrimination Emphasizes description of what
among individuals in terms of learning tasks individuals can
level of learning and cannot perform
Favors items of average Matches item difficulty to
difficulty and typically omits learning tasks, without altering
very easy and very hard items item difficulty or omitting easy
or hard items
Interpretation requires a clearly Interpretation requires a clearly
defined group defined and delimited
achievement domain
5
TYPES OF TEST ACCORDING TO FORMAT
a. Multiple Choice consists of a stem which describes the problem and 3 or more alternatives
which give the suggested solutions. The incorrect alternatives are the distractors.
b. True-False or Alternative Response consists of declarative statement that one has to mark
true or false, right or wrong, correct or incorrect, yes or no, fact or opinion, and the like.
c. Matching Type consists of two parallel columns: Column A, the column of premises from
which a match is sought; Column B, the column of responses from which the selection is made.
plausible premises
concepts, or theories
Not effective in testing isolated facts
Effectively assesses association
May be limited to lower levels of
between a variety of items within a topic
understanding
Encourages integration of information
Useful only when there is a sufficient
Can be quickly and objectively scored
number of related items
Can be easily administered
May be influenced by guessing
2. Supply Test
a. Short Answer uses a direct question that can be answered by a word, phrase, a number, or
a symbol
b. Completion Test consists of an incomplete statement
Advantages Limitations
Generally limited to measuring recall of
Easy to construct
information
Require the student to supply the answer
More likely to be scored erroneously due
Many can be included in one test
to a variety of responses
3. Essay Test
a. Restricted Response limits the content of the response by restricting the scope of the topic
b. Extended Response allows the students to select any factual information that they think is
pertinent, to organize their answers in accordance with their best judgment
Advantages Limitations
Measure more directly behaviors
specified by performance objectives Provide a less adequate sampling of
Examine students written content
communication skills Less reliable scoring
Require the student to supply the Time-consuming to score
response
6
GENERAL SUGGESTIONS IN WRITING TESTS
1. Use your test specifications as guide to item writing.
2. Write more test items than needed.
3. Write the test items well in advance of the testing date.
4. Write each test item so that the task to be performed is clearly defined.
5. Write each test item in appropriate reading level.
6. Write each test item so that it does not provide help in answering other items in the test.
7. Write each test item so that the answer is one that would be agreed upon by experts.
8. Write test items so that it is the proper level of difficulty.
9. Whenever a test is revised, recheck its relevance.
SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS
A. SUPPLY TYPE
1. Word the item/s so that the required answer is both brief and specific.
2. Do not take statements directly from textbooks to use as a basis for short answer items.
3. A direct question is generally more desirable than an incomplete statement.
4. If the item is to be expressed in numerical units, indicate type of answer wanted.
5. Blanks should be equal in length.
6. Answers should be written before the item number for easy checking.
7. When completion items are to be used, do not have too many blanks. Blanks should be at the
center of the sentence and not at the beginning.
Essay Type
1. Restrict the use of essay questions to those learning outcomes that cannot be satisfactorily
measured by objective items.
2. Formulate questions that will cell forth the behavior specified in the learning outcome.
3. Phrase each question so that the pupils task is clearly indicated.
4. Indicate an approximate time limit for each question.
5. Avoid the use of optional questions.
B. SELECTIVE TYPE
Alternative-Response
1. Avoid broad statements.
2. Avoid trivial statements.
3. Avoid the use of negative statements especially double negatives.
4. Avoid long and complex sentences.
5. Avoid including two ideas in one sentence unless cause and effect relationship is being
measured.
6. If opinion is used, attribute it to some source unless the ability to identify opinion is being
specifically measured.
7. True statements and false statements should be approximately equal in length.
8. The number of true statements and false statements should be approximately equal.
9. Start with false statement since it is a common observation that the first statement in this type is
always positive.
Matching Type
1. Use only homogenous materials in a single matching exercise.
2. Include an unequal number of responses and premises, and instruct the pupils that response
may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
3. Keep the list of items to be matched brief, and place the shorter responses at the right.
4. Arrange the list of responses in logical order.
5. Indicate in the directions the bass for matching the responses and premises.
6. Place all the items for one matching exercise on the same page.
7
Multiple Choice
1. The stem of the item should be meaningful by itself and should present a definite problem.
2. The item should include as much of the item as possible and should be free of irrelevant
information.
3. Use a negatively stated item stem only when significant learning outcome requires it.
4. Highlight negative words in the stem for emphasis.
5. All the alternatives should be grammatically consistent with the stem of the item.
6. An item should only have one correct or clearly best answer.
7. Items used to measure understanding should contain novelty, but beware of too much.
8. All distracters should be plausible.
9. Verbal association between the stem and the correct answer should be avoided.
10. The relative length of the alternatives should not provide a clue to the answer.
11. The alternatives should be arranged logically.
12. The correct answer should appear in each of the alternative positions and approximately equal
number of times but in random number.
13. Use of special alternatives such as none of the above or all of the above should be done
sparingly.
14. Do not use multiple choice items when other types are more appropriate.
15. Always have the stem and alternatives on the same page.
16. Break any of these rules when you have a good reason for doing so.
ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT
Characteristics:
1. Adaptable to individualized instructional goals
2. Focus on assessment of products
3. Identify students strengths rather than weaknesses
4. Actively involve students in the evaluation process
5. Communicate student achievement to others
6. Time-consuming
7. Need of a scoring plan to increase reliability
TYPES DESCRIPTION
Showcase A collection of students best work
Used for helping teachers, students, and family members think about various
Reflective
dimensions of student learning (e.g. effort, achievement, etc.)
A collection of items done for an extended period of time
Cumulative Analyzed to verify changes in the products and process associated with student
learning
A collection of works chosen by students and teachers to match pre-established
Goal-based
objectives
A way of documenting the steps and processes a student has done to complete
Process
a piece of work
8
RUBRICS
scoring guides, consisting of specific pre-established performance criteria, used in evaluating
student work on performance assessments
Two Types:
1. Holistic Rubric requires the teacher to score the overall process or product as a whole,
without judging the component parts separately
2. Analytic Rubric requires the teacher to score individual components of the product or
performance first, then sums the individual scores to obtain a total score
AFFECTIVE ASSESSMENTS
1. Closed-Item or Forced-choice Instruments ask for one or specific answer
a. Checklist measures students preferences, hobbies, attitudes, feelings, beliefs, interests, etc.
by marking a set of possible responses
b. Scales these instruments that indicate the extent or degree of ones response
1) Rating Scale measures the degree or extent of ones attitudes, feelings, and perception
about ideas, objects and people by marking a point along 3- or 5- point scale
2) Semantic Differential Scale measures the degree of ones attitudes, feelings and
perceptions about ideas, objects and people by marking a point along 5- or 7- or 11- point
scale of semantic adjectives
3) Likert Scale measures the degree of ones agreement or disagreement on positive or
negative statements about objects and people
9
CRITERIA TO CONSIDER IN CONSTRUCTING GOOD TESTS
VALIDITY - the degree to which a test measures what is intended to be measured. It is the usefulness
of the test for a given purpose. It is the most important criteria of a good examination.
RELIABILITY it refers to the consistency of scores obtained by the same person when retested using
the same instrument or one that is parallel to it.
Type of Reliability
Method Procedure Statistical Measure
Measure
Give a test twice to the same group
Test-Retest Measure of stability with any time interval between sets Pearson r
from several minutes to several years
Measure of Give parallel forms of test at the same
Equivalent Forms Pearson r
equivalence time between forms
Give parallel forms of test with
Test-Retest with Measure of stability
increased time intervals between Pearson r
Equivalent Forms and equivalence
forms
Give a test once. Score equivalent Pearson r and
Split Half halves of the test (e.g. odd-and even Spearman-Brown
numbered items) Formula
Give the test once, then correlate the
Kuder-Richardson
Kuder-Richardson Measure of Internal proportion/percentage of the students
Formula 20 and 21
Consistency passing and not passing a given item
Give a test once. Then estimate
Cronbach reliability by using the standard Kuder-Richardson
Coefficient Alpha deviation per item and the standard Formula 20
deviation of the test scores
ITEM ANALYSIS
STEPS:
1. Score the test. Arrange the scores from highest to lowest.
2. Get the top 27% (upper group) and below 27% (lower group) of the examinees.
3. Count the number of examinees in the upper group (PT) and lower group (PB) who got each
item correct.
4. Compute for the Difficulty Index of each item.
(PT + PB)
Df = N = the total number of examinees
N
INTERPRETATION
11
SCORING ERRORS AND BIASES
Rank data
Ordinal Income (1-low, 2-average, 3-high)
Distance between points are indefinite
Distance between points are equal Test scores
Interval
No absolute zero Temperature
Height
Ratio Absolute zero
Weight
12
DESCRIBING AND INTERPRETING TEST SCORES
13
MEASURES OF CORRELATION
Pearson r
XY X Y Where:
N N N X scores in a test
r
2 2 Y scores in a retest
X2 X Y2 Y
N number of examinees
N N N N
Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
Where:
K pq K number of items of a test
KR 20 1 2
K 1 S p proportion of the examinees
who got the item right
q proportion of the examinees
who got the item wrong
S variance or standard deviation
2
squared
Kuder-Richardson Formula 21
Where:
K Kpq X
KR 21 1 2 p
K 1 S K
q=1-p
14
STANDARD SCORES
Indicate the pupils relative position by showing how far his raw score is above or below average
Express the pupils performance in terms of standard unit from the mean
Represented by the normal probability curve or what is commonly called the normal curve
Used to have a common unit to compare raw scores from different tests
PERCENTILE
tells the percentage of examines that lies below ones score
Example:
P85 = 70 (This means the person who scored 70 performed better than 85% of the
examinees)
85%N CFb
Formula: P85 LL i
FP85
Z-SCORES
tells the number of standard deviations equivalent to a given raw score
XX Where:
Formula: Z X individuals raw score
SD
X mean of the normative group
SD standard deviation of the
normative group
Example:
X X 27 26 1 X X 25 26 1
Z Z
SD 2 2 SD 2 2
Z = 0.5 Z = -0.5
15
T-SCORES
it refers to any set of normally distributed standard deviation score that has a mean of 50
and a standard deviation of 10
computed after converting raw scores to z-scores to get rid of negative values
Example:
Josephs T-score = 50 + 10(0.5) Johns T-score = 50 + 10(-0.5)
= 50 + 5 = 50 5
= 55 = 45
GRADING/REPORTING
ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS
SYSTEM
can be recorded and processed
might not actually indicate
quickly
Percentage mastery of the subject equivalent
provides a quick overview of
(e.g. 70%, 86%) to the grade
student performance relative to
too much precision
other students
a convenient summary of provides only a general
Letter student performance indication of performance
(e.g. A, B, C, D, F) uses an optimal number of does not provide enough
categories information for promotion
GRADES:
a. Could represent:
how a student is performing in relation to other students (norm-referenced grading)
the extent to which a student has mastered a particular body of knowledge (criterion-
referenced grading)
how a student is performing in relation to a teachers judgment of his or her potential
b. Could be for:
Certification that gives assurance that a student has mastered a specific content or
achieved a certain level of accomplishment
Selection that provides basis in identifying or grouping students for certain educational
paths or programs
Direction that provides information for diagnosis and planning
Motivation that emphasizes specific material or skills to be learned and helping students to
understand and improve their performance
16
c. Could be based on:
examination results or test data reports, themes and research
observations of student works papers
group evaluation activities discussions and debates
class discussions and recitations portfolios
homeworks projects
notebooks and note taking attitudes, etc.
Contract Grading System where each student agrees to work for a particular grade
according to agreed-upon standards.
1. Explain your grading system to the students early in the course and remind them of the grading
policies regularly.
2. Base grades on a predetermined and reasonable set of standards.
3. Base your grades on as much objective evidence as possible.
4. Base grades on the students attitude as well as achievement, especially at the elementary and
high school level.
5. Base grades on the students relative standing compared to classmates.
6. Base grades on a variety of sources.
7. As a rule, do not change grades, once computed.
8. Become familiar with the grading policy of your school and with your colleagues standards.
9. When failing a student, closely follow school procedures.
10. Record grades on report cards and cumulative records.
11. Guard against bias in grading.
12. Keep pupils informed of their standing in the class.
17
PART II: Test Practice
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Then, choose the best answer to each question.
2. Miss del Sol rated her students in terms of appropriate and effective use of some laboratory
equipment and measurement tools and if they are able to follow the specified procedures. What
mode of assessment should Miss del Sol use?
A. Portfolio Assessment C. Traditional Assessment
B. Journal Assessment D. Performance-Based Assessment
4. St. Andrews School gave a standardized achievement test instead of giving a teacher-made test to
the graduating elementary pupils. Which could have been the reason why this was the kind of test
given?
A. Standardized test has items of average level of difficulty while teacher-made test has
varying levels of difficulty.
B. Standardized test uses multiple-choice format while teacher-made test uses the essay test
format.
C. Standardized test is used for mastery while teacher-made test is used for survey.
D. Standardized test is valid while teacher-made tests is just reliable.
5. Which test format is best to use if the purpose of the test is to relate inventors and their inventions?
A. Short-Answer C. Matching Type
B. True-False D. Multiple Choice
18
8. The following are synonymous to performance objectives EXCEPT:
A. Learners objective C. Teachers objective
B. Instructional objective D. Behavioral objective
10. Which guideline in test construction is NOT observed in this test item?
EDGAR ALLAN POE WROTE ________________________.
14. Teacher Liza does norm-referenced interpretation of scores. Which of the following does she do?
A. She uses a specified content as its frame of reference.
B. She describes group of performance in relation to a level of master set.
C. She compares every individual student score with others scores.
D. She describes what should be their performance.
15. All examinees obtained scores below the mean. A graphic representation of the score distribution
will be ________________.
A. negatively skewed C. leptokurtic
B. perfect normal curve D. positively skewed
19
Who is the best admired for outstanding contribution to world peace?
A. Kissinger C. Kennedy
B. Clinton D. Mother Teresa
18.
What is WRONG with this item?
A. Item is overly specific. C. Test item is opinion- based
B. Content is trivial. D. There is a cue to the right answer.
20. A class is composed of academically poor students. The distribution will most likely to be
A. leptokurtic. C. skewed to the left
B. skewed to the right D. symmetrical
21. Of the following types of tests, which is the most subjective in scoring?
A. Enumeration C. Essay
B. Matching Type D. Multiple Choice
22. Toms raw score in the Filipino class is 23 which is equal to the 70th percentile. What does this
imply?
A. 70% of Toms classmates got a score lower than 23.
B. Toms score is higher than 23% of his classmates.
C. 70% of Toms classmates got a score above 23.
D. Toms score is higher than 23 of his classmates.
24. The score distribution follows a normal curve. What does this mean?
A. Most of the scores are on the -2SD
B. Most of the scores are on the +2SD
C. The scores coincide with the mean
D. Most of the scores pile up between -1SD and +1SD
25. In her conduct of item analysis, Teacher Cristy found out that a significantly greater number from
the upper group of the class got test item #5 correctly. This means that the test item
A. has a negative discriminating power C. is easy
B. is valid D. has a positive discriminating power
26. Mr. Reyes tasked his students to play volleyball. What learning target is he assessing?
A. Knowledge C. Products
B. Skill D. Reasoning
27. Martina obtained an NSAT percentile rank of 80. This indicates that
A. She surpassed in performance 80% of her fellow examinees
B. She got a score of 80
C. She surpassed in performance 20% of her fellow examinees
D. She answered 80 items correctly
28. Which term refers to the collection of students products and accomplishments for a period for
evaluation purposes?
A. Anecdotal Records C. Observation Report
B. Portfolio D. Diary
20
29. Which form of assessment is consistent with the saying The proof of the pudding is in the eating?
A. Contrived B. Authentic C. Traditional D. Indirect
30. Which error do teachers commit when they tend to overrate the achievement of students identified
by aptitude tests as gifted because they expect achievement and giftedness to go together?
A. Generosity error C. Severity Error
B. Central Tendency Error D. Logical Error
32. Which is a valid assessment tool if I want to find out how well my students can speak
extemporaneously?
A. Writing speeches
B. Written quiz on how to deliver extemporaneous speech
C. Performance test in extemporaneous speaking
D. Display of speeches delivered
33. Teacher J discovered that her pupils are weak in comprehension. To further determine which
particular skill(s) her pupils are weak in, which test should Teacher J give?
A. Standardized Test C. Diagnostic
B. Placement D. Aptitude Test
34. Group the following items according to phylum is a thought test item on _______________.
A. inferring C. generalizing
B. classifying D. comparing
36. Which will be the most authentic assessment tool for an instructional objective on working with and
relating to people?
A. Writing articles on working and relating to people
B. Organizing a community project
C. Home visitation
D. Conducting a mock election
37. While she is in the process of teaching, Teacher J finds out if her students understand what she is
teaching. What is Teacher J engaged in?
A. Criterion-referenced evaluation C. Formative Evaluation
B. Summative Evaluation D. Norm-referenced Evaluation
38. With types of test in mind, which does NOT belong to the group?
A. Restricted response essay C. Multiple choice
B. Completion D. Short Answer
39. Which tests determine whether the students accept responsibility for their own behavior or pass on
responsibility for their own behavior to other people?
A. Thematic tests C. Stylistic tests
B. Sentence completion tests D. Locus-of-control tests
21
40. When writing performance objectives, which word is NOT acceptable?
A. Manipulate C. Comprehend
B. Delineate D. Integrate
42. By observing unity, coherence, emphasis and variety, write a short paragraph on taking
examinations. This is an item that tests the students skill to _________.
A. evaluate C. synthesize
B. comprehend D. recall
43. Teacher A constructed a matching type of test. In her columns of items are a combination of
events, people, circumstances. Which of the following guidelines in constructing matching type of
test did he violate?
A. List options in an alphabetical order C. Make list of items heterogeneous
B. Make list of items homogeneous D. Provide three or more options
44. Read and analyze the matching type of test given below:
Direction: Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of your answer on the blank of the left column.
Column A Column B
___ 1. Jose Rizal A. Considered the 8th wonder of the world
___ 2. Ferdinand Marcos B. The national hero of the Philippines
___ 3. Corazon Aquino C. National Heroes Day
___ 4. Manila D. The first woman President of the Philippines
___ 5. November 30 E. The capital of the Philippines
___ 6. Banaue Rice Terraces F. The President of the Philippines who served several terms
45. A number of test items in a test are said to be non-discriminating. What conclusion/s can be
drawn?
I. Teaching or learning was very good.
II. The item is so easy that anyone could get it right.
III. The item is so difficult that nobody could get it.
46. Measuring the work done by a gravitational force is a learning task. At what level of cognition is it?
A. Comprehension C. Evaluation
B. Application D. Analysis
22
48. Here is Teacher Ds lesson objective: To trace the causes of Alzheimers disease. Which is a valid
test for this particular objective?
A. Can an Alzheimers disease be traced to old age? Explain.
B. To what factors can Alzheimers disease be traced? Explain.
C. What is an Alzheimers disease?
D. Do young people also get attacked by Alzheimers disease? Support your answer?
49. What characteristic of a good test will pupils be assured of when a teacher constructs a table of
specifications for test construction purposes?
A. Reliability C. Construct Validity
B. Content Validity D. Scorability
51. In taking a test, one examinee approached the proctor for clarification on what to do. This implies a
problem on which characteristic of a good test?
A. Objectivity C. Scorability
B. Administrability D. Economy
52. Teacher Jane wants to determine if her students scores in the second grading is reliable. However,
she has only one set of test and her students are already on their semestral break. What test of
reliability can she use?
A. Test-retest C. Equivalent Forms
B. Split-half D. Test-retest with equivalent forms
53. Mrs. Cruz has only one form of test and she administered her test only once. What test of reliability
can she do?
A. Test of stability C. Test of correlation
B. Test of equivalence D. Test of internal consistency
54. What is the lower limit of the class with the highest frequency?
A. 39.5 B. 40 C. 44 D. 44.5
56. About what percent of the cases falls between +1 and -1 SD in a normal curve?
23
A. 43.1% B. 95.4% C. 99.8% D. 68.3%
57. Study this group of test which was administered to a class to whom Peter belongs, then answer the
question:
SUBJECT MEAN SD PETERS SCORE
Math 56 10 43
Physics 41 9 31
English 80 16 109
In which subject(s) did Peter perform most poorly in relation to the groups mean performance?
A. English C. English and Physics
B. Physics D. Math
58. Based on the data given in #57, in which subject(s) were the scores most widespread?
A. Math C. Cannot be determined
B. Physics D. English
59. A mathematics test was given to all Grade V pupils to determine the contestants for the Math Quiz
Bee. Which statistical measure should be used to identify the top 15?
A. Mean Percentage Score C. Percentile Rank
B. Quartile Deviation D. Percentage Score
60. A test item has a difficulty index of .89 and a discrimination index of .44. What should the teacher
do?
A. Make it a bonus item. C. Retain the item.
B. Reject the item. D. Make it a bonus and reject it.
61. What is/are important to state when explaining percentile-ranked tests to parents?
I. What group took the test
II. That the scores show how students performed in relation to other students.
III. That the scores show how students performed in relation to an absolute measure.
62. Which of the following reasons for measuring student achievement is NOT valid?
A. To prepare feedback on the effectiveness of the learning process
B. To certify the students have attained a level of competence in a subject area
C. To discourage students from cheating during test and getting high scores
D. To motivate students to learn and master the materials they think will be covered by the
achievement test.
63. The computed r for English and Math score is -.75. What does this mean?
A. The higher the scores in English, the higher the scores in Math.
B. The scores in Math and English do not have any relationship.
C. The higher the scores in Math, the lower the scores in English.
D. The lower the scores in English, the lower the scores in Math.
1. Which of the following steps should be completed first in planning an achievement test?
A. Set-up a table of specifications. C. Determine the length of the test.
B. Go back to the instructional D. Select the type of test items to use.
objectives.
4. A test item has a difficulty index of .81 and discrimination index of .13. What should the test
constructor do?
A. Retain the item. C. Revise the item.
B. Make it a bonus item. D. Reject the item.
5. If a teacher wants to measure her students ability to discriminate, which of these is an appropriate
type of test item as implied by the direction?
A. Outline the chapter on The Cell.
B. Summarize the lesson yesterday.
C. Group the following items according to shape.
D. State a set of principles that can explain the following events.
7. Teacher Ria discovered that her pupils are very good in dramatizing. Which tool must have helped
her discover her pupils strength?
A. Portfolio Assessment C. Journal Entry
B. Performance Assessment D. Pen-and-paper Test
8. Which among the following objectives in the psychomotor domain is highest in level?
A. To contract a muscle C. To distinguish distant and close
B. To run a 100-meter dash sounds
D. To dance the basic steps of the waltz
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9. If your LET items sample adequately the competencies listed in education courses syllabi, it can be
said that LET possesses _________ validity.
A. Concurrent B. Construct C. Content D. Predictive
10. In the context on the theory on multiple intelligences, what is one weakness of the pen-and-paper
test?
A. It is not easy to administer.
B. It puts the non-linguistically intelligent at a disadvantage.
C. It utilizes so much time.
D. It lacks reliability.
14. The criterion of success in Teacher Lyns objective is that the pupils must be able to spell 90% of
the words correctly. Ana and 19 others correctly spelled 40 words only out of 50. This means that
Teacher Lyn:
A. attained her objective because of her effective spelling drill
B. attained her lesson objective
C. failed to attain her lesson objective as far as the twenty pupils are concerned
D. did not attain her lesson objective because of the pupils lack of attention
16. When a significantly greater number from the lower group gets a test item correctly, this implies
that the test item
A. is very valid C. is not highly reliable
B. is not very valid D. is highly reliable
19. If the scores of your test follow a negatively skewed distribution, what should you do?
Find out_________________.
A. Why your items were easy B. Why most of the scores are high
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C. Why most of the scores are low D. Why some pupils scored high
21. Referring to assessment of learning, which statement on the normal curve is FALSE?
A. The normal curve may not necessarily apply to homogeneous class.
B. When all pupils achieve as expected their learning, curve may deviate from the normal
curve.
C. The normal curve is sacred. Teachers must adhere to it no matter what.
D. The normal curve may not be achieved when every pupil acquires targeted competencies.
22. Aura Vivian is one-half standard deviation above the mean of his group in arithmetic and one
standard deviation above in spelling. What does this imply?
A. She excels both is arithmetic and spelling.
B. She is better in arithmetic than in spelling.
C. She does not excel in spelling nor in arithmetic.
D. She is better in spelling than in arithmetic.
23. You give a 100-point test, three students make scores of 95, 91 and 91, respectively, while the
other 22 students in the class make scores ranging from 33 to 67. The measure of central tendency
which is apt to best describe for this group of 25 is
A. the mean C. an average of the median & mode
B. the mode D. the median
24. NSAT and NEAT results are interpreted against a set of mastery level. This means that NSAT and
NEAT fall under
A. criterion-referenced test C. aptitude test
B. achievement test D. norm-referenced test
25. Which of the following is the MOST important purpose for using achievement test? To measure
the_______.
A. Quality & quantity of previous C. Educational & vocational aptitude
learning D. Capacity for future learning
B. Quality & quantity of previous teaching
26. What should be AVOIDED in arranging the items of the final form of the test?
A. Space the items so they can be read easily
B. Follow a definite response pattern for the correct answers to insure ease of scoring
C. Arrange the sections such that they progress from the very simple to very complex
D. Keep all the items and options together on the same page.
29. Below is a list of method used to establish the reliability of the instrument. Which method is
questioned for its reliability due to practice and familiarity?
A. Split-half C. Test-retest
27
B. Equivalent Forms D. Kuder Richardson Formula 20
34. Teacher B wants to diagnose in which vowel sound(s) her students have difficulty. Which tool is
most appropriate?
A. Portfolio Assessment C. Performance Test
B. Journal Entry D. Paper-and-pencil Test
35. The index of difficulty of a particular test is .10. What does this mean? My students ____________.
A. gained mastery over the item.
B. performed very well against expectation.
C. found that the test item was either easy nor difficult.
D. find the test item difficult.
36. Study this group of test which was administered with the following results, then answer the question
that follows.
Subject Mean SD Ronnels Score
Math 56 10 43
Physics 41 9 31
English 80 16 109
In which subject(s) did Ronnel perform best in relation to the groups performance?
A. Physics and Math C. Math
B. English D. Physics
37. Which applies when the distribution is concentrated on the left side of the curve?
A. Bell curve C. Leptokurtic
B. Positively skewed D. Negatively Skewed
39. Danny takes an IQ test thrice and each time earns a similar score. The test is said to possess
____________.
A. objectivity B. reliability C. validity D. scorability
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40. The test item has a discrimination index of -.38 and a difficulty index of 1.0. What does this imply to
test construction? Teacher must__________.
A. recast the item C. reject the item
B. shelve the item for future use D. retain the item
41. Here is a sample TRUE-FALSE test item: All women have a longer life-span than men.
What is wrong with the test item?
A. The test item is quoted verbatim from a textbook.
B. The test item contains trivial detail.
C. A specific determiner was used in the statement.
D. The test item is vague.
42. In which competency do my students find greatest difficulty? In the item with the difficulty index of
A. 1.0 B. 0.50 C. 0.90 D. 0.10
43. Describe the reasoning errors in the following paragraph is a sample though question on
_____________.
A. synthesizing B. applying C. analyzing D. summarizing
44. In a one hundred-item test, what does Ryans raw score of 70 mean?
A. He surpassed 70 of his classmate in terms of score.
B. He surpassed 30 of his classmates in terms of score.
C. He got a score above the mean.
D. He got 70 items correct.
45. Study the table on item analysis for non-attractiveness and non-plausibility of distracters based on
the results of a multiple choice tryout test in math. The letter marked with an asterisk in the correct
answer.
A* B C D
Upper 27% 10 4 1 1
Lowe 27% 6 6 2 0
47. Which measure(s) of central tendency is (are) most appropriate when the score distribution is badly
skewed?
A. Mode C. Median
B. Mean and mode D. Mean
48. Is it wise to practice to orient our students and parents on our grading system?
A. No, this will court a lot of complaints later.
B. Yes, but orientation must be only for our immediate customers, the students.
C. Yes, so that from the very start, students and their parents know how grades are derived.
D. No, grades and how they are derived are highly confidential.
49. With the current emphasis on self-assessment and performance assessment, which is
indispensable?
A. Numerical grading C. Transmutation Table
29
B. Paper-and-Pencil Test D. Scoring Rubric
50. In the light of the facts presented, what is most likely to happen when ? is a sample thought
question on ____________.
A. inferring B. generalizing C. synthesizing D. justifying
51. With grading practice in mind, what is meant by teachers severity error?
A teacher ___________.
A. tends to look down on students answers
B. uses tests and quizzes as punitive measures
C. tends to give extremely low grades
D. gives unannounced quizzes
52. Ms. Ramos gave a test to find out how the students feel toward their subject Science. Her first item
was stated as Science is an interesting _ _ _ _ _ boring subject. What kind of instrument was
given?
A. Rubric C. Rating Scale
B. Likert-Scale D. Semantic Differential Scale
55. When points in scattergram are spread evenly in all directions this means that:
A. The correlation between two variables is positive.
B. The correlation between two variables is low.
C. The correlation between two variables is high.
D. There is no correlation between two variables.
30
60. The following are trends in marking and reporting system, EXCEPT:
A. indicating strong points as well as those needing improvement
B. conducting parent-teacher conferences as often as needed
C. raising the passing grade from 75 to 80
D. supplementing subject grade with checklist on traits
31
LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
WHAT TO EXPECT
FOCUS: Professional Education
Facilitating Learning
LET Competencies:
1. Analyze the cognitive, metacognitive, motivational and socio-cultural factors that affect
learning
2. Organize the learning environment that promotes fairness regardless of culture, family
background and gender, responsive to learners needs and difficulties
Principles/Conditions of Learning
1. Learning is an active, continuous process: it involves more than acquiring information.
2. Styles and rates of learning vary: learners may be auditory, visual, or tactile/kinesthetic.
3. Readiness affects motivation and desire to learn.
4. Learning is very effective when there is immediate application of what is being taught.
5. Life experiences influence learning.
6. Learning is facilitated when learners have knowledge of their progress towards a goal.
7. Repetition (practice) helps perfect learning.
8. Principle of effect: learning is strengthened when accompanied by satisfying feeling.
9. Principle of primacy: what is taught must be taught right at the first time.
10. Principle of intensity: teaching requires provision of vivid, exciting learning of experiences.
11. Principle of recency: the things most recently learned are the best remembered.
Learning Theories
They are sets of conjectures and hypothesis that explain the process of learning or how learning
takes place
Conjectures -to conclude or suppose from incomplete evidence; guess; an indecisive opinion
Hypothesis - a set of assumptions, provisionally accepted as a basis of reasoning or unsupported
or ill supported theory
Classroom Application
Relate learning activities with pleasant events.
Build positive associations between teaching and learning activities.
Classroom Application
Do not force the child to go to school if he/she is not yet ready. Indications of readiness:
sustained interest, improved performance (Ex. Writing, reading)
Practice what has been learned
Consider individual differences.
Basic Concepts:
1. Perception - a persons interpretation of stimuli.
2. Encoding putting information in memory
3. Storage changing the format of new information as it is being stored in memory
4. Rehearsal mental repetition of information
5. Dual Coding holds the complex networks or verbal representations and images to promote
long term retention.
6. Retrieval finding information previously stored in memory; recalling
Meaningful learning occurs when new experiences are related to what a learner already
knows.
May occur through:
reception
rote learning
discovery learning
Posits that learning is more meaningful to learners when they have the opportunity to discover on
their own the relationships among the concepts or to actively search for a solution to a problem
An approach to instruction through which students interact with their environment by exploring
and manipulating objects, wrestling with questions and controversies or performing experiments.
The idea is that students are more likely to remember concepts they discover on their own.
Calls his view of learning instrumental conceptualism
Scaffolding
Classroom Application
Teachers must strive to see a problem as the learner sees it and provide information that is
consistent with learners perspective.
Forgetting
To be unable to recall (something previously known) to the mind
Causes of Forgetting
1. Retrieval Failure- forgetting is due to inability to recall the information.
2. Decay Theory information stored in LTM gradually fades when it is not used.
3. Interference Theory forgetting in LTM is due to the influence of other learning
Retention- the ability to recall or recognize what has been learned or experienced.
Interference the act or an instance of hindering, obstructing or impeding.
Classroom Application
Hold learners attention in all cognitive tasks.
Assist learner to assess materials considered most important to learn
Employ interesting rehearsal activities
Organize information to be learned
7 Levels of Learning
1. Signal Learning involuntary responses are learned
Ex. hot surface touched
2. Stimulus-response Learning voluntary responses are learned.
Ex. Getting ready to move at the sound of a fire alarm
3. Chaining/Motor two or more separate motor/verbal responses maybe
combined or chained to develop a more complex shell
Ex. house + wife = housewife
4. Discrimination Learning learner selects a response which applies to
stimuli.
Ex. sound of fire engine is different from other sounds/sirens
5. Concept Learning involves classifying and organizing perceptions to
gain meaningful concepts
Ex. Concept of triangle, discriminate triangle from other shapes and
deduce commonality among different shapes
6. Principle Learning (Rule Learning) involves combining and relating
concepts to form rules
Ex. Equilateral triangles are similar in shapes
7. Problem Solving considered the most complex condition: involves
applying rules to appropriate problem situations
Ex. Solving mathematical problems using a given formula (find the area
of a square A = 1xW)
Transfer of Learning
Types:
1. Lateral transfer occurs when the individual is able to perform a new task about the
same level. (e.g. solving word problems given in text and later solving a similar problem
on the board)
2. Vertical transfer occurs when the individual is able to learn more advanced/complex
skills (e.g. being able to add and multiply; being able to read and write)
Classroom Application
Observe strictly sequence in teaching in terms of level of learning skills and capabilities
required.
Check students capabilities in each level before moving to the next level.
Make sure that pre-requisite learning is required before proceeding to the target level.
Kurt Lewins Field Theory
Known for the terms: life space (reality, need, aspirations, desires, goals) and field
theory (forces-social environment; function of both the person and environment
Learning is more effective when it is an active rather than a passive process
Classroom Application
In a classroom for instance teachers must try to suit the goals of the activities of the lessons to
the learners needs along with his environment.
C. Socio-cultural
Concepts:
Learning involves participation in a community of practice
Society and culture affects learning
Social learners become involved in a community of practice, which embodies certain beliefs and
behaviors to be acquired; social interaction.
Classroom application:
Model desirable behaviors, making sure that the students are paying attention while doing so
Make sure that the students are physically capable of doing the modeled behavior and that they
know why they should demonstrate this behavior
Expose students to a variety of exemplary models
If the relationships in the immediate microsystem break down, the child will not have the tools to
explore other parts of his environment resulting to behavioral deficiencies. Learning tends to
regress / slow down when the environment of the child is in turmoil
Classroom Application
School and teachers should work to support primary needs of the learner to create an
environment that welcomes and nurtures school home relationship through: parent-teacher
conferencing, home visitation, telephone brigade, family day
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - gap between actual and potential development
*Actual development what children can do on their own
* Potential development what children can do with help
Scaffolding
competent assistance or support through mediation of the environment (significant
others) in which cognitive, socio-emotional and behavioral development can occur.
Classroom Application
Engage students in group activities and let them share their schema on a particular subject within
the groups (small groups) and synthesize it in the big group
Classroom Application
Make use of various activities which will address the different intelligences of your students in
the class (e.g. art activities to accommodate art inclined students, song writing for musically
inclined, etc)
Classroom Application
Surface the emotions manifested by students in a certain situation. Dont suppress it.
Classroom Application
Make schoolwork relevant to students basic human needs.
Types of Learners
Part II
MOTIVATION
Extrinsic Motivation
When students work hard to win their parents favour, gain teachers praise or earn high
grades; their reasons for work and study lie primarily outside themselves.
- Is fuelled by the anticipation and expectation of some kind of payoff from an external source
Intrinsic Motivation
when students study because they enjoy the subject and desire to learn it, irrespective of the
praise won or grades earned; the reasons for learning reside primarily inside themselves
- Fuelled by ones own goal or ambitions
Principles of Motivation
The environment can be used to focus the students attention on what needs to be learned.
Incentives motivate learning
Internal motivation is longer lasting and more self directive than is external motivation, which
must be repeatedly reinforced by praise or concrete rewards.
Learning is most effective when an individual is ready to learn, that is when one want to know
something.
Motivation is enhanced by the way in which the instructional material is organized.
Theories of Motivation
Self efficacy relates to a persons perception of his/her ability to reach a goal while, self
esteem relates to a persons sense of self worth.
A. Definitions
- Learning outcomes specify what a learner is expected to know, understand or to be able to do as a
result of a learning process.
- Measuring learning outcomes provides information on what particular knowledge (cognitive); skill or
behavior (psychomotor and affective). Students have gained after instruction is completed.
B. Importance
Communicate expectations to learners
Review curriculum and content
Design appropriate assessment
Evaluate the effectiveness of learning
Types of Thinking
1 Problem Solving process involved in the solution of a problem.
2. Critical Thinking
a. Careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject, suspend judgement on a
claim
b. Reasonable reflective thinking that is focused in deciding whether to believe or do
c. Comprises the mental processes, strategies and representations people use to solve
problems, make decisions, and learn new concepts
3. Creative Thinking
Involves the ability to produce new forms in an art or mechanics or to solve problems by
novel methods
Creativity consist in coming up with a new and relevant ideas
Creativity has two kinds
a. Cognitive involved in problem solving
b. Aesthetic relating to artistic creation
4. Metacognition
-meta after; beyond; higher
-cognition way of thinking; perceiving; knowing
Refers to the idea of knowing about knowing, involves the study of how we think
about our own thinking in order to develop strategies for learning.
Is the capacity to monitor and regulate ones own thinking or mental capacity.
From of thinking in which an individual develops an awareness of his characteristics,
attitudes, beliefs, and actions.
Principles in Achieving the Development of Attitudes and Values and Their Classroom Implications
Every interaction with children provides an opportunity to teach values.
Children learn about our values through daily interaction with us.
Children learn through our example
Children learn values through the way we do things as a family.
Children learn values and beliefs through their exposure to the larger world.
Children learn values through our explanations of the world.